Widespread discrimination across much of sub-Saharan Africa against persons with same-sex sexuality, including recent attempts in Uganda to extend criminal sanctions against same-sex behavior, are likely to have profound effects on this group's health, health care access, and well-being. Yet knowledge of the prevalence of same-sex sexuality in this region is scarce. This study aimed to systematically examine prevalence of same-sex sexuality and related health risks in young Ugandan adults. We conducted two cross-sectional survey studies in south-western Uganda targeting student samples (n = 980, n = 1954) representing 80% and 72% of the entire undergraduate classes attending a university in 2005 and 2010, respectively. A questionnaire assessed items concerning same-sex sexuality (same-sex attraction/fantasies, same-sex sexual relations), mental health, substance use, experience of violence, risky sexual behavior, and sexual health counseling needs. Our findings showed that same-sex sexual attraction/fantasies and behavior were common among male and female students, with 10-25% reporting having sexual attraction/fantasies regarding persons of the same-sex, and 6-16% reporting same-sex sexual relations. Experiences of same-sex sexuality were associated with health risks, e.g. poor mental health (2010, AOR = 1.5; 95% CI: 1.0-2.3), sexual coercion (2010, AOR 2.9; CI: 1.9-4.6), and unmet sexual health counseling needs (2010, AOR 2.2; CI: 1.4-3.3). This first study of young adults in Uganda with same-sex sexuality found high levels of health needs but poor access to health care. Effective response is likely to require major shifts in current policy, efforts to reduce stigmatization, and reorientation of health services to better meet the needs of this vulnerable group of young people.

Theorists point to late modernity as a time of new intimacies where individualism and self-knowledge are central components (Giddens, 1992; Beck & Beck-Gernsheim, 1995). According to Plummer (1995), one of the major shifts in intimacy and sexuality the last decades of the 20th century is the constitution of the family. Previous ideas of nuclear family and traditional values has shifted to how family members are chosen rather than biologically given. One of the kinds of relationships and families that represent this move away from the heterosexual nuclear family with biological children is the family with more than two parents, for example one based on a polyamorous relationship. Polyamory means that more than two people are involved in an intimate and/or sexual relationship with one another. Polyamory as a relationship practice bears many similarities with how late modern intimacy is described, and could, according to Barker (2005), be seen as part of a wider transformation of intimacy in postmodern society. Preliminary results from analysis of media representations of polyamorous families show that explicit strategies are deemed necessary for handling the legal vulnerability of the families, but that these strategies depend on the families having both social and economic resources to draw from. Contacts with school and health institutions are reported as both positive and negative, but there is a recurring theme of invisibility that the families perceive – the system is generally designed for coupled parents. Lastly, there are also stories of the importance of community and thus how geography and place are central for offering contact with other families in a similar situation. These conclusions point to the need for further studies of the legal situation for non-coupled families – how are the families faring that do not have the social or economic resources to navigate the legal vulnerability, and how are invisibility and lack of community affecting families outside norms of coupledom?

Unskilled traditional healers are widely blamed for complications to male circumcision performed in low- and middle-income settings. However, attributions of culpability are mostly anecdotal. We identify self-circumcision in adults that was performed during adolescence, hereby termed retrospective self-circumcision, and unexpectedly discovered during interviews with Somali men in Sweden in 2010. This study explores the phenomenon with the aim to increase our understanding about the health needs of this group. Two focus group discussions (six and seven participants), one informal discussion with three participants, and 27 individual interviews were conducted in 2010 and 2011 with Somali-Swedish fathers, guided by a hermeneutic, comparative natural inquiry method. Eight participants had performed retrospective self-circumcision while living in rural Somalia. Actions were justified according to strong faith in Islam. Genital physiology was described as adequate for producing children, but physical sensation or characteristics were implied as less than optimal. Few had heard about penile reconstruction. There was hesitation to openly discuss concerns, but men nevertheless encouraged each other to seek care options. Presently no medical platform is available for retrospective self-circumcision. Further systematic exploration is recommended in sexual, reproductive and urological health to increase interest in this phenomenon. Our findings suggest approachability if health communication is enabled within an Islamic context.

In this article I examine power and BDSM, that is, Bondage and Discipline, Dominance and Submission, and Sadism and Masochism, within Swedish society. The main research question is: How do practi- tioners relate to power, gender and consent in Swedish society, which has been characterised by a long tradition of gender equality? The study is based on 29 in-depth interviews with self-defined BDSM practitioners and ethnographic fieldwork in Swedish BDSM communities. The article shows that there is a strong preoccupation of gender and equality among Swedish practitioners. They express gender awareness and pro- blematise the practice in relation to societal power structures. For BDSM to fit into a society with a strong egalitarian discourse like Sweden, the practitioners need to reconcile BDSM and gender equality. To defend an interest in BDSM, the practitioners emphasise the voluntariness, the central role of consent, and the defined staging in the practices. By highlighting the consent, the informants thus position themselves against the discourse of BDSM as violent, oppressive and patriarchal.

Research about masturbation tends to be limited to the assessment of masturbation incidence and frequency. Consequently, little is known about what people experience connected to masturbation. This might be one reason why theoretical approaches that specifically address the persistent gender gap in masturbation frequency are lacking. The aim of the current study was to explore several aspects of masturbation in young men and women, and to examine possible associations with their social backgrounds and sexual histories. Data from 1,566 women and 1,452 men (ages 18 to 22) from 52 Swedish senior high schools were analyzed. Comparisons between men and women were made regarding incidence of and age at first masturbation, the use of objects (e.g., sex toys), fantasies, and sexual functioning during masturbation, as well as about their attitudes toward masturbation and sexual fantasies. Cluster analysis was carried out to identify similarities between and differences within the gender groups. While overall more men than women reported experience with several of the investigated aspects, cluster analyses revealed that a large proportion of men and women reported similar experiences and that fewer experiences are not necessarily associated with negative attitudes toward masturbation. Implications of these findings are discussed in consideration of particular social backgrounds.

Skam och skuld har följt våldtäktsoffer genom århundraden, men deras berättelser om dessa känslor är inte individuella. De bygger på förväntningar hos lyssnare, på platsbundna konventioner, på patriarkal makt och är historiskt specifika. Hjälpverksamheters individperspektiv där traumamotivet är centralt är därför problematiskt eftersom de skalar bort det samhälleliga sammanhanget. Utgångspunkten för denna undersökning är att analyser av berättelser om våldtäkt måste sättas i ett historiskt och kontextuellt perspektiv som visar hur våldtäkter begripliggörs och berättelser vinner erkännande i det samhälle där de äger rum. Upplevelser av våldtäkt har tolkats på skilda sätt genom historien. Känslan trauma introducerades i sammanhang med våldtäkt med radikalfeminismens framväxt. Utifrån kunskapsteoretiska och feministiska perspektiv diskuteras i denna artikel hur traumamotivet kopplats till sexuellt våld, samt närläses ett våldtäktsfall där traumamotivet används i bevisprövningen. Undersökningen visar att målsäganden gestaltar en kropp som svarar mot beskrivningen av trauma. Skamkänslan görs central genom att gestaltningen följer hjälpverksamheters manualer för omhändertagande av våldtäktsoffer. Förutom att frammana skam privilegierar traumamotivet negativa känslor som förminskar, försvagar och skapar hjälplöshet och i förlängningen bidrar till underordning av i synnerhet kvinnliga positioner.

This study examines associations between the first experience of vaginal intercourse/tampon insertion and later experiences of vulvar pain. The study is based on questionnaire-data from 1259 Swedish female senior high-schools students 18-22 years old. Of these, 592 women reported present vulvar pain. Present vulvar pain was associated with first-time experiences at vaginal intercourse (pain, negative experience, against will) and with pain at tampon insertion. First-time experiences were also related to temporal aspects of present vulvar pain during vaginal intercourse (at the beginning, after a while during and after). Implications of first-time experiences of vaginal intercourse for future symptoms of vulvar pain are discussed.

Objective: It seems that traditional gender norms influence young women’s and men’s sexuality differently. However, little attention has been paid to ideal images of sexual situations. This study identifies young heterosexual men’s ideal images of sexual situations and their expectations of themselves in sexual situations. Study design: The present study employs a qualitative design. Twelve Swedish men (aged 16-20) participated in individual in-depth qualitative interviews. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed using the constant comparative method from grounded theory. Results: Our study revealed that the young men’s conceptions of normal sexual situations were divided into two parts: sexual situations in relationships, and sexual situations in one-night stands. Their ideal image, “a balanced state of emotional and physical pleasure”, was influenced by the presence/absence of intimacy, the partner’s response, and their own performance. The greatest opportunities to experience intimacy and the partner’s response were found during sexual situations in relationships. In one-night stands, the men wanted to make a good impression by performing well, and behaved according to masculine stereotypes. Conclusion: Stereotyped masculinity norms regulate young heterosexual men’s sexuality, particularly in one-night stands. Sexual health promotion should emphasize the presence of these masculinity norms, which probably involve costs in relation to young men’s sexual wellbeing.

We investigated gender differences regarding body perceptions, self-perceptions, values and expectations in sexual situations, and factors associated with expectations, among Swedish heterosexual female and male high school students. A total of 2765 students (aged 18-22) completed questionnaires. Women reported lower satisfaction with themselves and their body appearance (p<0.001), and felt more inferior to their partner (p<0.001). Men felt more superior to their partner, and felt higher expectations (p<0.001). Male sex, difficulty saying no to sex, dissatisfaction with the body, feeling inferior or superior to partner, and considering partner’s satisfaction as more important, were all associated with feeling expectations during sex.

The ontological assumptions in phenomenography are based on the supposition that there is only one world, but different people construct their discernments of the world in different ways - their own ways - which results in an indefinite number of ways to discern the world. This is true for all instances, which means that we as researchers also capture our subjective perspectives of respondents' discernments in our research projects. This is a challenge, as we have so far mainly used interviews or respondents' texts as data material in phenomenographic analysis, which means we only capture what we discern from data in a subjective way. In analyzes based on variation theory, we claim to gather and analyze data to give a solid ground to understand what aspects of a phenomenon the respondent has discerned and what aspects of the object of learning they need to discern to develop their knowledge further (critical aspects). By that, there is a tension in our research approach, as this might indicate that there is an object of learning which is separeted from the subject and by that objectified, which is in contradiction with our non-dualistic standpoint. However, the relativistic stance in our framework gives us an acceptance for that there are objects which are the same to everyone, thus experienced differently depending on your previous experiences avoiding the objectivistic standpoint. Our methodological approaches rely on the utterances of the respondents which gives us access to experiences and discernments which the respondents are aware of and decides to share with us. Questioning if there is more to understand than what the respondents express, we have used eye-tracking as a method to understand what focus, and by that what becomes possible to discern from an object, respondents have. The results show differences in focus which gives different affordances for discernment, which the respondents are unaware of. In one study, we have used a new method to capture respondents' disernment, going beyond what they actually describe by their own expressions, namely eye-tracking. The results show differences in viewing-pattern, where respondents with an initial global overview of the material ended up with a more develpoed understanding about the content. I will discuss the method, its implications, how it was used in the conducted study, in what way this method can contribute to our research approach.

In this article, we present and discuss the intended and unintended effects of the Swedish Sex Purchase Act, which criminalises the purchase of sex within a context where the sale of sex is legal. Whether or not this means of regulating prostitution is successful, and whether it has negative consequences for people who sell sex, are important questions in international policy and academic debates. This article builds on a scoping study aimed at identifying relevant sources of information as to the consequences of the Swedish Sex Purchase Act, then summarising and discussing these findings. The article offers policy makers and scholars a comprehensive presentation of the evidence and a discussion of the methodological, political and theoretical challenges arising from this.

Female genital cutting, or female circumcision, is primarily practiced in about 30 African countries. It is labeled “female genital mutilation” by the WHO. Motives vary considerably between groups. Various theoretical explanations behind the origin and continued practice of female circumcision have been offered. The radical feminist view has gained much public attention. The practice is criminalized in many parts of the world and there are campaigns against it on a global level. Female circumcision results in immediate medical consequences, although whether there are considerable long-term adverse effects for health and sexuality has been contested. In recent years female circumcision has been compared to practices of genital alterations that are accepted in the United States and European countries.

This paper reviews the current knowledge on cultural change after migration in the practice of female circumcision, also named genital cutting or mutilation. Explorative studies show trends of radical change of this practice, especially the most extensive form of its kind (type III or the ‘Pharaonic’ type). The widespread interpretation that Islam would require circumcision of girls is questioned when, for example, Somalis meet other Muslim migrants, such as Arab Muslims, who do not circumcise their daughters. The few criminal court cases for circumcision of girls that have taken place in Western countries corroborate the conclusion that substantial change in the practice has occurred among migrants. In this literature review, an absence of reports is identified from healthcare providers who have witnessed circumcision after migration. Concurrently, a substantial knowledge exists on how to take care of already circumcised women and girls, and there is a system of recommendations in place regarding best practices for prevention. There is a great potential for healthcare providers to encourage this development towards general abandonment of circumcision of girls. The challenge for the future is how to incorporate culturally sensitive efforts of prevention on the one hand, and the examination of suspicious cases of illegal circumcision on the other. We recommend using – in a cautious way – the existing routines for identifying child abuse in general. Experiences from African contexts show that failure to generate significant change of the harmful practices/tradition may be due to the lack of multidisciplinary collaboration in different sectors of the society. In Western societies, the tendency toward abandonment of the practice could be reinforced by professionals who work toward better inclusion of men and women originally from countries where circumcision is practised.

Managing work and non-work is central for individuals’ well-being however to different extents and to different manners for diverse individuals. For organisations, managing work and non-work becomes central to the development of healthy organisations especially one considering individuals in the centre. To truly be a healthy but above all a sustainable and healthy organisation, it is essential to listen to every employees. It is thus central to understand individuals as unique "human resource" and therefor to understand human resources in their diversity. Diversity can be discussed in diverse terms among those cultural or biological. The diversity in focus in this paper is sexual orientation in terms of "homosexuality" especially "gay homosexuality". The aim of this paper is to problematise and potentially hypothesise gay work/non-work experiences to set a research agenda. This dicussion is based on the accumulation of knowledge in the work/non-work life and the observation that the gay perspective in work-life tended to be forgotten whereas the society seems to give a place to these issues as the legalisation of the gay marriage is on the political agenda in serveral countries including the US, France and the UK recently. This discussion explores the extent to which the work/non-work experiences could be different just due to one’s sexual preferences of beeing gay.

Integration is one of the strong arguments for enabling individuals to manage work/non-work relationships. Beside its noble intentions, integration may not solve individuals work/non-work conflict. Work-family scholars conclude that work-life programmes are seen as ”employer friendly” because they are good for business and the organisation’s ethical and social image rather than ”employee friendly”. In fact, work-life programmes that shall support all individuals to manage their work/non-work relationships often focus on certain individuals and share a unique view of work/non-work management. Recognizing the richness of the current knowledge in the work-life research, it becomes legitimate to discuss its relevancy for every individual. In that regards, it is observable that most of the research in the work-life field is based on a knowledge accumulated for heterosexual individuals in couple with children that represent the “accepted lifestyle” in most societies. Diversity in terms of alternative lifestyles among those single by choice, no children by choice, bohemian lifestyle as well as gay-lesbian-bi-trans lifestyle (LGBT) are largely less represented. I argue that practitioners but also researchers shall pay attention to every individual including ”alternative lifestyles”. This paper aims at problematizing and hypothesising work/non-work experiences in the context of alternative lifestyles from a boundary management perspective. This paper is foremost theoretical with illustrations from gay alternative lifestyle. Based on the view that boundary management is seen as a multi-level contextual process, this paper shows that when the “so call alternative lifestyle” is accepted at a given level, the work/non-work decisions/experiences are similar to the ones from an “accepted lifestyle” but when the “alternative lifestyle” is not accepted the work/non-work decisions become individuals’ burden so that one must develop his/her own work/non-work strategy. The multi- level contextual creates tensions for “alternative lifestyles” people and may lead to negative outcomes in their overall work/non-work experiences.

Background and aim Recognizing the richness of the current knowledge in the work-life research, it becomes legitimate to discuss its relevancy for every individual. Indeed, it is observable that most of this research in the worklife field is based on a knowledge accumulated for heterosexual individuals in couple with children that represent the “accepted lifestyle” in most societies. Diversity in terms of alternative lifestyles among those single-life by choice, no children by choice, bohemian lifestyle as well as gay-lesbian-bi-trans lifestyle (GLBT) are largely less represented. I argue that practitioners but also researchers shall pay attention to every individual including ”alternative lifestyles” including LGBT lifestyle. The aim of this paper is to problematize and potentially hypothesise work/non-work experiences alternative lifestyles from a boundary management perspective.

This book expands the notion of sexual fantasies from the field of psychology into the realms of cultural studies, anthropology, philosophy, and sociology. So far, much research on sexual fantasies has dealt with issues of gender differences, the effect of sexual fantasies on people’s lives, or how problematic fantasies can be treated in therapy. In this volume contributors from different academic disciplines explore sexual fantasies at the convergence of the cultural and the individual, taking into account that fantasies are paradoxical: highly individualised and private, and at the same time dependent on a world that supplies structures, images, symbols, and narratives.

Aims and objectives. With a focus on sexual health and rights, this study describes how transgender people experience meetings with health care professionals. Background. Transgender people face prejudice and discrimination worldwide. Little is known of their experiences in sexual health-promoting settings. Method. Within a descriptive design, 20 persons aged 18-74 and identifying as transgender and nonbinary were interviewed. The results were analysed with constructivist grounded theory. Results. Disrespect among health care professionals is the core category connected to the experiences in the result; transgender people experience estrangement, expectations and eviction in different sexual health-promoting settings. Conclusion. Transgender knowledge needs to be increased in general, in both specialised transgender health care and many other health care settings, to prevent transgender peoples' experiences of estrangement. Moreover, an increased knowledge of, and respect for, sexual health and rights is needed to prevent transgender peoples' exposure to gender binary, cis- and heteronormative expectations. In addition, access to sexual health care is essential following gender-confirmatory care as well to avoid transgender peoples' experiences of eviction from the health care system. Relevance to clinical practice. Nurses have an important role to play in striving for equity and justice within health care. This study describes how health care professionals appear to be disrespectful and suggestions of how this can be avoided are made.

This paper presents findings from focus group interviews conducted in Swedish government group homes for young people with a history of psychosocial problems, substance misuse and criminal behaviour. Participants were asked to reflect on a newly developed sex education curriculum located within a harm-reduction paradigm prior to its implementation. In addition to appreciating the proposed 10 sessions, young people positively evaluated the proposed dialogical and norm critical teaching style as likely to facilitate productive discussion about sexuality. Findings will contribute to future implementation of the sex education curriculum across a range of institutional settings. Results also highlight the democratic aspects of involving vulnerable young people in matters that directly concern them, and underline the importance of properly contextualised forms of sex education.

Denna rapport handlar om transpersoners upplevelser och beskrivningar av sexuell hälsa och baseras på en kvalitativ intervjustudie. Utgångspunkten för studien är Folkhälsomyndighetens arbete med nationella strategin mot hiv och aids och vissa andra smittsamma sjukdomar (proposition 2005/06:60) samt uppföljningen av hälsan bland trans-personer inom regeringens strategi för lika möjligheter och rättigheter oavsett sexuell läggning, könsidentitet eller könsuttryck.

Resultatet innehåller transpersoners egna beskrivningar och utsagor kring möjligheter och hinder till sexuell hälsa samt berör sexuellt risktagande och erfarenheter av möten med personal inom hälso- och sjukvården. Resultaten visar att respekt är centralt för upplevelsen av sexuell hälsa– respekt för sig själv, sin kropp och sina känslor samt respekt från andra i intima relationer och relationer med personal inom hälso- och sjukvården.

Rapporten riktar sig till främst till personal inom hälso- och sjukvården, kommuner landsting, relevanta myndigheter och ideella organisationer inom området. Förhoppningen är att rapporten kan bidra med insikt och kunskap om transpersoners livssituation i relation till sexualitet, sexuell hälsa och sexuellt risktagande samt ge underlag avseende hälsofrämjande och sjukdomsförebyggande arbete.

In recent decades, there has been growing attention to the overuse of caesarean section (CS) globally. In light of a high CS rate at a university hospital in Tanzania, we aimed to explore obstetric caregivers' rationales for their hospital's CS rate to identify factors that might cause CS overuse. After participant observations, we performed 22 semi-structured individual in-depth interviews and 2 focus group discussions with 5-6 caregivers in each. Respondents were consultants, specialists, residents, and midwives. The study relied on a framework of naturalistic inquiry and we analyzed data using thematic analysis. As a conceptual framework, we situated our findings in the discussion of how transparency and auditing can induce behavioral change and have unintended effects. Caregivers had divergent opinions on whether the hospital's CS rate was a problem or not, but most thought that there was an overuse of CS. All caregivers rationalized the high CS rate by referring to circumstances outside their control. In private practice, some stated they were affected by the economic compensation for CS, while others argued that unnecessary CSs were due to maternal demand. Residents often missed support from their senior colleagues when making decisions, and felt that midwives pushed them to perform CSs. Many caregivers stated that their fear of blame from colleagues and management in case of poor outcomes made them advocate for, or perform, CSs on doubtful indications. In order to lower CS rates, caregivers must acknowledge their roles as decision-makers, and strive to minimize unnecessary CSs. Although auditing and transparency are important to improve patient safety, they must be used with sensitivity regarding any unintended or counterproductive effects they might have.

There is limited information regarding everyday descriptions of experiences of sexual problems linked to childlessness. This study examines communication specific to sexual issues addressed within internet support groups focused on involuntarily childlessness. Qualitative content analysis of posts from 100 discussion threads regarding infertility and sexuality issues in the Swedish internet forum “difficult to conceive” at http://www.familjeliv.se was carried out. The findings indicate that forum participants sought one another’s support to cope with the new realities of involuntary childlessness which negatively impacted aspects of their sexuality. The posts suggested that performance anxiety adversely affected participants’ perceived sexuality, and goals shifted away from desire and pleasure and became more technical and outcome- focused. Forums revealed details of an altered self-image among both women and men, which generated a feeling of meaninglessness. The online forum constitutes an arena offering both solution-focused and emotional coping support for issues linked to infertility and sexuality. It is imperative that health information regarding infertility and sexuality uses a bio-psychosocial approach including both emotional and sexual aspects of infertility treatment, and not merely medical facts. Both women and men experiencing involuntary childlessness need anticipatory guidance regarding the adverse impact that infertility may have on their sexual functioning and behaviour.

This article aims to describe sexologist as a profession. Data was collected through qualitative research interviews with 34 members of The Swedish Association for Sexology. By using a sociological perspective on the professionalization process different groups have emerged in the sexological landscape: pioneers, competence sexologists, entrepreneurs, research sexologists and the non-professionals. The informants emphasize collaboration and respect between the different domains, with the exception of those who are not considered sufficiently competent. The criteria for who gets to use the title are ongoing, just as the process of sexologist as a profession.

This article aims to describe sexologist as a profession. Data was collected through qualitative research interviews with 34 members of the Swedish Association for Sexology. By using a sociological perspective on the professionalization process, different groups have emerged in the sexological landscape: pioneers, competence sexologists, entrepreneurs, research sexologists and the non-professionals. The informants emphasize collaboration and respect between the different domains, with the exception of those who are not considered sufficiently competent. The criteria for who gets to use the title are ongoing, just as the process of sexologist as a profession. (C) 2014 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Previously published as Löfgren-Mårtenson, L. & Månsson, S-A. (2010). Lust, Love, and Life: A Qualitative Study of Swedish Adolescents’ Perceptions and Experiences with Pornography, Journal of Sex Research, 47 (6), pp. 568-579.

Introduction & Objectives: This study examines the views of parentsand professionals on internet use for sexual purposes among youngpeople with intellectual disabilities (18–20 yrs.). Although media atten-tion focuses heavily on the risk of deception on the Internet and on easyaccess to pornography, the main concern is articulated in relation tovulnerable groups’ usage. While people with intellectual disabilitiesrequire support by their surroundings, we need to know more abouttheir views on internet usage.Methods: Five semi-structured focus group interviews were con-ducted with professionals (n = 8) working at special schools and withparents (n = 5). The interviews were analysed with thematic analysis,with the theory of sexual scripts guiding the process.Results: The internet is seen as a social arena with complex challengesfor (1) love and sexuality (2), sexual conduct, and (3) sexual risk andopportunities. Even though people with intellectual disabilities areregarded as more vulnerable than other youths, their parents view therisk of their adolescent being lonely as greater than the risk of thembeing abused or misled. Further, girls are viewed as more vulnerableand contact seeking on the internet than boys. Moreover, pornographysites are discussed only when it comes to the boys’ behaviour.Dating unknown persons is connected to the girls’ behaviour. A Net-script consisting of rules is geared towards the young people with anintellectual disability. However, a change to a more nuanced Net-script is shown while the group of youth with intellectual disabilities are seenas more heterogeneous than in earlier research.Conclusion: In-depth knowledge about parents’ and professionals’perspectives on the internet and sexuality is important as their attitudesand behaviour are essential for the young peoples’ access to supportand for opportunities to develop their own capacity and to experiencelove and sexuality.

This study aim to examine parents' and professionals' views on the usage of Internet for love and sexual purposes among young people with intellectual disabilities (18-20 yrs.) in Sweden. Five semi-structured focus group interviews were conducted with professionals (n=8) working on special programmes in upper secondary schools and with parents (n=5). The interviews were analysed with thematic analysis and the theory of sexual scripts were guiding the process. The results show that the Internet is seen as a social arena with complex challenges; for love and sexuality, for sexual conduct, and for sexual risk and opportunities. Young people with intellectual disabilities are looked upon as more vulnerable than other youth. However, the result also show that parents view the risk of their adolescent of being lonely as greater than the risk of being abused or mislead. A Net-script consisting of rules is geared towards the young people with intellectual disability. Nevertheless, a change to a more flexible and nuanced Net-script is shown while the group of young persons with intellectual disabilities are seen as more heterogeneous than earlier. In-depth knowledge about parents' and professionals' perspectives on the Internet and sexuality is important since the young people live in a dependency situation towards their surroundings. In addition, the surroundings' attitudes and behaviour are essential for the young peoples' access of support and opportunities to develop their own capacity and to experience love and sexuality.

The aim of this study has been to investigate the potential effects on women’s experiences of their sexuality and their sexual relations after being diagnosed with HIV. The result of the qualitative inter-views with seven women living with HIV, the result of the interviews shows that the fear of transmission is great and constant. The sexual practices adjust in the purpose to reduce the risk of transmission. The fear of rejection and peoples negative reactions was strong if their status would come to attention, which affected their experienc-es of well established and have relationships.

Att problematisera givna föreställningar om förövare och brottsoffer i ”hedersrelaterat våld och förtryck".

May a sexual fantasy have political implications? Or to put the question in another way, may political circumstances influence certain sexual stereotypes of the Other? The West has been accused for constructing an Eroticized Other of the Oriental within the discourse of Orientalism. Particularly the veil seems to evoke certain sexual fantasies with political connotations: The unveiling of the Oriental woman can be regarded as a classical Western sexual fantasy, as well as a symbolic colonial conquest of the territory of the Other. The seductive and decadent odalisque in the harem is another fantasy to be contrasted to the Victorian puritan sexual morality in the colonial age. These types of sexual fantasies and the ethnopornography had certain political implications, i.e. the conquest and submission of the Other according to Said’s (1978) influential analysis on Orientalism. In the present chapter it is elaborated upon the Western colonial sexual fantasy of the Orient. Furthermore, it is investigated whether or not this fantasy was purely a fantasy, or if it was some facts in their representation of Oriental sexuality. Representations and fantasies of the Occident that exist in the Orient today will be discussed. In the postcolonial age, the idea of a Oriental and an Occidental sexuality seem to have been inversed: The promiscuous Oriental has become the puritan, while the former so civilized, controlled, Christian colonizer has become the one with a decadent and bestialic sexuality. This postcolonial discourse on Western sexuality will be put in its political context of Islamism and yet another sexualized stereotype of the Other; i.e. the promiscuous, immoral Westerner in the discourse of Occidentalism. Hence, the aim of this chapter is to discuss how the sexual fantasy about the Other – regardless who – plays a crucial role in the “clash of civilizations” (Huntington 1996) between the West and the rest and how it is used by both sides. The usual mode is to ascribe all negative characteristics to the Other, and hence, when the norms and values changes within a society, the imagined stereotype must also change to fit in. The methodology for understanding these processes is a literature review of colonial/Orientalist, postcolonial and Islamist/Occidentalist writings.

Objective: Several studies show that nurses don’t meet patients’ needs in addressing issues around sexuality and sexual health. However, little attention has been paid to midwives’ views on sexual counselling. This study explores midwives’ views and experiences on sexual counselling during antenatal care. Study design: Semi-structured interviews were conducted with nine midwives at seven different antenatal care clinics in southern Sweden. The interviews were analysed with qualitative content analysis, and script theory was used as a theoretical perspective. Results: The result showed that the midwives considered sexuality important but hard to address. Lack of time, knowledge, and encouragement from the managerial level and/or lack of counselling tools were given as reasons for not bringing it up. In addition, midwives’ insecurity turned out to be even greater with patients that deviated from the heterosexual norm or had another cultural background. Conclusion: There are cultural and interpersonal scripts in the workplace in which sexuality is not expected to be addressed. As long as these are in place, only education will not help to change issues in addressing patients’ sexuality. Organizational and managerial support along with education and opportunities for reflection and dialogue regarding sexual issues might help midwives to approach sexuality and change the cultural and interpersonal scripts.

På 1980-talet blev det möjligt att diagnostisera hiv. Fram tills i dag har cirka 12 000 personer diagnostiserats med hiv och cirka 7 000 lever i dag med hiv i Sverige. Det förebyggande arbetet mot hiv har under åren byggts upp genom att vi bättre förstår sambanden mellan biologiska, psykologiska, sociala och kontextuella faktorer. Sedan 1987 har en befolkningsbaserad studie om kunskaper, attityder och beteenden relaterat till hiv genomförts i Sverige. Genom att följa eventuella förändringar kan vi också utveckla det förebyggande arbetet. Arbetet försöker identifiera möjligheter men också hinder för att påverka och minska spridningen av hiv. Den studie som denna rapport bygger på är ett led i det arbetet. De flesta vet i dag att kondom är ett säkert skydd mot hiv. Flertalet av dem som lever med hiv och står på effektiv behandling har omätbara virusnivåer i blodet. Det gör risken för överföring minimal. Trots det finns det fortsatt rädsla och fördomar runt hiv och om personer som lever med hiv. Stigmat kring och diskriminering av personer som lever med hiv måste upphöra. Kunskapen om dagens effektiva behandling av hiv måste nå ut, liksom vikten av att testa sig så att man får tillgång till behandlingen om man bär på hiv. Därför ställs fler frågor än tidigare i denna undersökning för att få kunskap om inställningen till testning. Studien har genomförts av Folkhälsomyndigheten där Monica Ideström har varit ansvarig utredare. Utredaren Gunilla Rådö har deltagit i framtagandet av rapporten. Arbetet har skett i samarbete med Statistiska centralbyrån (SCB) och Centrum för sexologi och sexualitetsstudier vid Malmö högskola med professor Lars Plantin. Doktorand Jakob Tornberg har där ansvarat för den statistiska bearbetningen. Utredare vid enheterna för epidemiologi och hälsoekonomi samt statistik och register på Folkhälsomyndigheten har deltagit i förarbetet. Ansvarig enhetschef har varit Louise Mannheimer på enheten för sexualitet och hälsa på avdelningen för kunskapsstöd.

In international debates on prostitution policy and in debates on prostitution that takes place within individual countries, references are often made to ‘the Nordic’ or ‘the Swedish’ model of prostitution policy. In Sweden, Norway and Iceland, the purchase of sex is a criminal offence, while it remains legal to sell sex. In debates, references are made to the effects of such a policy on the extent of human trafficking. While politicians and activists are eager to treat this particular way of regulating prostitution either as a great success or a great failure, researchers need to take into consideration how a country’s anti-trafficking and anti-prostitution efforts impact identification of cases, and therefore available figures. In this chapter, we investigate the evidence for how the Swedish Sex Purchase Act influences trafficking to Sweden, and we particularly argue that researchers must avoid underestimating the complexity of the relationship between law and the phenomena they regulate.