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  • 1.
    Amouzad Mahdiraji, Saeid
    et al.
    Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för teknik och samhälle (TS), Institutionen för datavetenskap och medieteknik (DVMT).
    Holmgren, Johan
    Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för teknik och samhälle (TS), Institutionen för datavetenskap och medieteknik (DVMT).
    Mihailescu, Radu-Casian
    Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för teknik och samhälle (TS), Institutionen för datavetenskap och medieteknik (DVMT).
    Petersson, Jesper
    Department of Healthcare Management, Region Skåne, Malmö 21428, Sweden; Department of Neurology, Lund University, Lund 22242, Sweden.
    Simulation-based Analysis of Co-dispatching in Prehospital Stroke Care2024Ingår i: Procedia Computer Science, E-ISSN 1877-0509, Vol. 238, s. 412-419Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    A mobile stroke unit (MSU) is a specialized ambulance, enabling to shorten the time to diagnosis and treatment for stroke patients. In the current paper, we present a simulation-based approach to study the potential impacts of collaborative use of regular ambulances and MSUs in prehospital transportation for stroke patients, denoted as co-dispatching. We integrated a co-dispatch policy in an existing modeling framework for constructing emergency medical services simulation models. In a case study, we applied the extended framework to southern Sweden to evaluate the effectiveness of using the co-dispatch policy for different types of stroke. The results indicate reduced time to diagnosis and treatment for stroke patients when using the co-dispatch policy compared to the situation where either a regular ambulance or an MSU is assigned for a stroke incident.

     

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  • 2.
    Abid, Muhammad Adil
    et al.
    Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för teknik och samhälle (TS), Institutionen för datavetenskap och medieteknik (DVMT).
    Amouzad Mahdiraji, Saeid
    Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för teknik och samhälle (TS), Institutionen för datavetenskap och medieteknik (DVMT).
    Lorig, Fabian
    Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för teknik och samhälle (TS), Institutionen för datavetenskap och medieteknik (DVMT). Malmö universitet, Internet of Things and People (IOTAP).
    Holmgren, Johan
    Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för teknik och samhälle (TS), Institutionen för datavetenskap och medieteknik (DVMT).
    Mihailescu, Radu-Casian
    Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för teknik och samhälle (TS), Institutionen för datavetenskap och medieteknik (DVMT).
    Petersson, Jesper
    Department of Health Care Management, Region Skåne, 21428 Malmö, Sweden; Department of Neurology, Lund University, 22242 Malmö, Sweden.
    A Genetic Algorithm for Optimizing Mobile Stroke Unit Deployment2023Ingår i: Procedia Computer Science, ISSN 1877-0509, Vol. 225, s. 3536-3545Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    A mobile stroke unit (MSU) is an advanced ambulance equipped with specialized technology and trained healthcare personnel to provide on-site diagnosis and treatment for stroke patients. Providing efficient access to healthcare (in a viable way) requires optimizing the placement of MSUs. In this study, we propose a time-efficient method based on a genetic algorithm (GA) to find the most suitable ambulance sites for the placement of MSUs (given the number of MSUs and a set of potential sites). We designed an efficient encoding scheme for the input data (the number of MSUs and potential sites) and developed custom selection, crossover, and mutation operators that are tailored according to the characteristics of the MSU allocation problem. We present a case study on the Southern Healthcare Region in Sweden to demonstrate the generality and robustness of our proposed GA method. Particularly, we demonstrate our method's flexibility and adaptability through a series of experiments across multiple settings. For the considered scenario, our proposed method outperforms the exhaustive search method by finding the best locations within 0.16, 1.44, and 10.09 minutes in the deployment of three MSUs, four MSUs, and five MSUs, resulting in 8.75x, 16.36x, and 24.77x faster performance, respectively. Furthermore, we validate the method's robustness by iterating GA multiple times and reporting its average fitness score (performance convergence). In addition, we show the effectiveness of our method by evaluating key hyperparameters, that is, population size, mutation rate, and the number of generations.

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  • 3.
    Amouzad Mahdiraji, Saeid
    et al.
    Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för teknik och samhälle (TS), Institutionen för datavetenskap och medieteknik (DVMT).
    Abid, Muhammad Adil
    Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för teknik och samhälle (TS), Institutionen för datavetenskap och medieteknik (DVMT).
    Holmgren, Johan
    Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för teknik och samhälle (TS), Institutionen för datavetenskap och medieteknik (DVMT).
    Mihailescu, Radu-Casian
    Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för teknik och samhälle (TS), Institutionen för datavetenskap och medieteknik (DVMT).
    Lorig, Fabian
    Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för teknik och samhälle (TS), Institutionen för datavetenskap och medieteknik (DVMT).
    Petersson, Jesper
    Skåne University Hospital, Fritz Bauersgatan 5, 21428, Malmö, Sweden; Lund University, Entrégatan 7, 22242, Lund, Sweden.
    An Optimization Model for the Placement of Mobile Stroke Units2023Ingår i: Advanced Research in Technologies, Information, Innovation and Sustainability: Third International Conference, ARTIIS 2023, Madrid, Spain, October 18–20, 2023, Proceedings, Part I / [ed] Teresa Guarda; Filipe Portela; Jose Maria Diaz-Nafria, Springer, 2023, s. 297-310Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Mobile Stroke Units (MSUs) are specialized ambulances that can diagnose and treat stroke patients; hence, reducing the time to treatment for stroke patients. Optimal placement of MSUs in a geographic region enables to maximize access to treatment for stroke patients. We contribute a mathematical model to optimally place MSUs in a geographic region. The objective function of the model takes the tradeoff perspective, balancing between the efficiency and equity perspectives for the MSU placement. Solving the optimization problem enables to optimize the placement of MSUs for the chosen tradeoff between the efficiency and equity perspectives. We applied the model to the Blekinge and Kronoberg counties of Sweden to illustrate the applicability of our model. The experimental findings show both the correctness of the suggested model and the benefits of placing MSUs in the considered regions.

  • 4.
    Amouzad Mahdiraji, Saeid
    et al.
    Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för teknik och samhälle (TS), Institutionen för datavetenskap och medieteknik (DVMT). Malmö universitet, Internet of Things and People (IOTAP).
    Holmgren, Johan
    Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för teknik och samhälle (TS), Institutionen för datavetenskap och medieteknik (DVMT). Malmö universitet, Internet of Things and People (IOTAP).
    Alshaban, Ala’a
    Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för teknik och samhälle (TS), Institutionen för datavetenskap och medieteknik (DVMT).
    Mihailescu, Radu-Casian
    Malmö universitet, Internet of Things and People (IOTAP). Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för teknik och samhälle (TS), Institutionen för datavetenskap och medieteknik (DVMT).
    Petersson, Jesper
    Lund University; Region Skåne.
    Al Fatah, Jabir
    Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för teknik och samhälle (TS), Institutionen för datavetenskap och medieteknik (DVMT).
    A Framework for Constructing Discrete Event Simulation Models for Emergency Medical Service Policy Analysis2022Ingår i: Procedia Computer Science, E-ISSN 1877-0509, Vol. 210, s. 133-140Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    Constructing simulation models can be a complex and time-consuming task, in particular if the models are constructed from scratch or if a general-purpose simulation modeling tool is used. In this paper, we propose a model construction framework, which aims to simplify the process of constructing discrete event simulation models for emergency medical service (EMS) policy analysis. The main building blocks used in the framework are a set of general activities that can be used to represent different EMS care chains modeled as flowcharts. The framework allows to build models only by specifying input data, including demographic and statistical data, and providing a care chain of activities and decisions. In a case study, we evaluated the framework by using it to construct a model for the simulation of the EMS activities related to acute stroke. Our evaluation shows that the predefined activities included in the framework are sufficient to build a simulation model for the rather complex case of acute stroke.

    Ladda ner fulltext (pdf)
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  • 5.
    Amouzad Mahdiraji, Saeid
    et al.
    Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för teknik och samhälle (TS), Institutionen för datavetenskap och medieteknik (DVMT). Malmö universitet, Internet of Things and People (IOTAP).
    Holmgren, Johan
    Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för teknik och samhälle (TS), Institutionen för datavetenskap och medieteknik (DVMT). Malmö universitet, Internet of Things and People (IOTAP).
    Mihailescu, Radu-Casian
    Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för teknik och samhälle (TS), Institutionen för datavetenskap och medieteknik (DVMT). Malmö universitet, Internet of Things and People (IOTAP).
    Petersson, Jesper
    Region Skåne; Lund University.
    A Micro-Level Simulation Model for Analyzing the Use of MSUs in Southern Sweden2022Ingår i: Procedia Computer Science, E-ISSN 1877-0509, Vol. 198, s. 132-139Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    A mobile stroke unit (MSU) is a special type of ambulance, where stroke patients can be diagnosed and provided intravenous treatment, hence allowing to cut down the time to treatment for stroke patients. We present a discrete event simulation (DES) model to study the potential benefits of using MSUs in the southern health care region of Sweden (SHR). We included the activities and actions used in the SHR for stroke patient transportation as events in the DES model, and we generated a synthetic set of stroke patients as input for the simulation model. In a scenario study, we compared two scenarios, including three MSUs each, with the current situation, having only regular ambulances. We also performed a sensitivity analysis to further evaluate the presented DES model. For both MSU scenarios, our simulation results indicate that the average time to treatment is expected to decrease for the whole region and for each municipality of SHR. For example, the average time to treatment in the SHR is reduced from 1.31h in the baseline scenario to 1.20h and 1.23h for the two MSU scenarios. In addition, the share of stroke patients who are expected to receive treatment within one hour is increased by a factor of about 3 for both MSU scenarios.

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    fulltext
  • 6.
    Amouzad Mahdiraji, Saeid
    Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för teknik och samhälle (TS), Institutionen för datavetenskap och medieteknik (DVMT). Malmö universitet, Internet of Things and People (IOTAP).
    On the Use of Simulation and Optimization for the Analysis and Planning of Prehospital Stroke Care2022Licentiatavhandling, sammanläggning (Övrigt vetenskapligt)
    Abstract [en]

    Immediate treatment is of extreme importance for stroke patients. However, providing fast enough treatment for stroke patients is far from trivial, mainly due to logistical challenges and difficulties in diagnosing the correct stroke type. One way to reduce the time to treatment is to use so-called Mobile Stroke Units (MSUs), which allows to diagnose and provide treatment for stroke patients already at the patient scene. A well-designed stroke transport policy is vital to improve the access to treatment for stroke patients. Simulation and mathematical optimization are useful approaches for assessing and optimizing stroke transport policies, without endangering the health of the patients.

    The main purpose of this thesis is to contribute to improving the situation for stroke patients and to reducing the social impacts of stroke. The aim is to study how to use simulation and optimization to achieve improved analysis and planning of prehospital stroke care. In particular, we focus on assessing the potential use of MSUs in a geographic area. In this thesis, optimization is used to identify the optimal locations of MSUs, and simulation is used to assess different stroke transport policies, including MSU locations. The results of this thesis aim to support public health authorities when making decisions in the prehospital stroke care domain.

    In order to fulfill the aim of this thesis, we develop and analyze a number of different simulation and optimization models. First, we propose a macro-level simulation model, an average time to treatment estimation model, used to estimate the expected time to treatment for different parts of a geographic region. Using the proposed model, we generate two different MSU scenarios to explore the potential benefits of employing MSUs in Sweden’s southern healthcare region (SHR).  

    Second, we present an optimization model to identify the best placement of MSUs while making a trade-off between the efficiency and equity perspectives, providing maximum population coverage and equal service for all patients, respectively. The trade-off function used in the model makes use of the concepts of weighted average time to treatment to model efficiency and the time difference between the expected time to treatment for different geographical areas to model equity. In a scenario study applied in the SHR, we evaluate our optimization model by comparing the current situation with three MSU scenarios, including 1, 2, and 3 MSUs.

    Third, we present a micro-level discrete event simulation model to assess stroke transport policies, including MSUs, allowing us to model the behaviors of individual entities, such as patients and emergency vehicles, over time. We generate a synthetic set of stroke patients using a Poisson distribution, used as input in a scenario study.

    Finally, we present a modeling framework with reusable components, which aims to facilitate the construction of discrete event simulation models in the emergency medical services domain. The framework consists of a number of generic activities, which can be used to represent healthcare chains modeled in the form of flowcharts. As the framework includes activities and policies modeled on the general level, the framework can be used to create models only by providing input data and a care chain specification. We evaluate the framework by using it to build a model for simulating EMS activities related to the complex case of acute stroke.

    Delarbeten
    1. Mobile stroke units for acute stroke care in the south of sweden
    Öppna denna publikation i ny flik eller fönster >>Mobile stroke units for acute stroke care in the south of sweden
    Visa övriga...
    2021 (Engelska)Ingår i: Cogent Engineering, E-ISSN 2331-1916, Vol. 8, nr 1, artikel-id 1874084Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat) Published
    Abstract [en]

    A Mobile stroke unit (MSU) is a type of ambulance deployed to promote the rapid delivery of stroke care. We present a computational study using a time to treatment estimation model to analyze the potential benefits of using MSUs in Sweden's Southern Health Care Region (SHR). In particular, we developed two scenarios (MSU1 and MSU2) each including three MSUs, which we compared with a baseline scenario containing only regular ambulances. For each MSU scenario, we assessed how much the expected time to treatment is estimated to decrease for the whole region and each subregion of SHR, and how the population is expected to benefit from the deployment of MSUs. For example, the average time to treatment in SHR was decreased with 20,4 and 15,6 minutes, respectively, in the two MSU scenarios. Moreover, our computational results show that the locations of the MSUs significantly influence what benefits can be expected. While MSU1 is expected to improve the situation for a higher share of the population, MSU2 is expected to have a higher impact on the patients who currently have the longest time to treatment.

    Ort, förlag, år, upplaga, sidor
    Taylor & Francis, 2021
    Nyckelord
    driving time estimation, mobile stroke unit, MSU, stroke transport, time to treatment
    Nationell ämneskategori
    Folkhälsovetenskap, global hälsa, socialmedicin och epidemiologi
    Identifikatorer
    urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-41078 (URN)10.1080/23311916.2021.1874084 (DOI)000613349600001 ()2-s2.0-85100213272 (Scopus ID)
    Tillgänglig från: 2021-03-09 Skapad: 2021-03-09 Senast uppdaterad: 2024-02-05Bibliografiskt granskad
    2. An Optimization Model for the Tradeoff Between Efficiency and Equity for Mobile Stroke Unit Placement
    Öppna denna publikation i ny flik eller fönster >>An Optimization Model for the Tradeoff Between Efficiency and Equity for Mobile Stroke Unit Placement
    2021 (Engelska)Ingår i: Innovation in Medicine and Healthcare: Proceedings of 9th KES-InMed 2021, Springer, 2021, s. 183-193Konferensbidrag, Publicerat paper (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    A mobile stroke unit (MSU) is an ambulance, where stroke patients can be diagnosed and treated. Recently, placement of MSUs has been studied focusing on either maximum population coverage or equal service for all patients, termed efficiency and equity, respectively. In this study, we propose an unconstrained optimization model for the placement of MSUs, designed to introduce a tradeoff between efficiency and equity. The tradeoff is based on the concepts of weighted average time to treatment and the time difference between the expected time to treatment for different geographical areas. We conduct a case-study for Sweden’s Southern Health care Region (SHR), generating three scenarios (MSU1, MSU2, and MSU3) including 1, 2, and 3 MSUs, respectively. We show that our proposed optimization model can tune the tradeoff between the efficiency and equity perspectives for the MSU(s) allocation. This enables a high level of equal service for most inhabitants, as well as reducing the time to treatment for most inhabitants of a geographic region. In particular, placing three MSUs in the SHR with the proposed tradeoff, the share of inhabitants who are expected to receive treatment within an hour potentially improved by about a factor of 14 in our model.

    Ort, förlag, år, upplaga, sidor
    Springer, 2021
    Serie
    Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies, ISSN 2190-3018, E-ISSN 2190-3026 ; 242
    Nyckelord
    Driving time estimation, Efficient coverage, Equal treatment, Mobile stroke unit, Time to treatment, Tradeoff function, Efficiency, Optimization, Equal services, Expected time, Geographical area, Optimization modeling, Stroke patients, Time-differences, Unconstrained optimization, Weighted averages, Patient treatment
    Nationell ämneskategori
    Kommunikationssystem
    Identifikatorer
    urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-45147 (URN)10.1007/978-981-16-3013-2_15 (DOI)2-s2.0-85111101237 (Scopus ID)9789811630125 (ISBN)
    Konferens
    9th KES-InMed 2021
    Tillgänglig från: 2021-08-23 Skapad: 2021-08-23 Senast uppdaterad: 2024-02-05Bibliografiskt granskad
    3. A Micro-Level Simulation Model for Analyzing the Use of MSUs in Southern Sweden
    Öppna denna publikation i ny flik eller fönster >>A Micro-Level Simulation Model for Analyzing the Use of MSUs in Southern Sweden
    2022 (Engelska)Ingår i: Procedia Computer Science, E-ISSN 1877-0509, Vol. 198, s. 132-139Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat) Published
    Abstract [en]

    A mobile stroke unit (MSU) is a special type of ambulance, where stroke patients can be diagnosed and provided intravenous treatment, hence allowing to cut down the time to treatment for stroke patients. We present a discrete event simulation (DES) model to study the potential benefits of using MSUs in the southern health care region of Sweden (SHR). We included the activities and actions used in the SHR for stroke patient transportation as events in the DES model, and we generated a synthetic set of stroke patients as input for the simulation model. In a scenario study, we compared two scenarios, including three MSUs each, with the current situation, having only regular ambulances. We also performed a sensitivity analysis to further evaluate the presented DES model. For both MSU scenarios, our simulation results indicate that the average time to treatment is expected to decrease for the whole region and for each municipality of SHR. For example, the average time to treatment in the SHR is reduced from 1.31h in the baseline scenario to 1.20h and 1.23h for the two MSU scenarios. In addition, the share of stroke patients who are expected to receive treatment within one hour is increased by a factor of about 3 for both MSU scenarios.

    Ort, förlag, år, upplaga, sidor
    Elsevier, 2022
    Nyckelord
    Ischemic stroke; stroke transport; MSU; DES; time to treatment; stroke logistics
    Nationell ämneskategori
    Beräkningsmatematik
    Identifikatorer
    urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-54479 (URN)10.1016/j.procs.2021.12.220 (DOI)2-s2.0-85124617439 (Scopus ID)
    Konferens
    11th International Conference on Current and Future Trends of Information and Communication Technologies in Healthcare (ICTH 2021) November 1-4, 2021, Leuven, Belgium
    Tillgänglig från: 2022-08-22 Skapad: 2022-08-22 Senast uppdaterad: 2024-02-05Bibliografiskt granskad
    4. A Framework for Constructing Discrete Event Simulation Models for Emergency Medical Service Policy Analysis
    Öppna denna publikation i ny flik eller fönster >>A Framework for Constructing Discrete Event Simulation Models for Emergency Medical Service Policy Analysis
    Visa övriga...
    2022 (Engelska)Ingår i: Procedia Computer Science, E-ISSN 1877-0509, Vol. 210, s. 133-140Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat) Published
    Abstract [en]

    Constructing simulation models can be a complex and time-consuming task, in particular if the models are constructed from scratch or if a general-purpose simulation modeling tool is used. In this paper, we propose a model construction framework, which aims to simplify the process of constructing discrete event simulation models for emergency medical service (EMS) policy analysis. The main building blocks used in the framework are a set of general activities that can be used to represent different EMS care chains modeled as flowcharts. The framework allows to build models only by specifying input data, including demographic and statistical data, and providing a care chain of activities and decisions. In a case study, we evaluated the framework by using it to construct a model for the simulation of the EMS activities related to acute stroke. Our evaluation shows that the predefined activities included in the framework are sufficient to build a simulation model for the rather complex case of acute stroke.

    Ort, förlag, år, upplaga, sidor
    Elsevier, 2022
    Nationell ämneskategori
    Sannolikhetsteori och statistik
    Identifikatorer
    urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-56003 (URN)10.1016/j.procs.2022.10.129 (DOI)2-s2.0-85144819456 (Scopus ID)
    Konferens
    12th International Conference on Current and Future Trends of Information and Communication Technologies in Health care (ICTH 2022) October 26-28, 2022, Leuven, Belgium
    Tillgänglig från: 2022-11-14 Skapad: 2022-11-14 Senast uppdaterad: 2024-02-05Bibliografiskt granskad
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    Comprehensive summary
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  • 7.
    Mahdiraji, Saeid Amouzad
    et al.
    Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för teknik och samhälle (TS), Institutionen för datavetenskap och medieteknik (DVMT).
    Holmgren, Johan
    Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för teknik och samhälle (TS), Institutionen för datavetenskap och medieteknik (DVMT).
    Mihailescu, Radu-Casian
    Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för teknik och samhälle (TS), Institutionen för datavetenskap och medieteknik (DVMT).
    Petersson, Jesper
    Region Skåne; Lund University.
    An Optimization Model for the Tradeoff Between Efficiency and Equity for Mobile Stroke Unit Placement2021Ingår i: Innovation in Medicine and Healthcare: Proceedings of 9th KES-InMed 2021, Springer, 2021, s. 183-193Konferensbidrag (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    A mobile stroke unit (MSU) is an ambulance, where stroke patients can be diagnosed and treated. Recently, placement of MSUs has been studied focusing on either maximum population coverage or equal service for all patients, termed efficiency and equity, respectively. In this study, we propose an unconstrained optimization model for the placement of MSUs, designed to introduce a tradeoff between efficiency and equity. The tradeoff is based on the concepts of weighted average time to treatment and the time difference between the expected time to treatment for different geographical areas. We conduct a case-study for Sweden’s Southern Health care Region (SHR), generating three scenarios (MSU1, MSU2, and MSU3) including 1, 2, and 3 MSUs, respectively. We show that our proposed optimization model can tune the tradeoff between the efficiency and equity perspectives for the MSU(s) allocation. This enables a high level of equal service for most inhabitants, as well as reducing the time to treatment for most inhabitants of a geographic region. In particular, placing three MSUs in the SHR with the proposed tradeoff, the share of inhabitants who are expected to receive treatment within an hour potentially improved by about a factor of 14 in our model.

  • 8.
    Mahdiraji, Saeid Amouzad
    et al.
    Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för teknik och samhälle (TS), Institutionen för datavetenskap och medieteknik (DVMT).
    Dahllöf, Oliver
    Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för teknik och samhälle (TS), Institutionen för datavetenskap och medieteknik (DVMT).
    Hofwimmer, Felix
    Region Skåne.
    Holmgren, Johan
    Region Skåne.
    Mihailescu, Radu-Casian
    Region Skåne.
    Petersson, Jesper
    Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för teknik och samhälle (TS), Institutionen för datavetenskap och medieteknik (DVMT). Lund University.
    Mobile stroke units for acute stroke care in the south of sweden2021Ingår i: Cogent Engineering, E-ISSN 2331-1916, Vol. 8, nr 1, artikel-id 1874084Artikel i tidskrift (Refereegranskat)
    Abstract [en]

    A Mobile stroke unit (MSU) is a type of ambulance deployed to promote the rapid delivery of stroke care. We present a computational study using a time to treatment estimation model to analyze the potential benefits of using MSUs in Sweden's Southern Health Care Region (SHR). In particular, we developed two scenarios (MSU1 and MSU2) each including three MSUs, which we compared with a baseline scenario containing only regular ambulances. For each MSU scenario, we assessed how much the expected time to treatment is estimated to decrease for the whole region and each subregion of SHR, and how the population is expected to benefit from the deployment of MSUs. For example, the average time to treatment in SHR was decreased with 20,4 and 15,6 minutes, respectively, in the two MSU scenarios. Moreover, our computational results show that the locations of the MSUs significantly influence what benefits can be expected. While MSU1 is expected to improve the situation for a higher share of the population, MSU2 is expected to have a higher impact on the patients who currently have the longest time to treatment.

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