This paper presents new experimentally determined branching fractions and oscillator strengths (log gf) for lines originating from 17 levels belonging to 5 terms of the first excited odd configuration 4d7(4D)5p in Rh II. The intensity calibrated spectra of Rh II have been recorded with a Fourier transform spectrometer between 25000 and 45000 cm−1 (2200–4000 Å). In this region, 49 lines have been identified and measured. By combining the branching fractions obtained from the spectra with previously measured lifetimes, log gf values are reported. The new results are compared with previous theoretical work.

We report lifetime measurements of the five levels in the 3d4(a5D)5s e6D term in Cr ii at an energy around 83 000 cm-1, and log(g f ) values for 38 transitions from the investigated levels. The lifetimes are obtained using time-resolved, laser-induced fluorescence on ions from a laser-produced plasma. Since the levels have the same parity as the low-lying states directly populated in the plasma, we used a two-photon excitation scheme. This process is greatly facilitated by the presence of the 3d4(a5D)4p z6F levels at roughly half the energy di erence. The f -values are obtained by combining the experimental lifetimes with branching fractions derived using relative intensities from a hollow cathode lamp recorded with a Fourier transform spectrometer.

Radiative lifetimes of 7 odd and 11 even parity states of Tb I (Z = 65) have been measured by the time resolved laser induced fluorescence method (TR-LIF). Experimental data for 9 out of the 18 states are obtained for the first time. The radiative lifetimes presented in this study are in good agreement with previous TR-LIF experimental results but systematically shorter than those obtained by the delayed coincidence technique.

We report on theoretical results of magnetic field induced transitions (MITs) in Ne- and Be-like ions without nuclear spin for two applicalions. Firstly, MITs are promising candidates in the determination of magnetic fields in plasmas. In our work on Ne-like ions we present accurate theoretical MIT rates for 2p(6 1)S(O) - 2p(5)3s 3P(O),2 [11. Purthermore, for Be-like ions, it has been proposed to extract the rate of the BIM1 two-photon transition 2s(2 1)S(O) - 2s2p P-3(O) by measuring the lifetime of the 'Po state using a storage ring, which involves an external magnetic field. The MIT rates are carefully evaluated and shown to be of the same order as the ElMI rates [2].

We report lifetime measurements of the 6 levels in the 3d6(5D)4d e6G term in Fe ii at an energy of 10.4 eV, and f -values for 14 transitions from the investigated levels. The lifetimes were measured using time-resolved laser-induced fluorescence on ions in a laserproduced plasma. The high excitation energy, and the fact that the levels have the same parity as the the low-lying states directly populated in the plasma, necessitated the use of a two-photon excitation scheme. The probability for this process is greatly enhanced by the presence of the 3d6(5D)4p z6F levels at roughly half the energy di erence. The f -values are obtained by combining the experimental lifetimes with branching fractions derived using relative intensities from a hollow cathode discharge lamp recorded with a Fourier transform spectrometer. The data is important for benchmarking atomic calculations of astrophysically important quantities and useful for spectroscopy of hot stars.

The nonlocal correlation energy in the van der Waals density functional (vdW-DF) method can be interpreted in terms of a coupling of zero-point energies of characteristic modes of semilocal exchange-correlation (xc) holes. These xc holes reflect the internal functional in the framework of the vdW-DF method. We explore the internal xc hole components, showing that they share properties with those of the generalized-gradient approximation. We use these results to illustrate the nonlocality in the vdW-DF description and analyze the vdW-DF formulation of nonlocal correlation.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to radiologically and histologically evaluate the graft healing and volumetric changes after lateral augmentation with two different compositions of deproteinized bovine bone (DPBB) and autogenous bone (AB).

MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirteen patients with a mean age of 59.6 ± 12.1 years (six men and seven women) were included in this randomized and controlled trial, designed as a split-mouth study. Ten edentulous and four partially edentulous jaws with an alveolar ridge width of ≤4 mm were laterally augmented with a graft composition of 60 : 40 (DPBB/AB) on one side and 90 : 10 (DPBB/AB) on the contralateral side. Cone beam computed tomography (CB/CT) was obtained immediately postoperatively and after a healing period of 7.5 months. Width changes were measured on CB/CT scans. After a mean healing period of 8.1 months (range, 7.9-8.3), biopsies were retrieved perpendicular to the crest from each graft by means of a trephine bur. Histomorphometry was performed, and the following variables were recorded: Ingrowth of new bone (percentage of total graft width), percentage of DPBB, bone and soft tissue, and percentage of DPBB particles in contact with bone.

RESULTS: The mean gained width of the alveolar crest after 7.5 months was significantly more for the 60 : 40 mixture compared with the 90 : 10 mixture, 3.5 (±1.3) mm and 2.9 (±1.3) mm, respectively. There was a significant difference in graft width reduction between 60 : 40 and 90 : 10 after 7.5 months, 37 (±19.9)% and 46.9 (±23.5)%, respectively. New bone ingrowth had occurred in 82.1 (±23.3)% and 82.3 (±26.6)% of the graft, respectively. There were no statistical differences between fractions of different tissues between the 90 : 10 and 60 : 40 compositions. However, there were significantly more soft tissue and less new bone formation closer to the periosteum compared with the graft portion closer to the residual bone in both 60 : 40 and 90 : 10 compositions.

CONCLUSIONS: There was significantly less graft width reduction with a mixture of 60 : 40 (DPBB/AB) compared with a mixture of 90 : 10 composition, but the results from the histomorphometry showed no statistical differences comparing the groups.

Context. High resolution stellar spectral atlases are valuable resources to astronomy. They are rare in the 1 − 5 μm region for historical reasons, but once available, high resolution atlases in this part of the spectrum will aid the study of a wide range of astrophysical phenomena. Aims. The aim of the CRIRES-POP project is to produce a high resolution near-infrared spectral library of stars across the H-R diagram. The aim of this paper is to present the fully reduced spectrum of the K giant 10 Leo that will form the basis of the first atlas within the CRIRES-POP library, to provide a full description of the data reduction processes involved, and to provide an update on the CRIRES-POP project. Methods. All CRIRES-POP targets were observed with almost 200 different observational settings of CRIRES on the ESO Very Large Telescope, resulting in a basically complete coverage of its spectral range as accessible from the ground. We reduced the spectra of 10 Leo with the CRIRES pipeline, corrected the wavelength solution and removed telluric absorption with Molecfit, then resampled the spectra to a common wavelength scale, shifted them to rest wavelengths, flux normalised, and median combined them into one final data product. Results. We present the fully reduced, high resolution, near-infrared spectrum of 10 Leo. This is also the first complete spectrum from the CRIRES instrument. The spectrum is available online. Conclusions. The first CRIRES-POP spectrum has exceeded our quality expectations and will form the centre of a state-of-the-art stellar atlas. This first CRIRES-POP atlas will soon be available, and further atlases will follow. All CRIRES-POP data products will be freely and publicly available online.

Hydrogen embrittlement can manifest itself as hydride formation in structures when in contact with hydrogen-rich environments, e.g. in space and nuclear power applications. To supplant experimentation, modeling of such phenomena is beneficial to make life prediction reduce cost and increase the understanding. In the present work, two different approaches based on phase field theory are employed to study the precipitation kinetics of a second phase in a metal, with a special focus on the application of hydride formation in hexagonal close-packed metals. For both presented models, a single component of the non-conserved order parameter is utilized to represent the microstructural evolution. Throughout the modelling the total free energy of the system is minimized through the time-dependent Ginzburg-Landau equation, which includes a sixth order Landau potential in the first model, whereas one of fourth order is used for the second model. The first model implicitly incorporates the stress field emanating from a sharp crack through the usage of linear elastic fracture mechanics and the governing equation is solved numerically for both isotropic and anisotropic bodies by usage of the finite volume method. The second model is applied to plate and notched cantilever geometries, and it includes an anisotropic expansion of the hydrides that is caused by the hydride precipitation. For this approach, the mechanical and phase transformation aspects are coupled and solved simultaneously for an isotropic material using the finite element method. Depending on the Landau potential coefficients and the crack-induced hydrostatic stress, for the first model the second-phase is found to form in a confined region around the crack tip or in the whole material depending on the material properties. From the pilot results obtained with the second model, it is shown that the applied stress and considered anisotropic swelling induces hydride formation in preferential directions and it is localized in high stress concentration areas. The results successfully demonstrate the ability of both approaches to model second-phase formation kinetics that is triggered by flaw-induced stresses and their capability to reproduce experimentally observed hydride characteristics such as precipitation location, shape and direction.

The formation of a second phase, such as a brittle hydride, in presence of a crack is modeled for hexagonal close-packed metals. To this end, the Ginzburg-Landau phase-field formulation which relies on a sixth-order Landau potential is adopted. The crack-induced stress is implicitly included in the phase-field equation through the mechanical energy so only a single equation is solved providing computational efficiency. The second-phase precipitation evolution is studied for different crack inclinations in titanium and zirconium by using the finite volume method. The crack-induced stresses may lead to the phase transition temperature increasing above the system temperature in the crack-tip proximity. The resulting quenching effect induces a second-phase nucleation. The temporal evolution reveals that the transformation eventually reaches a steady state and the resulting precipitate geometry is dependent of the material parameters and conditions.

In the present work we have studied the influence of phosphorus impurities on the grain boundary strength of tungsten by means of quantum mechanical calculations based on density functional theory. As model grain boundary we consider the high angle configuration. The results show that by the introduction of a clean (i.e. impurity free) grain boundary in the bulk, the strength and peak stress of the cohesive zone are reduced and they are further reduced by the introduction of impurities. This effect can be attributed to the formation of polar bonds between W and P, which leads to a weakening of the interface. Based on a thermodynamic analysis of the cohesive zone during the straining we find that diffusion of impurities may occur to retain thermodynamic equilibrium for constant chemical potential. This contributes to the gradual reduction of the peak stress related to fracture, which can contribute to diffusion driven delayed cracking, even when subjected to static loads.

We study the stability of twin boundaries and slip in crystalline orthorhombic polyethylene by means of density functional theory (DFT), using a nonempirical, truly nonlocal density function, and by means of classical molecular dynamics (MD). The results show that, in accordance with experimental observations, there is a clear preference to chain slip over transverse slip for all considered slip planes. The activation energy for pure chain slip lies in the range 10-20 mJ/m2 while that for transverse slip corresponds to 40-280 mJ/m2. For the (110)-slip plane the energy landscape is non-convex with multiple potential energy minima, indicating the presence of stable stacking faults. This suggests that dissociation of perfect dislocations into partials may occur. For the two low-energy twin boundaries considered in this work, {110} and {310}, we find that the former is more stable than the latter, with ground state energies corresponding to 8.9 and 28 mJ/m2, respectively. We have also evaluated how well the empirical MD simulations with the all-atom optimized potential for liquid MD simulations (OPLS-AA) and the coarse-grained united atom (UA) potential concur with the DFT results. It is found that an all-atom potential is necessary to partially capture the gamma-surface energy landscapes obtained from the DFT calculations. The OPLS-AA predicts chain slip activation energies comparable with DFT data, while the transverse slip energy thresholds are low in comparison, which is attributed to weak close ranged monomer repulsion. Finally, we find that the H-H interaction dominates the slip activation. While not explicitly represented in the UA potential, its key role is revealed by correlating the DFT energy landscape with changes in the electron distributions and by MD simulations in which components of the OPLS-AA intermolecular potential are selectively silenced.

The Swedish construction industry is set to expand in the coming years between 2015-2019. The growth of the construction sector requires new workers across the broad spectrum of society. Therefore, an educated workforce is critical to the construction industry for security, professional development, quality of work, efficiency, and recruitment. However, creating an educated workforce for the construction industry requires the effective use of ICT to provide quality educational opportunities that engage and motivate people. The report explores three different education levels, from high school, university, and higher vocational education plus an industrial partner. The project conducted interviews, workshops, and surveys guided by an in-depth literature review that looked at research and state of the art. The results from the project show that teachers and students have digital competency, but learning materials and processes are open for improvement. Additionally, the findings from industry show a strong interest in better leveraging information technology for competence development. The report warrants a more detailed investigation in how to improve education in the construction industry.

Iron ore pellets are a preferred feedstock for ironmaking. One method used for pelletizing is the grate-kiln process, first established in 1960. During the past decade, the establishment of new grate-kiln plants has increased rapidly, especially in China, and new constructors of pellet plants have started to operate in the market. It is well known that the grate-kiln method yields a superior and more consistent pellet quality compared with the straight-grate process. However, certain issues exist with the grate-kiln plant, which are discussed here, together with proposed practical solutions.

Here we will briefly describe the commissioning of the Double ElectroStatic Ion Ring ExpEriment (DESIREE) facility at Stockholm University, Sweden. This device uses purely electrostatic focussing and deflection elements and allows ion beams of opposite charge to be confined under extreme high vacuum and cryogenic conditions in separate “rings” and then merged over a common straight section. This apparatus allows for studies of interactions between cations and anions at very low and well-defined centre-of-mass energies (down to a few meV) and at very low internal temperatures (down to a few K).

Context. In 1992 we began a precision radial velocity survey for planets around solar-like stars with the Coudé Echelle Spectrograph and the Long Camera (CES LC) at the 1.4 m telescope in La Silla (Chile) resulting in the discovery of the planet ι Hor b. We have continued the survey with the upgraded CES Very Long Camera (VLC) and the HARPS spectrographs, both at the 3.6 m telescope, until 2007. Aims: In this paper we present additional radial velocities for 31 stars of the original sample with higher precision. The observations cover a time span of up to 15 years and permit a search for Jupiter analogues. Methods: The survey was carried out with three different instruments/instrument configurations using the iodine absorption cell and the ThAr methods for wavelength calibration. We combine the data sets and perform a joint analysis for variability, trends, and periodicities. We compute Keplerian orbits for companions and detection limits in case of non-detections. Moreover, the HARPS radial velocities are analysed for correlations with activity indicators (CaII H&K and cross-correlation function shape). Results: We achieve a long-term RV precision of 15 m/s (CES+LC, 1992-1998), 9 m/s (CES+VLC, 1999-2006), and 2.8 m/s (HARPS, 2003-2009, including archive data), respectively. This enables us to confirm the known planetary signals in ι Hor and HR 506 as well as the three known planets around HR 3259. A steady RV trend for ɛ Ind A can be explained by a planetary companion and calls for direct imaging campaigns. On the other hand, we find previously reported trends to be smaller for β Hyi and not present for α Men. The candidate planet ɛ Eri b was not detected despite our better precision. Also the planet announced for HR 4523 cannot be confirmed. Long-term trends in several of our stars are compatible with known stellar companions. We provide a spectroscopic orbital solution for the binary HR 2400 and refined solutions for the planets around HR 506 and ι Hor. For some other stars the variations could be attributed to stellar activity, as e.g. the magnetic cycle in the case of HR 8323. Conclusions: The occurrence of two Jupiter-mass planets in our sample is in line with the estimate of 10% for the frequency of giant planets with periods smaller than 10 yr around solar-like stars. We have not detected a Jupiter analogue, while the detections limits for circular orbits indicate at 5 AU a sensitivity for minimum mass of at least 1MJup (2MJup) for 13% (61%) of the stars.