This work by Hafiz, A. A & Lagerstedt, J. (2023). Specialdidactic instruments and strategies for inclusive religious education - High school teachers' and upper secondary school teachers' way of working with all students as well as students with extra support and special needs. Instutionen för Samhälle, kultur och identitet, Fakulteten för Lärande och samhälle, Malmö universitet, is part of a master's degree in subject didactics. The concept of special didactics used here in this essay has its background in the continental German tradition. The purpose of this master's thesis is to investigate the special didactic instruments and strategies that teachers of religious studies use in their work for increased inclusion. The aim is to gather valuable knowledge about how experienced teachers of religious education work when they plan their materials and teach in matters relating to students' life issues and identity, as well as how they work with extra adaptations and special support. 

The research questions are as follows: What special didactic instruments and strategies do teachers in primary and secondary schools, teaching religious education, use in their subject planning for increased inclusion? What problems and opportunities do teachers experience when planning and working towards increased inclusion? 

The theoretical perspective of this thesis is based on a phenomenological theory of knowledge. There are four special education perspectives, all of which were used in the analysis to highlight different definitions of inclusion. Students' identities are explained and theorized as the foundation for inclusion. A religious didactic model is exemplified to illustrate where in the planning process students can be included. Since there is not enough research on special didactics, the various theoretical special education perspectives were used together with subject didactic perspectives to create special didactic analysis methods. 

The study's methodology is based on both exploratory researches to gather extensive knowledge and a case study approach to investigate more detailed information on how teachers work with inclusion in their planning. To obtain empirical material and collect the right data, five teachers working in different primary and secondary schools in Sweden were interviewed. 

The results show that the teachers agree that it is difficult to include students both physically and socially. Teachers have different opinions about the concept of inclusion and work with inclusion in didactic contexts in different ways, adapted to the situation. Instruments and strategies are adapted to students in different ways, with some teachers placing more emphasis on language and others placing more emphasis on questions about the student's identity. Collaboration between teachers, student health services, and school management for the student's best interest occurs, but a quick assessment of the student's situation is always better than a late assessment discovered later. Regarding the subject of religious studies, teachers work to get closer to students' own life questions, worldviews, and identities, adapted to the classroom environment and the students.

This is a study of qualitative method that aims to investigate how compulsory school students perceive the content of Visual Art Education and the relevance of art education. The study is based on empirical methods that consists of semi-structured interviews with a total of 12 students in grades 6 and 9. The theoretical framework of the study is based on a sociocultural perspective which describes that it is through communication and interaction with others that the individual acquires knowledge and skills.

The theoretical starting points for the study are supported by the concepts of visual culture, visual literacy and Vygotskijs concepts of creativity and imagination with the assistance of contemporary research that describes the concepts from the perspective of a modern-day society. Furthermore, the study uses the cultural circuit from Hall and photo elicitation from Rose as analytical tool to analyze the participants perceptions about Visual Art Education.

The results of my study show that Visual Art Education still represents something that is more similar to a traditional view of artist work, with a focus on techniques and materials. The results also show that the participants perceive Visual Art Education as less important compared to other school subjects and some of the participants don’t think they will benefit from the subject’s knowledge and abilities either in future education, future profession or their private life. This shows the participants narrow view of how abilities linked to visual literacy are relevant in a modern society.

The knowledge contribution added to the problem area and previous research is a deeper understanding of how the participants perceive the relevance of Visual Art Education. The study is important and relevant for the teaching profession, as students need to be made more aware of the breadth and relevance of Visual Art Education. From this content it can be deduced that the abilities that students must acquire through visual arts education are about so much more than just drawing. It is also important that teachers gain insight and understanding of how students perceive the relevance of Visual Art Education for them to be able to move forward.

Uppsatsen syftar till att utifrån forskningslitteraturen belysa vilka effekter kooperativt lärande har på elevernas kunskapsutveckling i matematik. Texten lyfter upp bland annat forskningslitteraturens definitioner av kooperativ lärande samt en teoretisk bakgrund av kooperativt lärande. Texten tar även upp de grundläggande kriterier för kooperativt lärande. Forskningen som texten grundar sig på är framtagen genom ett antal sökningar i olika databaser, framför allt Libsearch och Google Scholar. I sökprocessen var vi noga med att använda oss av sökningar som var relevanta utifrån våra frågeställningar samt använda avgränsningar som omfattade bland annat årtal och peer-reviewed för att få granskade artiklar för att säkerställa kvalitet. Vi använde oss främst av engelska som språk då forskningen inte täckte eller var tillräckligt relevant på svenska. Vi var därför noga med att de engelska ord vi sökte efter och dess synonymer hade liknande betydelse. I resultatdelen finner man att kooperativt lärande bygger på ett socialt samarbete och interaktion mellan eleverna vilket ska resultera i en utveckling av deras kunskaper och sociala förmågor. I resultatdelen redogörs för teorin av det sociokulturella perspektivet som är grunden för kooperativt lärande. I texten redogörs även för effekterna av kooperativt lärande. Resultatet visar att fördelarna med att använda sig av metoder inom kooperativt lärande gynnar elevernas kunskapsutveckling i matematik. Bland annat lär sig eleverna att kunna argumentera och utveckla sin relationella förståelse i matematik. Det motiverar eleverna till att delta i undervisningen. Eleverna får möjligheter att diskutera och resonera i grupper vilket utvecklar deras kommunikationsförmåga. Genom att arbeta i grupper får eleven syn på olika lösningsstrategier. Nackdelar som tas upp i litteraturen handlar om att kooperativt lärande kan upplevas som en tidskrävande process. Läraren behöver ha goda kunskaper inom kooperativt lärande för att underlätta förberedelsen och ha väl fungerande grupper samt vara väl införstådd i de metoder man ska använda sig av inom kooperativt lärande.

Kooperativt lärande (KL) som en undervisningsmetod har blivit allt vanligare både på nationell och internationell nivå. KL beskrivs som en undervisningsmetod för att strukturera samarbetet mellan elever i små grupper och på så sätt kan de dra nytta av varandra för att uppnå gemensamma mål (Umans & Lidén, 2018).  Metoden KL introducerades för oss i samband med de teoretiska och verksamhetsförlagda kurserna. KL lyftes upp som en idealisk metod av många lärare. Gillies (2003) menar att KL är en metod som använts länge då flera skolor kunde se fördelar med att låta eleverna arbeta kooperativt i mindre grupper.

KL som en inlärningsmetod har i flera internationella studier visat sig gynna elevernas kunskapsutveckling och uppmuntrar till lärande i matematikämnet och andra ämnen (Vega et al., 2015 och Johnson et al., 2014). KL benämns som samarbetsinlärning och grundar sig i den sociokulturella kunskapssyn på lärande som kan kopplas till Vygotskij (Wiktorson, 2008). KL som en undervisningsmetod ställs oftast mot den traditionella undervisningen som innebär envägskommunikation (Slavin, 2015). Läroplanen för matematik lyfter upp fem matematiska förmågor som undervisningen ska utveckla: förmågorna är problemlösningsförmåga, begreppsförmåga, metodförmåga, kommunikationsförmåga och resonemangsförmåga (Skolverket, 2018). Det finns tecken på att resonemangsförmågan är den som lärare upplever som mest problematisk att förhålla sig till (Balan & Jönsson, 2021). Idag finns många lärare som jobbar med resonemang, men som inte riktigt kan definiera resonemang på korrekt sätt eller använda rätt metoder för att utveckla resonemang (Lithner, 2008).  Detta förstärks av Herman (2018) som menar att det finns flera studier som visar en låg nivå på resonemangsförmåga bland elever i grundskolor. Resonemang involveras i princip i alla matematiska aktiviteter (Herman, 2018). Lithner (2008) delar upp resonemang i två delar, imitativa och kreativa resonemang. Imitativa är memorerande strategier som inte leder till en djupare förståelse. Kreativa resonemang anses grunda sig i djupare förståelse och gynnar elevers utveckling i längden. När det gäller kreativa resonemang så finns få studier som undersöker vilka undervisningsformer som behövs för att arbeta med den typen av resonemang. KL skulle kunna vara den undervisningsform som behövs för att arbeta med kreativa resonemang, därmed har vi valt att undersöka det (Karmarski & Mevarech, 2003).

This research was conducted to study the social integration of Syrian refugees in Sweden and their feeling of inclusion in the Swedish society, or exclusion from it. The research also targeted illuminating and analyzing potential reasons for the social exclusion of some Syrian refugees according to first-hand experiences, perspectives, and opinions collected by semi-structured interviews with 10 informants who left Syria due to civil war and sought asylum in Sweden. This paper serves as a platform on which voices and views of Syrian refugees were echoed, and conclusions on their settlement and inclusion in their new country were based on their own feelings, struggles, and matters of their social lives. To achieve that, social, cultural, and human aspects were prioritized over mainstream economic and legal aspects as all informants were documented and integrated into the Swedish labor market or education system. 

Nonetheless, the study results have shown a worrying lack of social inclusion that Syrian refugees have experienced so far in their new country, reducing them into underprivileged, ethnic social circles where they had limited access to social networks from different backgrounds, resources, and opportunity. The nature of the Swedish society, as well as the negative image of Syrian refugees, Ethnic-segregated residencies, cultural incompatibility, and racism, were found to be the main reasons behind this phenomenon 

This thesis project explores combining interactive technology and the natural world, through a more-than-human design approach. This project aims to step away from an industry-driven design by valuing plants as equal in the design process. Throughout this report, an overview of the relevant theory and examples are elaborated on. This overview has informed the project in two ways. It formed the foundation of a concept aiming to improve the user’s interconnectedness with nature and it formed the foundation of an evaluation tool developed for aiding designers in design for plants by addressing three design fields: Design for Care, Design for Cohabitation, and Design for Noticing. The concept and the evaluation tool have been developed in parallel and informed each other throughout the project. The final concept contributes to the discussion about addressing more-than-human actors in design. In this case by addressing plant blindness. The evaluation tool contributes to more-than-human design as a tool to evaluate ideas and projects. This project included an extensive analysis of a design collection, workshops regarding the materiality of living plants and assessment of the evaluation tool, an interdisciplinary design approach, and a prototyping phase during which assumptions regarding the concept were tested.

The aim of this thesis is to investigate the self-proclaimed performance of the National Board of Institutional Care, and its specific youth care homes in Sweden (SiS), concerning SiS work with institutionalised children and youth in relation to law of The Care of Young Persons Act (LVU). Special focus is also given to how the SiS self-assessment contrasts with the accounts given by institutionalised youths. We have investigated SiS claims present on their website since it provides ample documentation, information and deeds, and investigated reports by youth in the media, research and news outlets. We have elected to code all collected data and have thus identified key recurring themes present in youth and SiS reports.We have then regarded these findings with respect to our theories that are presented in the results and analysis section along with previous research. In this section we maintain that the description provided by youths at SiS is problematic and often shows a lack of care giving instances or staff that master the tools required to meet the youth in a constructive manner. In the discussion we once again maintain our theories and methodological approach that is based on Discourse analytical grounds that maintain the importance of language and the messages signified through actions.

I denna kunskapsöversikt har vi samlat empiri från artiklar och litteratur om begreppen social klass och socioekonomisk status. Syftet har varit att undersöka vad forskning säger om hur social klass och socioekonomisk status påverkar elevernas möjligheter i det naturvetenskapliga klassrummet. Frågeställning vi har utgått från har varit ” Vad säger tidigare forskning om hur social klass och socioekonomisk status kommer till uttryck i ett naturvetenskapligt klassrum? ”. Sökmotorerna SwePub, LibSearch och ERIC har använts för att hitta vetenskapliga artiklar som behandlar ämnet. Utöver sökmotorerna har tidigare kurslitteratur använts. Forskningen visar elevernas sociala klass och socioekonomiska status påverkar deras chans att lyckas inom de naturorienterande ämnena. Forskningen visar även att det naturvetenskapliga klassrummet inte är likvärdigt vilket motstrider de krav om likvärdighet som anges i skollagen. Vidare diskuteras även vikten av grupparbeten och kommunikation för att motverka grupperingar hos eleverna efter deras sociala klass. Då majoriteten av forskningen vi tagit del av fokuserar på de högre åldrarna kan vi som slutsats konstatera att det behövs mer forskning kring detta ämne i de lägre åldrarna då resultatet tydligt visar att elevernas sociala klass och socioekonomiska status påverkar no-undervisningen och att det måste diskuteras och motarbetas i klassrummet. Som blivande pedagoger inom naturvetenskap ansåg vi att detta ämne är viktigt att ha kunskap om för att kunna förbättra professionen. Vi har gjort en utblick i forskarvärlden för att ta reda på hur forskare resonerar angående social klass och socioekonomisk status i skolan. Både Sverige och andra länder tas i beaktning.

Negative attitudes towards out-groups have been of academic interest for many years — and even more so with the increased levels of migration to European countries in recent years. Building on insights from intergroup contact theory, this paper seeks to extend our knowledge of the association between contact and negative attitudes toward immigrants among youth in Sweden. Multiple regression analysis and fixed effects models are used to analyze a large, high-quality dataset on Swedish adolescents based on representative survey information, complemented with extensive registry data and official statistics. Our objective is to measure contact on different levels in order to better understand the importance of these different contact variables’ associations with negative attitudes. The results of the analysis indicate that high-quality contact in the form of friendship is associated with a reduction in negative attitudes among Swedish adolescents, even after controlling for background variables. Superficial forms of contact — measured on the school level — are, on the other hand, associated with an increase in negative attitudes.

The two books highlight two different views on the way that private security is governed in the African states under review. The Governance of Private Security by Marco Boggero. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018. xvii + 199 pp., £99.99 hardcover 978‐3‐319‐69592‐1, £79.50 e‐book 978‐3‐319‐69593‐8 Private Security in Africa: From the Global Assemblage to the Everyday edited by Paul Higate and Mats Utas. London: Zed Books, 2017. 192 pp., £24.99 paperback 9781786990259

Malignant melanoma is the most invasive form of skin cancer and today's current diagnosis is based on surgical invasive sampling that can be perceived as frightening for the patient. Therefore, a non-invasive sampling method called Pigmented lesion assay (PLA) was investigated which is based on a sampling using tape-strips (D100 - D-Squame Standard Sampling Discs). The skin consists of three layers, the epidermis, dermis and subcutis, where each layer varies considerably in its anatomy and function. The epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin and the cell contents consist mainly of keratinocytes and melanocytes. Melanoma is a type of skin cancer that occurs when melanocytes, whose function is to develop pigment in the skin, begin to grow out of control. Through the tape method, there is an exchange between the epidermal cell types and the tape, the number of tape-strips applied to the 10 voluntary participants was a total of 5 where the first two were discarded to minimize bacterial contamination. After sampling, an RNA isolation was performed on collected tape-strips and then a cDNA-synthesis was performed. To elucidate the function of the method, a real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis was performed on participant samples for amplification of the normal gene filaggrin on the healthy participants. The results showed that the PLA analysis is possible for the detection of interesting genes. Genes that are melanoma-related are LINC, PRAME and CIMP and was amplified on purchased melanoma cells for control of the method in comparison with control genes ACTB and GAPDH.

Health communication campaigns in developing countries can take many different forms and make use of a wide range of communication tools. One of these tools are multimedia resources such as videos. Initiatives like the Scientific Animations Without Borders (SAWBO) or the Global Health Media Project (GHMP) have been created for the only purpose of developing videos adapted to different cultures and languages in order to tackle a variety of health issues relevant to developing countries. The present study pretends to focus on the use of such videos for water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) behavior in the context of cholera epidemic which hit Haiti in late 2010. By using comparative research procedures, three videos have been selected for content analysis from three different institutions: SAWBO, GHMP, and UNESCO Haiti. The results from this analysis served as guidelines for further survey analysis carried out through field questionnaires to a sample of the video’s target audience, that is, Haitian children aged from about 10 to 13 years old. The purpose of the study was to understand and compare the impact and effectiveness of these resources in transmitting disease prevention practices to the target audience. The results indicate that the videos usually coincided in the issues to inform about cholera, but differed in most of the features portrayed within the issues. Moreover, responses to the questionnaires reflected that the messages portrayed were only retained by an average half of the participants, with more or less success depending on the topic.

The purpose of this study is to analyze if the workmethods in the European Commission's crisis management had post-bureaucratic characteristics, more specifically less hierarchy, horizontal communication, collective decision-making and own responsibility, during the Greek debt crisis 2010-2015. To carry out an analysis this study identifies four characteristics of a post-bureaucratic organization, in order to use the theory as a tool to clearly identify if there are any post-bureaucratic characteristics in the Commission's workmethods during the Greek crisis 2010-2015. The material used in the study is based on published reports from the European Parliament, European Court of Auditors, International Monetary Fund and the European Commission where facts on the European Commission’s crisis management are presented. This study's analysis shows that post-bureaucratic characteristics can be identified on the workmethods the Commission used in some situations during the Greek debt crisis 2010-2015. The study's conclusion is summarized by the fact that the European Commission’s workmethods in relation to post-bureaucratic characteristics are only found in some instances. Therefore the study can not conclude that the European Commission is a post-bureaucratic organization during the Greek crisis 2010-2015.

Call it for what it is aims to identify the leadership’s blind spots in relation to sexual harassment. This study is a continuation of a previous minor thesis that explored the mechanisms that made it possible for sexual harassment to occur on the workplace and had a co-worker focus. In this instance, this study used a qualitative research method in which five individuals in leadership positions within the culture sector of Denmark were interviewed. The thesis thus has a leadership perspective where the collected empirical evidence is viewed against Denmark's Equal Treatment Act, the American EEOC's guidelines as well as leadership and power theories. The result of the empirical study shows that the main concepts - sexual behavior and sexual harassment - as well as the awareness of the various problem areas constitute blind spots. The study also lands in three main problem areas whose issues in turn can constitute as blind spots: definitions, power structures and the room. This is presented in a model in relation to the leadership process. Within these, it was possible to identify the majority of blind spots with different characteristic traits, such as; judicial proactive, text formulation, the legal document, interpretive precedence, the collective, fully visual and informal spaces.

Sammanfattning I detta här examensarbetet vill jag undersöka vilka faktorer som kan underlätta nyanländas ämnesspecifika språkinlärning i matematiks ämne i årskurs 7-9. Dessutom hur man kan stödja och främja de nyanländas utveckling i matematik. Sverige är idag ett mångkulturellt land och de senaste åren har det skett en ökning av nyanlända elever. Tidigare forskning visar att nyanlända elever har lägre prestationsnivå än in¬födda elever och detta framkommer tydligt i ämnet matematik. Tidigare forskning visar dess¬utom att en av orsakerna till nyanlända elevers svårigheter i matematik kan till stor del ha att göra med det svenska språket. Hur arbetar matematiklärare i klassrum där det finns nyanlända elever och vilka faktorer kan underlätta nyanländas ämnesspecifika språkinlärning? Studien är kvalitativ och redskapet som använts är intervjuer. Kvalitativa intervjuer gjordes med fyra olika pedagoger, och en skolas rektor. Synsättet som använts utifrån Vygotskijs teorier kring det sociokulturella perspektivet. Resultatet av studien visar att viktigt för skolan att gå tidigt en ordentlig kartläggning över elevens kunskaper och erfarenheter. Detta bidrar skolan att placera de eleverna efter enligt kunskap och inte bara enligt ålder. Resultatet visar vidare att viktig för nyanlända elevers skolgång är att de får känna sig trygg-het i klassrummet och den aktuella gruppen, att våga fråga och kommunicera. Resultatet visar vidare att behöver ta fram gemensamma strategier mellan ämneslärare och modersmålslärare, studiehandledare samt med de andra personer som jobbar med de nyanlända eleverna, för att leder till förbättring och höjning av kunskapsmålen för nyanlända elever. Resultatet visar också att studiehandledning på modersmålet är viktigt för att nyanlända elever för kunna följa undervisningen, för att de eleverna i den ordinarie klassen förstår begreppen och utveckla kunskaper och sitt tänkande i alla ämnen. Modersmålet är även viktigt för elevernas sociala situation och kunna kommunicera med kamrater på sitt modersmål kan bidra till känslor av samhörighet och trygghet.

Analysing the three existing water treaties between Iraq and Turkey from 1946, 2009 and 2019, this research aimed to answer the research question: How are the three water treaties between Iraq and Turkey linguistically formulated in regard to the theories on water cooperation? This research question was addressed through applying Discourse Analysis I in accordance with Gillian Rose’s approach and supported by an analytical framework containing four stages, built on the theories on water cooperation and further supported by Galtung's theory on positive peace. Results of the research showed that the water treaties to a very low extent were formulated in regard to the theories on water cooperation and of nine different themes identified in the water treaties, three themes were directly related to the theories. The 1946 water treaty did through the themes Unification, Common self-identity & Solidarity succeed in addressing a part of the theories on water cooperation through reaching stage B of the analytical framework. While the water treaties from 2009 and 2019 both did almost thoroughly fail in formulating the treaties in regards to those theories. Additionally the discourses identified in the treaties did concerne two main topics; threats and risks, and the relationship and representation of the relationship between Iraq and Turkey.

Abstract

India and Pakistan are at war with each other for over 70 years. To date, the two countrieshave four full scale wars. This thesis evaluates whether the dispute between Pakistan andIndia is linked with the economic development of the rival country or there are otherreasons for it such as terrorism, border disputes, etc. In the analysis, special attention ispaid to tensions related to Kashmir which started in 1948 and are still there. Kashmirplays a vital role in development of Pakistan in a broader context because The IndusRiver, which is the lifeline to Pakistan, flows through the Jammu and Kashmir. Casestudy method was employed, based on secondary data from the existing studies. Thisthesis is based on theories of international politics to explore the Indus Water Treaty andChina Pakistan Economic Corridor in relation to the economic development of Pakistan.The findings reveal that, contrary to the popular belief of the people of the two countriesthat India and Pakistan are fighting over Kashmir’s territory, much of the problems arerelated to economic issues. Indus Water Treaty and China Pakistan Economic Corridorare helping Pakistan in coming out of the vicious circle of poverty and moving towardsdevelopment. Economic development in Pakistan is not beneficial for India, as Pakistanand India compete in their export markets. So, India is creating hurdles in the economicdevelopment of Pakistan. The violation of Indus Water Treaty by India and India’sinterferences in China Pakistan Economic Corridor are two such examples of it. TheChina Pakistan Economic Corridor will increase foreign investment in Pakistan whichwill lead to economic development of Pakistan. This may strengthen Pakistan’s exportsector and challenge India in its international export markets. Therefore, India is creatinghurdles for Pakistan. Moreover, efficient utilization of water may lead to an increase inpower generation in Pakistan which would help it in overcoming energy shortageproblem, especially electricity. If this problem will be resolved, industry and exportsector will be developed, and Pakistan may compete India in export markets. It wasconcluded that major reason of conflicts between India and Pakistan are economic, notpolitical, geographical, or military.

This study is about women who suffer from violence in close relationships. The purpose ofthe study is to answer three questions, those are "What difficulties can the social service faceat work and when designing needs-adapted interventions for women who are in a violentrelationship?", "Does the social service have various tools that can be used at work ifdifficulties arise in the work and in the design of needs-adapted support for women exposed toviolence? ” and "How does the law, as a påwer structure, affect social services efforts towardswomen exposed to violence?”. The empirical sources of the study are a handbook for FREDAfrom the National Board of Health and Welfare (2014), a handbook from the National Boardof Health and Welfare (2016), a report from the National Board of Health and Welfare (2018)and a regional handbook from the County Administrative Board (2019). The sources werechosen as the study's empirical data because they are informative and the information coversthe most essential in the study area. A qualitative method is the method the study is based onand the empirical data have been analyzed on the basis of a thematic analysis. In social work,difficulties may arise in the provision of housing to abused women. This is because there maybe a shortage of housing that satisfies women's needs. Even when a woman is offeredfinancial assistance, there is a risk that the violence will not be made visible, which results inthe woman not receiving the right help. Additional difficulties that can arise are when thewoman normalizes the violence and does not tell about it. The social services have varyingmethods in dealing with these difficulties, for example collaboration or through askingquestions with the help of Freda-short question. The intersectional perspective has been usedto understand how the law affects the support offered to abused women. The perspective hasalso been used to understand why categories are essential in social work. 

This study is aimed at active and aspiring teachers to draw attention to the challenges that may arise in the heterogeneous and multicultural classroom in religious education. We also want to highlight the intercultural pedagogy of an approach teachers can use to meet the challenges. The purpose of this study is thus to investigate whether this pedagogy can be a possible alternative for future and active teachers to use to create a good classroom climate that strengthens inclusion.

This study will answer the questions:

What challenges does religious instruction face in the heterogeneous and multicultural classroom?

Can the teacher use an intercultural approach to meet these challenges? 

We have placed our study in a larger context by presenting previously conducted research in the field, both Swedish and international. We also account for relevant subject didactic theories such as the socio-cultural perspective and intercultural pedagogy. The approach for this essay is based on a qualitative method, where we have chosen to use semi-structured interviews.

Based on previous research and the empirical results, we have been able to present that there are several challenges that religion teachers face in teaching in the heterogeneous and multicultural classroom. Examples of such are creating a mutual understanding between students 'different opinions, media influence on students' attitudes and attitudes to the different religions. Based on the empirical results, we have been able to see that the intercultural approach does not have a central role in the teaching profession, but based on previous research that we examined, we can state that intercultural pedagogy can meet challenges that arise in religious education, and an approach that creates a good classroom climate that strengthens the inclusion.

Denna studie är riktad till verksamma lärare och lärarstudenter för att uppmärksamma utmaningar som kan uppstå i religionsundervisningen med mångfald, och inspirera till olika didaktiska perspektiv som bemöter utmaningarna. Syftet med denna kunskapsöversikt är att undersöka utmaningarna som behandlats inom forskning i samband med religionsundervisningen i ett mångkulturellt klassrum, med målet att undersöka möjliga alternativ som tidigare forskning anser kan bemöta och hantera de utmaningarna som uppstår. Denna kunskapsöversikt kommer att besvara frågeställningarna:

- Vad säger forskningen om vilka utmaningar lärare möter i religionsundervisningen, i ett mångkulturellt klassrum?

- Hur kan lärare bemöta dessa utmaningar, enligt forskning.

Metoden som användes är en systematisk litteraturstudie där vi analyserat flertalet vetenskapliga artiklar, rapporter och avhandlingar genom sökningar i olika databaser för att besvara studiens syfte och frågeställningar. Utifrån vårt resultat av de vetenskapliga artiklarna och tidigare forskning kan vi se att läraren kan uppleva flera olika utmaningar inom religionsundervisningen i ett mångkulturellt klassrum. Enligt vår slutsats kan utmaningarna bestå av en rad olika faktorer, där elevens kulturella bakgrund och syn på religionen är en av de faktorerna, samtidigt som en lärares kompetens inom interkulturell pedagogik också spelar en avgörande roll i hanteringen av de utmaningarna som kan uppstå. Vilket kan gynna oss i vår framtida yrkesroll som religionslärare, då vi genom denna kunskapsöversikt skapar en medvetenhet om de utmaningar som kan uppstå inom religionsundervisningen, samt ger förslag på hur läraren kan hantera dessa utmaningar så att undervisningen anpassas till alla elever.

his is a qualitative study. The purpose of the study is to examine what prevailing discoursesthe media portray about ethnic others, and what positions of power they are attributed to. Themethod used is discourse analysis and the empirical study consists of media articles from twoof Sweden's most read newspapers, Aftonbladet and Svensk Dagbladet respectively. Thetheories used in the analysis are the framing theory, ethnic others and the concept of power,which is the theoretical framework of the study. The analysis showed that there are severaldiscourses that are addressed regarding the ethnic others. These discourses are presented in theform of themes and analyzed on the basis of the theory and the chosen theoretical concepts.The results of the study show that there are ambiguous discourses that are repeated about theethnic others, the negatively charged discourses were remarks and that ethnic others areincreasingly attributed to subordinate positions of power.

Studiens syfte är att undersöka och analysera förskollärarnas föreställningar om och förhållningssätt till barn som utmanar i förskolan. Detta för att förstå hur förskollärarna kan påverka barns möjligheter respektive begränsningar i förskolan. Dessa föreställningar och förhållningssätt kan vi undersöka genom att göra en diskursanalys på förskollärarnas utsagor om barn som utmanar. För att uppnå studiens syfte har vi formulerat det i två frågeställningar: Vilka föreställningar synliggörs i förskollärarnas utsagor om barn som utmanar? Vilka förhållningssätt synliggörs i förskollärarnas utsagor om sitt bemötande av barn som utmanar? Vi tar avstamp i det poststrukturella perspektivet med grundläggande antagande om språkets betydelse i människors uppfattningar av verkligheten eftersom språket konstituerar den sociala världen. Poststrukturalism betonar att det inte finns några “sanningar” om verkligheten, utan det är föränderligt och produceras ständigt i olika diskursiva praktiker. Tillsammans med det kategoriska och relationella perspektivet, som utgör våra analytiska verktyg, kan vi synliggöra hur förskollärarna uttrycker skilda föreställningar om och förhållningssätt till barn som utmanar. Vårt empiriska material består av intervjuer med fem verksamma förskollärare från två olika förskolor. Intervjuerna inleds med en fördefinierad situation. Detta presenteras i analys och resultat avsnittet. Förskollärarna fick då möjlighet att reflektera över situationen med hjälp av öppna frågor. Studiens resultat visar att föreställningar om och förhållningssätt till barn som utmanar är mångtydiga. Dessa varierande föreställningar och förhållningssätt har betydelse för barns subjektskapande som även medför möjligheter och begränsningar för barns olikheter.

A high-throughput method for the fabrication of ordered arrays of Au nanoparticles is presented. It is based on pulsed electrodeposition into porous anodic alumina templates. In contrast to many synthesis routes, it is cyanide-free, prior separation of the alumina template from the aluminium substrate is not required, and the use of contaminating surfactants/capping agents often found in colloidal synthesis is avoided. The aspect ratio of the nanoparticles can also be tuned by selecting an appropriate electrodeposition time. We show how to fabricate arrays of nanoparticles, both with branched bases and with hemispherical bases. Furthermore, we compare the different morphologies produced with electron microscopies and grazing-incidence synchrotron X-ray diffraction. We find the nanoparticles are polycrystalline in nature and are compressively strained perpendicular to the direction of growth, and expansively strained along the direction of growth. We discuss how this can produce dislocations and twinning defects that could be beneficial for catalysis.

Det pågår en stor förändring i arbetsliv och samhälle i samband med lansering av olika generativa AI verktyg som skapar innehåll varierande former. Centralt i debatten är ChatGPT, som har väckt mängder av diskussioner i media angående risker för missbruk, särskilt inom utbildningssektorn. Denna studie syftar till att skapa och bidra till förståelse över ChatGPT och dess användbarhet, samt utmaningar genom att analysera acceptansen hos lärare och studenter i högre utbildning. Detta genom att använda teorier från nya vetenskapliga artiklarna angående ChatGPT i högre utbildning, samt jämföra dem med kvalitativa data i form av perspektiv och åsikter från lärare och studenter, och slutligen analysera dem i ett samband med tidigare utbildningsteknologier. Studiens resultat tyder på att ChatGPT har relativt blandad acceptans och delvis haft fördelaktiga effekter på genomförandet av uppgifter i högre utbildning beroende på kunskapsämne. ChatGPT har redan uppvisat anmärkningsvärda förändringar i arbetsprocessen för både lärare och studenter, däremot förekommer det obesvarade frågor och etiska problematik vilket för närvarande förhindrar dess möjligheter som ett potentiellt revolutionerande utbildningsverktyg i högre utbildning.

While solar cell research has traditionally focused on rooftop installations, there aresituations where the roof may not be suitable due to building design or legislativerestrictions. Additionally, shading from surrounding buildings can impact the efficiency ofsolar cells. To overcome these obstacles and maximize efficiency, the study explores solarpanel installations on facades in different densely built areas. The study aims to describehow urban density influences the energy profitability of solar panels on building facades.By employing a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods, including literaturereviews, 3D modeling, and energy calculations, the study analyzes the energy efficiencyand electricity production of facade-mounted solar cells in various densely built areas. Theresults demonstrate that solar panel installations on facades can exhibit varying efficiencyand electricity production, with the building's location in relation to surrounding structuresplaying a significant role. The study seeks to provide an overview of the energyprofitability of solar panels on building facades to support the development of sustainableenergy solutions in urban areas. Considering future urban planning, which is expected tomaintain high density, it becomes crucial to consider existing buildings and solar energyinstallations to ensure their long-term access to solar irradiation. The study is relevant inpromoting sustainability and energy efficiency in both new and existing buildings andexploring the potential of solar panels on building facades. It also highlights the need forfurther research to harness the potential of facades as an alternative energy source. Finally,it concludes that there is no generalized requirement for what the minimum distancebetween buildings needs to be for an efficient solar cell installation to be achieved,emphasizing the importance of considering factors such as the azimuth angle, orientation,and height of neighboring buildings.

Background: Humans normally follow a 24-hour circadian rhythm where light and darkness facilitates wakefulness during the day respectively sleep during the night. The circadian rhythm reaches its bottom level between three and four in the morning regardless of the necessity of sleep. Because of this, night work means a predisposition to sleep disorders due to the body’s physiology that controls the circadian rhythm. Aim: The aim of this literature review was to illustrate the presence of sleep disorders among night and shift working nurses. Method: A literature study was conducted and fifteen quantitative scientific articles from the databases CINAHL and PubMed were retrieved, selected, reviewed analyzed aend complied. All the reviewed articles based their results using self-assssment forms completed by clinically active nurses. Results: The findings indicated a strong relationship between sleep disorders and night work among nurses. Nurses with continuous night work, or shiftwork with including night shifts, suffered of either; sleep deprivation, decreased sleep quality, insomnia or chronic fatigue. Conclusion: Nurses that work consequently during the night or work shifts with included night shifts, are affected by either sleep deprivation or decreased sleep quality. This indicates that work during the night can lead to some type of sleep disorder.

Purpose 

This study aimed to evaluate the mechanical properties of the different layers of multi-layered zirconia materials produced with different strategies for gaining translucency.

Materials and methods 

Sixty zirconia specimens were prepared in a bar shape from two different partially sintered multi-layered zirconia blanks (KATANA™ Multi-layered Zirconia HTML, Kuraray Noritake Dental, EU) and (IPS e.max® ZirCAD Prime, Ivoclar, USA). The specimens were distributed into two groups based on the material used (n=30) and further subdivided into three subgroups according to the different layers of zirconia blanks: translucent, transition, and dentin (n=10). All specimens were subjected to a static three-point flexural strength test. A one-way ANOVA and a T-test were performed to determine the significant differences among the groups. 

Results 

The different layers of ZirCAD Prime showed significant differences in flexural strength (p=0.001). In contrast, the different layers of KATANA™ HTML showed no significant differences (p=0.437). A T-test was conducted to compare the results from different layers within the same material. The results of the One-Way ANOVA test for the different groups of KATANA™ HTML demonstrated no difference between the groups (p=0.437). 

Conclusion 

Different compositions of different multi-layered zirconia materials result in various mechanical properties. Brand-specific differences are an essential consideration for dentists and dental technicians when using multi-layered zirconia. It is crucial to consider various factors such as type of restoration, positioning of the restoration in the disc (nesting), and restoration to be used anteriorly or posteriorly, and the desired esthetical requirements as the translucency are gained in different ways.   

The FOCUS project is undertaking a range of research and piloting tasks which aim to improve understanding of dynamic integration and to assist the implementation of effective practices. As part of this work a detailed programme of qualitative research has been undertaken in four countries. This report presents the country-specific findings of this research, which will be further consolidated in a cross-site analysis to be completed in the coming months. Focus group discussions (FGDs) were held with members of the receiving communities and with members of the arriving communities in a total of 10 site in four countries which have different experiences of migration from Syria in recent years (Sweden, Germany, Jordan, Croatia). 

Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur transspråkande bidrar till inkludering och utveckling av nyanlända elever samt vilka strategier och metoder som passar bra till just NO-undervisning. I detta arbete har en systematisk litteraturstudie genomförts genom att använda olika artiklars resultat som handlade om transspråkande endast i NO-klassrummet. Data insamlad utifrån artiklarna analyserades kvalitativt med användning av analysmetoden: tematisk analys, vilket innebär att data kategoriseras under olika rubriker. Resultaten visar att flerspråkighet är definitivt en tillgång om den hjälper elever att knyta an till tidigare erfarenheter och skapa förståelse. Däremot kan flerspråkighet och transspråkande vara problematiskt när det leder till missförstånd på grund av bristande översättning. Det visade sig att lärarens roll är centralt i ett transspråkande NO-klassrum. Lärarens medvetenhet om vikten av elevernas förstaspråk är för elevernas lärande och identitetsutveckling början på en framgångsrik transspråkande undervisning. Dessutom beror det mycket på hur läraren lyckas kommunicera med nyanlända elever och visa intresse för deras bakgrund och vad dem kan. Fortsättningsvis beror det på lärarens uppdelning av elevgrupper så att det passar deras behov samt vilka förväntningar läraren har på eleverna.

I detta examensarbete har vi jobbat om och kring frågeställningarna: Hur reflekterar lärare över sin hantering av kontroversiella frågor i samhällskunskapsundervisningen? och Vilka möjligheter eller svårigheter ser de med uppmärksammandet av kontroversiella frågor inom de samhällsorienterade ämnena? För att finna svar till frågorna har vi intervjuat verksamma mel- lanstadielärare som undervisar i samhällskunskap. Mot bakgrund av de möjligheter som kon- troversiella frågor innebär för medborgarbildning har examensarbetet syfte varit att undersöka lärarnas inställning till frågorna när det gäller samhällskunskapsundervisningen. Hess (2004) och Strading (2001) har tillämpats som teoretiskt ramverk och spelat en avgörande roll i ana- lysen av arbetets empiri. Den kvalitativa metoden har varit undersökningens utgångspunkt, sju stycken lärare har därmed intervjuats. En fenomenologisk ansats har intagits då alla responden- ter har skildrat deras erfarenheter och åsikter om arbetets problemområde. Resultatet framläg- ger bevis på att det finns svårigheter med inkluderingen av kontroversiella frågor i undervis- ningen. Men trots det framläggs möjligheterna som arbetet kan åstadkomma som överträffande. Respondenterna framhåller att elevernas kulturella tillhörigheter, etniska bakgrunder och per- sonliga erfarenheter är alla faktorer som påverkar frågornas uppfattning. Resultatet har även påvisat att hanteringen av frågorna beror på och påverkas av vilken situation som frågorna upp- märksammas under samt vilka de är.

Aim: The aim of this study is to investigate how Swedish dental care is represented in the media, since it is an important factor that can affect the public's trust in dental care. Material & method: To investigate what was written and how much was written in both general and negative sense about dental care in the Swedish press between 2007 - 2018, two source selections were used. One selection was called the broad source selection and included all Swedish editorial press in retriever's media archive. The second source selection was called the limited source selection and included only six powerful sources. The material was analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively using Media content analysis. Result: The overall publicity on dental care in general sense was at its most 2008, thereafter it decreased at a steady pace. The negative reporting has been uneven with clear increases in some years that can be attributed to specific events relating to dental care. In the negative reporting it was written about dentists who got rid of their license and that in dental care there is carelessness, malpractice, over-treatment and cheating. But mostly, it was written negatively about the functioning of the dental care system and that dental care is expensive. Conclusion: By comparing available customer satisfaction and trust measurements with the negative and general media reporting, we were unable to conclude that media reporting has affected public trust between 2007-2018. We found, among other things, that when it was written negatively about dental care, criticism was mainly directed at private dental care, despite this trust and customer satisfaction levels were higher for private dental care compared to public dental care during the same period. Further studies are needed to investigate how media reports affects peoples trust in dental care.

When Nordic Migration Research (NMR) was launched in 2008, there was total agreement among the founding members that one of the primary objectives of the organization was to establish a high-quality, interdisciplinary Nordic journal for research on international migration and migration-related issues in an international and transnational setting. Accordingly, the NMR statutes define the aim of the Nordic Journal for Migration Research (NJMR) as "devoted to publishing high-quality, peer -reviewed research in different aspects of international migration and ethnic relations, such as integration, ethnicity/race, culture, religion, marginalization, citizenship, nationalism, discrimination and racism". The statutes further specify that the NJMR aims to develop into "a forum for both applied and theoretical research, seeking to attract high-quality, original contributions from both Nordic and non-Nordic countries", and that an important part of its mission and raison d'etre would be to focus particularly, although not exclusively, on the areas mentioned above with respect to their relevance to and impact on "the Nordic countries in a global perspective" (Hedetoft & Sicakkan 2011: 1).

Purpose

 To evaluate the impact of implant length on failure rates between short (<10 mm) and long (≥10 mm) dental implants.

Materials and methods

A search was undertaken in three electronic databases, complemented by manual search of some journals. Implant failure was the outcome evaluated, with the estimate of relative effect expressed in risk ratio (RR). Heterogeneity among studies was evaluated by I²statistic. Inverse variance method was used for random- or fixed-effects models. Quality assessment of the studies was performed, and a funnel plot was drawn. A meta-regression was performed in order to verify how the RR was associated with the follow-up time.

Results

The reviews included 353 publications. Altogether, there were 25,490 short implants and 159,435 long implants. Pairwise meta-analysis showed that short implants had a higher risk of failure than long implants (RR 2.437, p<0.001). The meta-regression observed that the follow-up time did not have any effect of the RR of failure between short and long implants. A sensitivity analysis plotting together only the studies with follow-up up until 7 years, resulted in an estimated increase of 0.6 in RR for every additional month of follow-up.

Conclusion

Short implants showed (< 10 mm) a 2.5 times higher risk of failure than long implants (≥ 10 mm). Implant failure is multifactorial and the implant length is only one of the many factors contributing to the loss of implant. A good treatment plan and the patient’s general health should be taken into account when planning for an implant treatment.

Keywords: dental implant, failure, implant length, systematic review, meta-analysis

The present review aimed to evaluate the impact of implant length on failure rates between short (<10 mm) and long (>= 10 mm) dental implants. An electronic search was undertaken in three databases, as well as a manual search of journals. Implant failure was the outcome evaluated. Meta-analysis was performed in addition to a meta-regression in order to verify how the risk ratio (RR) was associated with the follow-up time. The review included 353 publications. Altogether, there were 25,490 short and 159,435 long implants. Pairwise meta-analysis showed that short implants had a higher failure risk than long implants (RR 2.437, p < 0.001). There was a decrease in the probability of implant failure with longer implants when implants of different length groups were compared. A sensitivity analysis, which plotted together only studies with follow-up times of 7 years or less, resulted in an estimated increase of 0.6 in RR for every additional month of follow-up. In conclusion, short implants showed a 2.5 times higher risk of failure than long implants. Implant failure is multifactorial, and the implant length is only one of the many factors contributing to the loss of an implant. A good treatment plan and the patient's general health should be taken into account when planning for an implant treatment.

This work has been performed at Starke Cycles and its purpose is to analyze the control arm of the MacPherson's suspension system for their new prototype of transport cycles. To analyze the control arm, the work is divided into different parts. The parts consists of mechanical calculations, material production, CAD modulation, structural mechanics and FEM analyzes. Material production is carried out using the material database CES-EduPack. The CAD program Solidworks is used to obtain a CAD model of the control arm. To analyze the control arm, SolidWorks simulation tools are used to obtain stress concentration and are presented.

Starke Cycles is a private bicycle manufacturing company. Their idea is to manufacture and develop environmentally friendly electric bicycles for the transport of goods. A normal way of transporting goods is by means of trucks. The disadvantage of transporting goods in a truck compared to transport cycles is that it causes toxic gases, high risk of traffic accidents and delays because it is restricted in traffic where certain roads and roads prevent it from reaching its destination. These disadvantages are a major reason why Starke Cycles has invested in the production of transport bicycles. The electric motors used in the transport bicycles do not emit exhaust gases. The size of the transport bicycles is considerable smaller, which means more space for fellow drivers on roads and ways and the risk of traffic accidents is reduced. Delays rarely occur because the transport bicycles are allowed to drive on cycle tracks and this makes the transport of goods smoother and faster.

The work results in a 3D model and the control arm reaches the goals that were set at the project. The material selection for the control arm was made of low-alloy steel of the AISI 4340 normalized. FEM analyzes in Solidworks show that the stress concentrations in the link arm can handle the maximum static load with a good safety factor of 200 at maximum load of the transport cycle.

Vi har genomfört en kvalitativ undersökning i en komparativ studie med observation av klassrummets fysiska miljö med fokus på dess synliggörande av ämnet svenska genom artefakter. Vi utförde vår undersökning och analys av 12 olika hemklassrum i en F-9 skola i södra Skåne. Detta gjordes jämförande i årskurserna F-3 samt 4–6, där ämnet svenska undervisas flera gånger per vecka i varje klassrum.Syftet med denna fallstudie är att undersöka och granska hur svenskämnet kommuniceras/synliggörs i grundskolans klassrum genom dess befintliga artefakter med frågeställningen; “Skiljer sig synligheten av svenskämnet i klassrumsartefakterna mellan årskurserna F–3 och 4–6?” Arbetet genomförs utifrån en observation och bilddokumentation av klassrum i samband med en semiotisk analys. Vår upplevelse från vår verksamhetsförlagda utbildning under lärarutbildningens år är att svenskämnet inte syns lika explicit i klassrumsmiljön som andraundervisnings ämnen, eller i förhållande till hur mycket svenskämnet undervisas per vecka.Semiotiken och Vygostkijs sociokulturella lärande är grunden för studiens teoretiska ramverk. De material vi har analyserat och diskuterat kring grundar sig på de fältanteckningar som skrevs i samband med observationen samt filmer och fotografier från klassrummets fysiska miljö, utan närvarande elever eller lärare. Analysen av material har även gjorts utifrån en hermeneutisk analys där belysningen av ämnet svenska sker från helhet till delar, och sedan till helhet igen. Läroplanen LGR11 utgjorde basen för vad som undersöktes, de artefakter som överensstämde med syftesdelen samt det centrala innehållet i svenskämnet antecknades för tolkning. Vi har även relaterat och jämfört resultat med den forskning som tidigare har gjorts på liknande område. I studien framkommer det att ämnet svenska inte träder fram lika starkt i klassrummen 4–6som i F–3, vilket inte är i enlighet med läroplanen. Svenskämnet framkom dock tydligare i klassrummen F–3 med en markant skillnad i hur samspel och interaktion med artefakter möjliggjordes i klassrumsmiljön, gentemot klassrummen i årskurs 4–6. Under våra observationer observerade vi olika klassrumsmiljöer, möbleringsalternativ och artefakter som talade för eller emot det sociokulturella perspektivet på lärande.

Development of biocompatible surfaces are considered a great challenge within the medical research. In general a medical implant will be coated of a layer of non-specific proteins a few seconds after implantation. This happens regardless of the construction material of the implant. The adsorbed protein layer will activate a host-defense mechanism, known as the foreign body reaction, which evidently will result in a fibrous non-vesicular capsule that isolates the implant from its goal tissues. The development of biocompatible surface is an interesting research field. It is important to use a surface coating that does not contribute to an inflammatory response or adhesion of unwanted cells. Macrophages is a cell line that is naturally involved in the immune system in the body, which is interesting for such studies. The aim of this study is to examine cell adhesion and inflammatory response of a macrophage cell line in vitro. The investigation was performed using surfaces modified by polydopamine (PDA), polyethyleneglycol (PEG) and protease and combination thereof. RAW 264.7- cells is a mouse macrophage cell-line. The investigation of cell adhesion was performed using cells in contact with different surface coatings and evaluated by photographing the surfaces at various occasions. The cells ability to adhesion and the inflammatory response was studied in different fetal sera concentrations. The result show no difference in cell adhesion at different fetal sera concentrations. The RAW 264.7-cells adhesion varied for the different surface coatings. The RAW 264.7 cells showed a stronger adherence when the surface coating was done purely by diffusion. The RAW 264.7 cells preliminary showed no inflammatory response related to the tested surface coatings.

News articles generated by artificial intelligence rather than human reporters are referred to as automated journalism. This thesis explores how to create a trustworthy representation of news articles that mainly are generated by algorithmic decisions. The hypothesis of this thesis takes the background (characteristics of the underlying system design) and the foreground (millennials news consumption behaviour) contexts into consideration in order to provide an optimal approach for trustworthy representation of auto-generated articles. A theory about algorithmic transparency in the news media has been investigated to reveal information about the systems selection processes. The principles of glanceability and the heuristic principles are applied to proposed design solutions (interactive features). The outcomes show that newsreaders are positive towards a system that is trying to encourage them to fact-check the articles. Additionally, the outcomes also contributed to the understanding of how newsreaders can consume auto-generated news.

Abstract 

Mitt syfte med arbetet är att redogöra för vilka bakomliggande faktorer som kan ha en påverkan på hur eleverna uppfattar samhällsrelaterade frågor i samhällskunskapsämnet. Avsikten med syftet är att det ska öka förståelsen av vilka bakomliggande faktorer kan påverka elevers uppfattningar, och uppmärksamma dessa för att elevernas mottagning av lärarens undervisning ska ske enligt kursplanen. För att kunna uppfylla syftet formulerades en frågeställning som går ut på att redogöra för vad tidigare forskning pekar på. 

Arbetet är en översikt av tidigare forskning, och de vetenskapliga artiklar vilka används som material för att besvara frågeställningen är baserade på svensk forskning. Materialet hittades inom databaserna SwePub, DiVa och ERIC med stöden av sökord. Därefter användes materialet inom resultatdelen, vilket visade på att socioekonomisk bakgrund, digitala medier, skolans och lärarens roll är bakomliggande faktorer som kan ha en påverkan på elevernas uppfattningar av samhällsrelaterade frågor i samhällskunskapsämnet.

Abstract: There is currently limited previous research that concerns the area of ​​language development in the preschool's outdoor environment. The purpose of the study is to investigatepreschool teachers´view of the outdoor environment in order to stimulate the children's language development. Thestudy is conducted with a qualitive method by using semi-structured interviews.The purpose of the study is answered with the help of the following questions: How do preschool teachers plan language-stimulating teaching in an outdoor environment? and What are the possibilities and limitations of language-stimulating teaching in an outdoor environment? To analyze the empirical evidence, we have used the childhood sociological concepts of place, spaceand the socio-cultural concepts of mediation and artefacts to help us. The result of the study shows that the geographical place, together with the preschool teachers' space, is significant for how preschool teachers plan for a language-developing teaching in an outdoor environment. The limitations and possibilities lie in the educators' space for the creation of a place in the physical location. The surrounding environment, preschool teachers who have a mediating role and the artefacts used as mediating appeared to be significant. Specific elements that take the children's attention in the outdoor environment were seen as limiting to enable language-developing teaching in the outdoor environment.

This research report aims to investigate and analyze the extensive ethical factors that influence the decision-making process in nature intervention. Specifically, we examine the moral and practical dilemmas that can arise in such decisions, which are often complex and difficult to manage. 

The purpose of this report is to enhance understanding of the role that ethics plays and should play in environmental conservation, particularly in relation to perspectives on the value of nature and the ethical positions taken by decision-makers. By conducting a scientific study using a systematic literature review and interviews, we have been able to obtain a broader understanding of the answer to our research question: "Where should the limit be placed on human intervention in nature?" There is a difference in focus between content analysis and interviews, with the former tending to have a more practical orientation and the latter having a more ethical orientation. This creates an impression of divergent directions in the written material. The various methods used in the research, namely the systematic literature review and interviews, yielded different insights. However, rather than finding a definitive solution, we have discovered that different methods and the state of knowledge in the field generate different insights, indicating that there is no simple answer. 

By analyzing and discussing the obtained results in this report, we hope to contribute to a more nuanced and informed debate on the ethical aspects of nature intervention. We emphasize the importance of continued research and knowledge development in this area to better address the complex and sometimes contradictory issues that arise in decision-making regarding the conservation and utilization of nature. 

Syftet med den här kunskapsöversikten är att få en djupare förståelse om neuropsykiska funktionsnedsättningar hos elever med autism och hur vi som lärare kan anpassa den ordinarie undervisningen, med fokus på SO-undervisning, för att inkludera dessa elever och öka deras förutsättningarna för lärande. Frågeställningen blir därför “Vilka extra anpassningar kan lärare göra inom ramen för ordinarie SO-undervisning för att inkludera elever med autism?”Arbetet görs genom att vi granskar och tolkar vetenskaplig forskning och litteratur, för att sedan besvara frågeställningen för denna kunskapsöversikt. Denna studien har behandlat olika strategier som lärare och pedagoger kan använda i sin undervisning för att underlätta för elever med autism. Dessa strategier är bland annat visuellt stöd, kooperativt lärande mot ett gemensamt mål, rekonstruera olika historiska händelser, exempelvis ett rollspel om vikingatiden, bildstöd, tydlighet och rutiner där man strävar mot strukturerade SO-lektioner. En strukturerad dag med tydliga instruktioner och rutiner ger elever med autism ökad förståelse av vad som finns omkring dem vilket ökar deras medvetenhet. Detta resulterar i att eleverna upplever mer kontroll och känner mer säkerhet både i skolmiljön men även i vardagen.

Introduction: The study provides a comprehensive overview of how it has become increasingly common in today's job market for employers to request criminal record checks during the hiring process. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine how the criminal record affects the employment prospects of individuals with a criminal background and to analyze the methods identified as effective in supporting individuals who have been denied employment due to their criminal record. Method: To address the study's objectives, a qualitative research approach was chosen, involving content analysis and document analysis. Results: Individuals with a criminal record face greater challenges in reintegrating into the labor market due to the stigmatization and labeling associated with having a criminal record. The results showed that individuals with a criminal record experience social exclusion, discrimination, and stigmatization. Furthermore, the findings indicate that these individuals are indirectly punished even after serving their sentence, as they face limitations in their opportunities for labor market reintegration. Society views them as deviant, further hindering the reintegration of individuals with previous criminal convictions and increasing the likelihood of recidivism. Therefore, it is important to implement strategies and interventions that focus on the rehabilitation and reintegration of individuals with criminal backgrounds into the labor market.

Idag finns ett behov av införande av digitalisering i förskolan, där förskollärare står in-för nya utmaningar i strävan efter att möta detta behov. Därtill framhåller Läroplan för förskolan Lpfö 18 förskollärares ansvar avseende användning av digitala verktyg i bedrivandet av ett pedagogiskt arbete på förskolan. Dock används inte verktygen i den mån som önskas då drygt hälften av förskollärare i Sverige saknar kunskaper inom digitalisering och hur digitala verktyg kan implementeras på ett pedagogiskt vis. Detta kan delvis bero på organisationskulturen på en förskola, då det krävs denna stödjer de förändringar som digitalisering medför. I detta examensarbete har syftet varit att undersöka förskollärares upplevelser av och förhållningssätt till förskolans organisationskultur i arbetet med digitala verktyg i förskolan. I studien har sju förskollärare intervjuats i en förskola i södra Sverige. Verk-samhetsteori har tillämpats för att analysera förskollärarnas beskrivning av organisat-ionskulturen i relation till arbetet med digitala verktyg i verksamheten. Med hjälp av detta har olika former för samverkan och motsättningar lokaliserats för att studera huruvida organisationskulturen möjliggör ett expansivt lärande i förskolans verksamhet. Studiens resultat visar att förskollärarna upplever att organisationskultur är en viktig aspekt som driver arbetet med digitala verktyg framåt. Men främst tolkas i denna studie att individens handlingskraft är, i dagens läge, den största aspekten som driver arbetet framåt. Detta medför ett enskilt ansvar i arbetet med digitala verktyg där motsättningar mellan förskollärarna och regelverken sker. Trots en initialt positiv inställning bland för-skollärarna i denna studie, så framträder det avsaknad av mening till varför de ska arbeta med digitala verktyg i förskolan. På grund av det individuella ansvaret orsakas ett glapp i arbetsfördelningen, ett ojämnt ansvarstagande bland förskollärarna när det gäller digitalisering. Detta innebär också att allianser och friktioner har uppstått mellan förskollä-rarna och även mellan deras respektive avdelningar. Dessutom är bristen av reflektions-tid betydande för utvecklingen av arbetet med digitala verktyg. Studien väcker funderingar om organisationskulturen och hur motsättningar i verksamheten kan tas tillvara som möjligheter för att främja och utveckla ett sådant arbete.