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  • 1.
    Adolfsson, Caroline
    Malmö University, Faculty of Culture and Society (KS), Department of Global Political Studies (GPS). Malmö University, Malmö Institute for Studies of Migration, Diversity and Welfare (MIM).
    Afro-Sweden : becoming Black in a color-blind country: by RyanThomas Skinner, foreword by Jason Timbuktu Diakité, Minneapolis,University of Minnesota Press, 20222024In: Ethnic and Racial Studies, ISSN 0141-9870, E-ISSN 1466-4356, Vol. 47, no 8, p. 1684-1685Article, book review (Other academic)
  • 2.
    Adolfsson, Caroline
    Malmö University, Faculty of Culture and Society (KS), Department of Global Political Studies (GPS).
    'We don't use the word race': Boundaries of in-group membership in Sweden2024Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This dissertation explores the connections between the group construction of Swedishness, whiteness, and belongingness, exploring how these dynamics shape individuals' experiences of belongingness and non-belongingness. Employing a social-psychological lens, the research investigates the interplay between race and ingroup construction, shedding light on the complexities of Swedish identity within the broader global context. The dissertation comprises of a introduction (Kappa) and three stand alone articles, each contributing to the academic discourse while intersecting in their themes.

    The first article utilizes quantitative data to examine the feelings of belongingness among individuals from different ethnic backgrounds in Sweden. Results indicate a positive correlation between national and ethnic identifications, allowing for concurrent membership in various groups without contradiction, yet also suggests an empirical link between being appraised as Swedish and being white. The second article presents qualitative data, revealing that 'Swedishness' is closely tied to whiteness, particularly among white participants who also espoused hesitancy and adversion to the concept of ‘race’. In contrast, non-white participants display a more nuanced perspective on race and racialization. The third article investigates whether majority ethnic in-group and non-majority out-group members perceive and agree upon broad and specific representations of 'Swedishness' through a classic social categorization experiment. Results suggest a prevalence of associating 'Swedishness' with white individuals, despite efforts towards multicultural representation.

    Through these investigations, the dissertation provides valuable insights into the construction of Swedish group identity and its implications for both in-group and out-group members. By addressing research gaps and employing diverse methodologies, this work contributes to a deeper understanding of intergroup relations and identity dynamics in contemporary Swedish society.

    List of papers
    1. 'I'm Not Swedish Swedish': Self-Appraised National and Ethnic Identification among Migrant-Descendants in Sweden
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>'I'm Not Swedish Swedish': Self-Appraised National and Ethnic Identification among Migrant-Descendants in Sweden
    2021 (English)In: Genealogy, E-ISSN 2313-5778, Vol. 5, no 2, article id 56Article in journal (Refereed) Published
    Abstract [en]

    As a country of high migration, Sweden presents an interesting case for the study of belongingness. For the children of migrants, ethnic and national identification, as well as ascriptive identity, can pose challenges to feelings of belongingness, which is an essential element for positive mental health. In this article, survey data were collected from 626 Swedes whose parents were born in the following countries: Somalia, Poland, Vietnam, and Turkey. The results show that Poles significantly felt they received more reflective appraisals of ascription than any other group. However, despite not feeling as if they were being ascribed as Swedish, most group members (regardless of ethnic origin) had high feelings of belongingness to Sweden. Overall, individuals who felt that being Swedish was important for their identity indicated the highest feelings of belongingness. Further, individuals across groups showed a positive correlation between their national identification and ethnic identification, indicating a feeling of membership to both. These results mirror previous research in Sweden where individuals' ethnic and national identities were positively correlated. The ability to inhabit multiple identities as a member of different groups is the choice of an individual within a pluralistic society. Multiple memberships between groups need not be contradictory but rather an expression of different spheres of inhabitance.

    Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
    MDPI, 2021
    Keywords
    belongingness, ethnic identity, Sweden, ascribed identity
    National Category
    Human Geography
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-44948 (URN)10.3390/genealogy5020056 (DOI)000667154800001 ()
    Available from: 2021-08-19 Created: 2021-08-19 Last updated: 2024-04-12Bibliographically approved
    2. 'It feels made up': Post racialism and colorblind ideology within individual constructions of self identity
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>'It feels made up': Post racialism and colorblind ideology within individual constructions of self identity
    2023 (English)In: Ethnicities, ISSN 1468-7968, E-ISSN 1741-2706Article in journal (Refereed) Epub ahead of print
    Abstract [en]

    This article aims to explore the interrelation between post racialism, colorblind ideology, and the perception of Swedishness. Through 40 interviews and surveys conducted in Malmo, Sweden, participants were asked to reflect on race, ethnicity, and Swedishness. Multiple meanings were present in the participants' responses, half of whom were white and half non-white. For white participants, boundaries around the in-group construction of 'Swedishness' were based in whiteness, yet these participants held overwhelmingly negative attitudes towards the use of words race or racialization. On the other hand, non-white participants viewed race and racialization with less negative connotations, yet they also endorsed the need to be white in order to be perceived as being Swedish. The results support the notion that abandonment of the word race does not always equate to an abandonment of whiteness. This article builds upon and expands previous findings in the U.S. context while contributing to an emerging body of literature on race and racialization in Sweden. Additionally, it seeks to challenge dominant narratives and assumptions of 'Swedishness' and its connection to whiteness.

    Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
    Sage Publications, 2023
    Keywords
    Race, racialization, post racial, colorblind, Sweden, racial identity, group identity, self identification, whiteness
    National Category
    Sociology
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-62590 (URN)10.1177/14687968231191751 (DOI)001044732800001 ()2-s2.0-85167434965 (Scopus ID)
    Available from: 2023-09-15 Created: 2023-09-15 Last updated: 2024-04-12Bibliographically approved
    3. Who fits frame?: Ethnic or nationalistic mental representation within superordinate identity associations
    Open this publication in new window or tab >>Who fits frame?: Ethnic or nationalistic mental representation within superordinate identity associations
    (English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This study investigated the understanding of the superordinate identity of 'Swedishness' among ethnic majority in-group members and minority out-group members in Sweden. Utilizing the Ingroup Projection Model (IPM) and theories related to mental representations, it was hypothesized and confirmed that both in-group and out-group members associate 'Swedishness' predominantly with white individuals, encompassing both broad and specific mental representations. Furthermore, all group members were also observed to hold an ethnically characterized specific mental representation of 'Swedishness,' reaffirming the saliency of white individuals as prototypical exemplars, suggesting an ethnic understanding of this superordinate identity. Yet interestingly, the broad mental representations relating to both groups picture of Sweden as a nation, reflected an increasingly diverse and multicultural outlook highlighting the evolving nature of this identity construct. These findings contribute to the understanding of the Ingroup Projection Model, particularly in contexts where the superordinate identity can connotate either a national or ethnic identity. The implications of these findings are significant for addressing issues related to intergroup dynamics, identity, and multiculturalism in contemporary societies. 

    Keywords
    Ingroup Projection Model, whiteness, mental representations, identity, intergroup dynamics
    National Category
    Sociology
    Identifiers
    urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-66759 (URN)
    Available from: 2024-04-16 Created: 2024-04-16 Last updated: 2024-04-16Bibliographically approved
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  • 3.
    Adolfsson, Caroline
    Malmö University, Faculty of Culture and Society (KS), Department of Global Political Studies (GPS).
    'It feels made up': Post racialism and colorblind ideology within individual constructions of self identity2023In: Ethnicities, ISSN 1468-7968, E-ISSN 1741-2706Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This article aims to explore the interrelation between post racialism, colorblind ideology, and the perception of Swedishness. Through 40 interviews and surveys conducted in Malmo, Sweden, participants were asked to reflect on race, ethnicity, and Swedishness. Multiple meanings were present in the participants' responses, half of whom were white and half non-white. For white participants, boundaries around the in-group construction of 'Swedishness' were based in whiteness, yet these participants held overwhelmingly negative attitudes towards the use of words race or racialization. On the other hand, non-white participants viewed race and racialization with less negative connotations, yet they also endorsed the need to be white in order to be perceived as being Swedish. The results support the notion that abandonment of the word race does not always equate to an abandonment of whiteness. This article builds upon and expands previous findings in the U.S. context while contributing to an emerging body of literature on race and racialization in Sweden. Additionally, it seeks to challenge dominant narratives and assumptions of 'Swedishness' and its connection to whiteness.

  • 4.
    Jernsand, Eva Maria
    et al.
    Department of Business Administration, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Kraff, Helena
    Academy of Design and Crafts, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Osanami Törngren, Sayaka
    Malmö University, Malmö Institute for Studies of Migration, Diversity and Welfare (MIM). Malmö University, Faculty of Culture and Society (KS), Department of Global Political Studies (GPS).
    Adolfsson, Caroline
    Malmö University, Faculty of Culture and Society (KS), Department of Global Political Studies (GPS). Malmö University, Malmö Institute for Studies of Migration, Diversity and Welfare (MIM).
    Björner, Emma
    Gothenburg Research Institute, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
    Omondi, Lillian
    Department of Sociology & Anthropology, Maseno University, Kisumu, Kenya.
    Pederson, Thomas
    Division of Informatics, University West, Trollhättan, Sweden.
    Ulver, Sofia
    Department of Business Administration, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
    Tourism memories: a collaborative reflection on inclusion and exclusion2023In: Tourism Recreation Resarch, ISSN 0250-8281, E-ISSN 2320-0308, Vol. 48, no 6, p. 820-830Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    The purpose of this paper is to explore how people’s differentiated privileged and marginalised positions in society create instances of inclusion and exclusion in tourism. Eight authors utilised their diverse disciplinary and theoretical bases to engage in individual autoethnography and collaborative reflections of their personal experiences of being tourists and hosts. Through our Western and non-Western, White and non-White experiences, we reveal experiences from a multitude of perspectives, and problematise the dominant White racial frame. The methodology illustrates unquestioned privileges and feelings of discomfort when personally faced with exclusionary practices and creates an understanding of how individuals have different experiences of enchantment and the tourist gaze. The experience of marginalisation is serial and dialectical, which illustrates the complexity of tourism. The paper contributes to an enhanced and multifaceted understanding of tourism experiences and proposes measures to reveal issues of exclusion. Also, the use of autoethnography and collaborative reflection as methodological tools provide opportunities for researchers and practitioners to engage in reflexive conversation on discriminatory practices, and how they hinder certain individuals and groups from enjoying tourism products and services. 

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 5.
    Adolfsson, Caroline
    Malmö University, Faculty of Culture and Society (KS), Department of Global Political Studies (GPS). Malmö University, Malmö Institute for Studies of Migration, Diversity and Welfare (MIM).
    'I'm Not Swedish Swedish': Self-Appraised National and Ethnic Identification among Migrant-Descendants in Sweden2021In: Genealogy, E-ISSN 2313-5778, Vol. 5, no 2, article id 56Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    As a country of high migration, Sweden presents an interesting case for the study of belongingness. For the children of migrants, ethnic and national identification, as well as ascriptive identity, can pose challenges to feelings of belongingness, which is an essential element for positive mental health. In this article, survey data were collected from 626 Swedes whose parents were born in the following countries: Somalia, Poland, Vietnam, and Turkey. The results show that Poles significantly felt they received more reflective appraisals of ascription than any other group. However, despite not feeling as if they were being ascribed as Swedish, most group members (regardless of ethnic origin) had high feelings of belongingness to Sweden. Overall, individuals who felt that being Swedish was important for their identity indicated the highest feelings of belongingness. Further, individuals across groups showed a positive correlation between their national identification and ethnic identification, indicating a feeling of membership to both. These results mirror previous research in Sweden where individuals' ethnic and national identities were positively correlated. The ability to inhabit multiple identities as a member of different groups is the choice of an individual within a pluralistic society. Multiple memberships between groups need not be contradictory but rather an expression of different spheres of inhabitance.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 6.
    Osanami Törngren, Sayaka
    et al.
    Malmö University, Faculty of Culture and Society (KS), Department of Global Political Studies (GPS). Malmö University, Malmö Institute for Studies of Migration, Diversity and Welfare (MIM).
    Moriuchi, Emi
    Rochester Institute of Technology (RIT), USA.
    Adolfsson, Caroline
    Malmö University, Faculty of Culture and Society (KS), Department of Global Political Studies (GPS). Malmö University, Malmö Institute for Studies of Migration, Diversity and Welfare (MIM).
    Nyström, Marcus
    Associate Professor of Ergonomics, Lund University.
    Ulver, Sofia
    Associate Professor of Marketing, Lund University.
    Comparing attitudes and preferences towards multiracial advertisement in Sweden and the US: Exploration through eye-tracking2020Report (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This article is based on the results of a pilot study which examines and compares how multiracial and multiethnic advertisement is looked at and perceived in Sweden and the US. Research involving eye-tracking is growing in several disciplines but still underexplored in the Social Sciences. Eye trackers enable recording of eye movements both in a natural and isolated/experimental context. Combining eye-tracking data and other types of traditional data such as interviews or surveys has a great potential to analyze and challenge the data bias, such as social desirability needs and race of interviewer effect. Even though we did not find any statistically significant results due to the limited sample size, the results points to interesting trends and tendencies which need to be addressed in further studies. We did not find any statistically significant differences in the preference in monocultural advertisements among Swedish and American students. However higher prior interracial exposure had some significance in a higher preference in multicultural advertisement.

    Download full text (pdf)
    FULLTEXT01
  • 7.
    Osanami Törngren, Sayaka
    et al.
    Malmö University, Faculty of Culture and Society (KS), Department of Global Political Studies (GPS). Malmö University, Malmö Institute for Studies of Migration, Diversity and Welfare (MIM).
    Moriuchi, Emi
    Rochester Institute of Technology, USA.
    Adolfsson, Caroline
    Malmö University, Faculty of Culture and Society (KS), Department of Global Political Studies (GPS).
    Nyström, Marcus
    Lund University.
    Ulver, Sofia
    Lund University.
    Comparing Preferences towards Multiracial Advertising in Sweden and the US-Exploration through Eye-Tracking2020In: Genealogy, ISSN 2313-5778, Vol. 4, no 4, article id 109Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    This article examined and compared the US-born and Swedish-born college students' preferences towards monoracial or multiracial advertisement. We showed four fashion advertisements, tracked their eye movements with a stationary eye-tracker, and asked questions through survey and debriefing to understand how students see and perceive advertisements with and without racial diversity. We found that both Swedish and American students exhibited higher preference in monoracial advertisements. We also found that Swedish and American students' preferences towards advertisements were quite similar, but there were some variations in the reported level of attractiveness of the advertisements, reaction times, and dwell time between the Swedish and American students. Even though we did not find any statistically significant results from the eye-tracking data due to the limited sample size, the results point to interesting trends and tendencies that need to be addressed in further studies.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 8.
    Emilsson, Henrik
    et al.
    Malmö University, Faculty of Culture and Society (KS), Department of Global Political Studies (GPS). Malmö University, Malmö Institute for Studies of Migration, Diversity and Welfare (MIM).
    Adolfsson, Caroline
    Malmö University, Faculty of Culture and Society (KS), Department of Global Political Studies (GPS). Malmö University, Malmö Institute for Studies of Migration, Diversity and Welfare (MIM).
    Dreaming of Sweden as a Space of Well-Being: Lifestyle Migration Among Young Latvians and Romanians2019In: Nordic Journal of Migration Research, E-ISSN 1799-649X, Vol. 9, no 2, p. 201-219Article in journal (Refereed)
    Abstract [en]

    Based on 41 semi-structured interviews with young Latvians and Romanians in Malmö, Sweden, this article explores why Europeans from new European Union (EU) member states want to move to, and stay in, Sweden despite economic difficulties and underemployment. Six main factors for explaining mobility patterns are highlighted: free university education, romantic relationships, cosmopolitan lifestyle, presence of English language, idealisation of Sweden and work–life balance. We read these factors as ideas and aspirations of well-being in the ‘imagined space’ of Sweden. The findings illustrate that many young migrants do not chose to move to Sweden for short-term economic opportunities, but rather to experience a different lifestyle. In most cases, these expectations are met, although over time.

    Download full text (pdf)
    fulltext
  • 9.
    Adolfsson, Caroline
    Malmö University, Faculty of Culture and Society (KS), Department of Global Political Studies (GPS).
    Who fits frame?: Ethnic or nationalistic mental representation within superordinate identity associationsManuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
    Abstract [en]

    This study investigated the understanding of the superordinate identity of 'Swedishness' among ethnic majority in-group members and minority out-group members in Sweden. Utilizing the Ingroup Projection Model (IPM) and theories related to mental representations, it was hypothesized and confirmed that both in-group and out-group members associate 'Swedishness' predominantly with white individuals, encompassing both broad and specific mental representations. Furthermore, all group members were also observed to hold an ethnically characterized specific mental representation of 'Swedishness,' reaffirming the saliency of white individuals as prototypical exemplars, suggesting an ethnic understanding of this superordinate identity. Yet interestingly, the broad mental representations relating to both groups picture of Sweden as a nation, reflected an increasingly diverse and multicultural outlook highlighting the evolving nature of this identity construct. These findings contribute to the understanding of the Ingroup Projection Model, particularly in contexts where the superordinate identity can connotate either a national or ethnic identity. The implications of these findings are significant for addressing issues related to intergroup dynamics, identity, and multiculturalism in contemporary societies. 

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