Antologin inleds med ett kapitel av Karin Book, disputerad i kulturgeografi och universitetslektor i idrottsvetenskap vid Malmö universitet. Book har lång erfarenhet av forskning och utvecklingsprojekt i frågor kopplade till ytor och anläggningar för idrott och fysisk aktivitet. Hon är även flitigt anlitad av idrotts- rörelsen och av kommuner som forskare och expert i frågor rörande idrottens och den fysiska aktivitetens roll i den fysiska planeringen, om hållbar utveckling och om stadsutveckling. I denna text bidrar Book med en reflekterande text om människors tillgänglighet till idrott och fysisk aktivitet med fokus på just anläggningsfrågor. Book visar med belysande exempel att det går att lägga många och skilda perspektiv på begrepp som ”idrottsanläggning” och ”tillgänglighet”. Hon varnar även för förenklade antaganden och förhastade slutsatser. Som exempel påpekar hon att fler anläggningar inte med automatik leder till ökade idrottsaktiviteter. Individers reella tillgänglighet till idrottsytor påverkas även av faktorer som personliga intressen, samhälleliga trender, socioekonomiska förutsättningar och tillgången till kulturella nätverk. Hon redogör även för det Vinnova-finansierade projektet Equalizer där forskare, arkitekter och Malmö stad gick samman för att utveckla nya verktyg med målet att göra existerande aktivitetsplatser i Malmö mer jämställda och inkluderande.

A popular strategy for activating the urban population physically is to provide informal outdoor sport and recreational spaces. However, building an infrastructure does not assure physical activity among the wider population. For instance, girls tend to be underrepresented at public sport places. To create more equal physical activity opportunities in public space, we need to uncover and interpret the barriers. Therefore, outdoor sport and recreational spaces are interesting to examine, as they provide a possibility to understand gender in relation to norms, activity, and public space. The project Equalizer - a tool for equal and inclusive activity places deals with the perspectives of gender, place, and physical activity to create changes in the use of public informal outdoor sport and recreational spaces. This paper aims to discuss the experience-based, participatory method of disturbances used in the Equalizer project and some of the central findings and solutions. The findings indicate that the barriers for engaging in physical activity at informal outdoor sport and recreational spaces are multi-faceted, as are the possible solutions to overcome the barriers and open up the places to more people. We identified four types of solutions based on the identified barriers: spatial/physical, organisational/support-related, activity-related, and norm/representation-related.

Following the outbreak of COVID-19 in 2020, the majority of European countries imposed lockdowns, whereas Sweden introduced comparatively moderate constraints. The Public Health Agency of Sweden stated that sports and physical activity could continue if conducted ‘safely’ and recommended outdoor activities. This article aims to identify new spatial practices and strategies developed by organised recreational sport providers (i.e. sport clubs, commercial providers) following the outbreak of the pandemic. Further, it identifies obstacles and opportunities for new spatial solutions, as well as possible long-term (lasting) effects of the strategies imposed. Also, it discusses these obstacles and opportunities in relation to contemporary sport facility challenge. The data draws upon 24 semi-structured interviews with sport coaches and leaders. All interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed using a thematic analysis. The results suggest that most respondents show adaptability by moving their activities outdoors. Generally, for-profit organisations have been more innovative and adaptive. Obstacles for new spatial solutions include localisation, weather, (perceived) need of equipment, leadership, competing interests in public space, and notably the perception of what sport is. Positive examples of spatial adaptability show that there is a potential for sport providers to open up for different spatial solutions and more flexibility in relation to their activities, in order to ease the pressure on formal indoor (and, to some extent, outdoor) sport facilities while amending the perception of sport activities. 

Research methods

The data draws upon 24 semi-structured interviews with sport coaches and leaders. All interviews were transcribed verbatim and analysed using a thematic analysis.

Results and findings

The results suggest that most respondents show adaptability by moving their activities outdoors. Generally, for-profit organisations have been more innovative and adaptive. Obstacles for new spatial solutions include localisation, weather, (perceived) need of equipment, leadership, competing interests in public space, and notably the perception of what sport is.

Implications

Positive examples of spatial adaptability show that there is a potential for sport providers to open up for different spatial solutions and more flexibility in relation to their activities, in order to ease the pressure on formal indoor (and, to some extent, outdoor) sport facilities while amending the perception of sport activities.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine how skateboarding as a community, sport and cultural phenomenon can become integrated into and drive the development, branding and marketing of a city (Malmo). Design/methodology/approach This paper is produced through a communicative co-constructed process of one scholar and one practitioner within the skateboarding field. Through the narrative told by the practitioner, and with basis in the established understanding and conceptualization of place marketing through sport, success factors of the skateboarding initiatives in Malmo are identified. Findings The skateboarding story of Malmo fits well into the established conceptualization of place branding and marketing, neoliberalism and urban entrepreneurialism. Also, it demonstrates the power of a unique user-driven partnerships between skaters, a non-profit organization and public institutions to create a skateboard-friendly city and as a consequence a strong internationally renowned skate-image. The multi-level, multi-content approach is founded in shared values and mutual benefits. Instead of fitting a phenomenon into an outward-oriented image-strategy, skateboarding as a sport and culture has been allowed to develop organically, creating a credible and unique image for Malmo. Originality/value This study adds to the literature on sport and city marketing/branding by developing a deeper, empirically founded, understanding of how to combine top-down and bottom-up approaches in urban development, marketing and branding. The results have scientific as well as practical value.

Missförstå mig rätt. Att svenska elitfotbollsklubbar i ökad utsträckning visar på samhällsengagemang och samhällsnytta är väldigt positivt. Många parametrar går i rätt riktning. Det finns många lovvärda satsningar inom elitfotbollsklubbarna.

”Den svenska folkrörelsemodellen fungerar om den reformeras”. Det sa Björn Eriksson i en paneldiskussion i Göteborg tidigare i år. Just det där med reformering genomsyrade konferensen. Det stod klart att svensk idrott befinner sig i en förändringsfas – den är därtill nödd och tvungen.

Jag har mer eller mindre hållit mig borta från arenadebatten i Sverige i flera år, även om jag har följt den passivt. Nu har jag åter dragits in i debatten, denna gång med fokus på fotbollsarenor. För 8-10 år sedan handlade det mest om multiarenor. Jag tycker dock inte att det hänt så mycket sedan dess. Problemen är fortfarande olösta och det finns fler frågor än svar.

Många svenskar har avlagt nyårslöften. De ska börja träna alternativt träna mer. Men var och hur ska träningen äga rum? Kommer den överhuvudtaget att bli av?

A sustainable city is not only a city where the air is clean, waste is recycled, motor traffic is reduced, and ecological questions are central to city planners, but it is also a city that creates opportunities for its citizens to live healthy lives. This consideration includes prioritizing planning for physical activity, a central focus in this chapter. In particular, in this chapter, I discuss how physical activity and sport in public spaces can serve as tools for making cities more sustainable, with a particular emphasis on Swedish cities.

Forskning om och utveckling av kollektivtrafik kan bedrivas på många olika sätt. Här berättar K2 om deras Living Lab i Uddevalla med syftet att lära sig mer om samverkansfrågor i kollektivtrafiken och fördjupa insikterna i resenärsperspektivet. Vilka kollektivtrafikfrågor tycker olika aktörer och grupper är viktiga? Vilka olika uppfattningar om kollektivtrafik kommer fram när aktörer och invånare får komma tills tals? Hur kan vi arbeta vidare utifrån dessa? Insatser och inriktning bestäms av vad deltagarna kommer fram till. Arbetet bedrivs gemensamt av två forskningsområden inom K2: Samverkan och Resenärsperspektivet.”

”Vi är just tjejer och därför idrottar vi inte och så vi värdesätter betydelsen av att vara med kompisarna”, det är deras egna svar på frågan om varför inte fler tjejer idrottar.

De som anmäler sig till matcherna ska anstränga sig, ta det på allvar helt enkelt. Och jag ska erkänna något som jag skäms lite för; det händer att jag går in och tittar i serietabellerna för att se hur våra lag ligger till…

In 2015 a new research and development area started at K2 with the aim to increase knowledge on traveller perspective in public transport. The present literature review will show primarily the breadth of past and ongoing research and investigations on travellers. The claim is not to be comprehensive, but relatively extensive. The overview takes off with a chapter on studies of travellers’ behaviour, preferences and attitudes. It describes e.g. studies of stated preferences, quality of public transport and well-being of passengers, based on the travellers’ statements and behaviour. Next comes a chapter that describes studies of the complexity of travel and everyday life, which include travel and time, as well as activities associated with public transport and what travellers do when they travel by public transport. Furthermore, one chapter describes studies on accessibility. Partly it is about physical accessibility, with focus on the accessibility to vehicles, railway stations and bus stop locations; partly it is about social aspects of accessibility and travellers’ experiences of their availability to public transport. The literature review also contains a chapter on studies about different passenger groups, which is a vast area where several different categories of travellers can be discerned; such as age (children, young people, older people), sex (gender), travellers with disabilities, commuters and commuting, school trips, leisure trips, etcetera. Furthermore, the literature review has a chapter on studies of safety and security in public transport and its surroundings as well as a chapter on methods and models that are used in planning. In the final chapter, knowledge identified in the overview is discussed in relation to what is needed in the future. Studies of the whole journey (“hela resan”) is seen as a development area and also considered as complementary to the previous knowledge base. Likewise, there is a need for public transport planning to increase knowledge of travellers’ everyday life and to meet the citizens’ needs for everyday mobility (i.e. both users and non-users of public transport). The development of complementary methods and models for forecasting in the planning is also an area for further R&D, as well planning for sustainable travel (travel by public transport in combination with e.g. walking and bicycles).

AIM This presentation deals with the perception of sport and its role and place in urban planning in Sweden with basis in a research project carried out 2013-2015. The main research questions are: • How do changing conditions within sport and urban planning affect the planning for sport? • How are sport (as in organised sport) and sport issues being handled in the urban planning? • How is sport viewed and defined in urban planning? BACKGROUND The starting point of this project is on the one hand the changing conditions for and policies within urban planning including increased focus on densification and infill strategies as well as new solutions for integration of different functions (see for instance Boyko & Cooper, 2013). And, on the other hand it is the changing conditions for the sports movement and how sport is carried out. This includes a decreased interest in organised sport activities, increased interest in flexible, individual and self-organised activities as well as activities provided by commercial actors, the rise of ‘new’ activities like parkour and lifestyle sports and a growing activity segregation. A common feature of these activities is a need for other (urban) environments than traditional sport facilities. (For an international perspective on sport participation see for instance: Nicholson Hoye & Houlihan, 2011). METHODOLOGY This project analyses sport in urban development and planning, using research results and examples mainly from Malmö and Stockholm. The approach is qualitative. Although planning processes and the frames for it, like legal regulations, have been studied, the most important part of the project has been about gaining a deeper understanding of meanings and perceptions regarding sport among planners and planning among sport organisations. Several types of material and methods have been used, for instance analysis of planning and legal documents, semi structured interviews with 21 persons representing municipal planning and leisure departments, sport organisations etc, a focus group and a workshop. The results have been presented in a report published by the Swedish Sports Confederation (Book, 2015). RESULTS The main results could be summarised as follows, where each of the points will be discussed and illustrated in the oral presentation: • Changing definition/perception of sport among planners: where the definition has become wider in order to include self-organised physical activities, which is fuelled by a critical perception of organised sport and of the municipal leisure or sport department. • Changing focus in urban planning: mainly towards health related strategies rather than traditional sport. • As a consequence health, recreation, physical activity, self-organised sport (and sport as part of the experience economy) are gaining support in urban planning, while more traditional sport activities and facilities are not. A common quote among planners: ”Well, it is hard to find space for a football pitch”. • A growing need and demand for coordination of different types of leisure and sport activities and cooperation between different actors and sectors. • A growing need for sport organisations/the sport movement to understand how planning works, as the level of knowledge is low and hence the opportunities to participate. • A need for sport organisations to develop strategies for handling the criticism among planners (and others) in order to be included in the planning processes. REFERENCES Book, K. (2015) Idrotten i den fysiska planeringen. FoU-rapport 2015:2. Stockholm: RF. Boyko, C.T. &, Cooper, R. (2013) Density and Decision-Making: Findings from an Online Survey. Sustainability 2013, 5(10), 4502-4522 Nicholson, M., Hoye, R.& Houlihan, B. (eds.) (2011) Participation in Sport: International Policy Perspectives. Abingdon and New York: Routledge. Swedish Sports Confederation (2011) Svenska folkets idrotts- och motionsvanor. Stockholm: RF.

This presentation deals with the perception of sport and its role and place in urban planning in Sweden with basis in a research project carried out 2013-2015. The main research questions are: • How are sport (as in organised sport) and sport issues being handled in the urban planning? • How is sport viewed and defined in urban planning? Several types of material and methods are being used, for instance planning and legal documents, interviews and focus groups. The starting point of this project is on the one hand the changing conditions for planning including increased focus on densification and infill strategies as well as new solutions for integration of different functions. And, on the other hand it is the changing conditions for the sports movement and how sport is carried out. This includes a decreased interest in organised sport activities, increased interest in flexible, individual and self-organised activities as well as activities provided by commercial actors, the rise of ‘new’ activities like parkour and lifestyle sports and a growing activity segregation. A common feature of these activities is a need for other (urban) environments than ordinary sports facilities. This project analyses sport in urban development and planning, using research results and examples mainly from Malmo and Stockholm. The main results could be summarised as follows: • Changing definition/perception of sport among planners. • Changing focus in urban planning. • Health, recreation, physical activity, self-organised sport (and sport as part of the experience economy) are gaining support in urban planning, while more traditional sport activities and facilities are not. ”Well, it is hard to find space for a football pitch”. • A growing need for demand for coordination of different types of leisure and sport activities and cooperation between different actors and sectors.

This paper discusses challenges, contradictions and progress from a transdisciplinary case study taking place in the municipality of Uddevalla, Sweden. The aim is to develop a ´living lab´ to support planners in their work and extend stakeholder engagement and public participation in the development of a sustainable public transport strategy. The stakeholders represent different sectors within the public and private sector at local as well as regional level. The living lab therefore becomes an arena for negotiation between different geographical levels and interests. As part of the main aim, we'll also identify and gain understanding of different meanings regarding attractive public transport, the needs of the users of public transport and urgent questions among the stakeholders and citizens. The theoretical perspective is drawn from studies that emphasise the need for new participatory practices, to address social sustainability in transport planning and to prevent social exclusion and isolation and studies highlighting relational spaces of participation. Three workshops will be held during spring 2016 in order to develop a nexus strategy based on key questions identified by the participants. The workshops will show how pluralism will be handled by the participants and whether the strategy will be based on consensus or conflicting interests.

Många i lokalen nickade instämmande. ”Den svenska idrotten är inget föredöme” sa en person och jag hann lagom hämta mig inför nästa åsikt ”den svenska idrottsrörelsen är den värsta dinosaurien av alla idrottsrörelser”. Chocken var nästan total. Det här hände i Köpenhamn på en stor konferens för ett tag sen. Jag erkänna att jag blev minst sagt förvånad.

Tjejerna lyfte fram köpcentra och caféer och kanske är sociala ytor i anslutning till idrotten för att möjliggöra socialt häng det kanske mest centrala då idrottsytor planeras eller byggs om framöver.

Syftet med denna studie är att visa på hur kommuner arbetar med fysisk planering, till exempel översiktsplanering, och hur idrotten och idrottsfrågor kommer in eller kan komma in i planeringsprocessen. Kopplat till detta syftar projektet också till att identifiera hinder och möjligheter för att idrottsfrågor kan rymmas i den fysiska planeringen.

Sweden has a long tradition of youth sports in non-profit sports clubs that belong to what is known as the Swedish sports movement. A large proportion of adolescents are at some point members of the sports movement; however, this share is decreasing, and sports participation is becoming increasingly diverse. This paper deals with the activity level and geographical/territorial range in connection to physical activity among adolescents in three residential areas with different spatial and socio-economic characteristics in Malmö, Sweden. The methods employed include surveys, interviews and field trips, and the time-geographical constraint concept is used as a tool for understanding the patterns. Organised activities are more frequent among the adolescents in the middle-class area than in the lower status areas. The self-organised activity rate is fairly high in all areas, but the geographical range increases with socio-economic status and fewer constraints. In this paper, I also discuss the planning of different types of physical-activity places and emphasise the importance of ordinary, everyday environments, in which many adolescents spend their leisure time. However, it is also essential to develop new types of spaces for physical activities and social interactions; to invite different groups, preferably in new constellations, into the planning process; and to spread information concerning the supply of spaces and activities in a way that reaches out to all groups.

This presentation takes as point of departure a number of physical activity and sporting trends in Sweden, but also other Western World countries. The trends highlighted, are of an everyday and non-elite character and include among others: Decreased interest in organized sport activities, increased interest in flexible, individual and self-organized activities as well as activities provided by commercial actors, the rise of ‘new’ activities like parkour and lifestyle sports and a growing activity segregation. A common feature of these activities is a need for other (urban) environments than ordinary sports facilities. This paper analyses the new physical activity trends in the light of urban development and planning, using research results and examples from different cities. The presentation has a conceptual and comprehensive character using results mainly from three research projects conducted by Karin Book: -The role of sport in urban plan- ning: This project deals with the perception of sport and its role and place in urban planning in Sweden. The starting point of this project is on the one hand the changing conditions for planning including for instance increased focus on densification and infill strategies as well as new solutions for integration of different functions. And, on the other hand it is the changing conditions for the sports movement and how sport is carried out. -Motions in the city. Physical Activity and Mobility in a Segregated City: This project deals with the activity level and geographical/territorial range in connection to physical activity among adolescents in three residential areas with different spatial and socio-economic characteristics in Malmö, Sweden. Moreover, the project deals with the planning of different types of physical-activity places in ordinary, everyday environments, in which many adolescents spend their leisure time. -Running out of time? Strategies and perceptions in connection to physical activity: This project concerns perspectives on time use and perception and strategies for physical activity with basis in the following research question: how, when and where do employed people (in Sweden), age 30-50, find time and space for physical activities? This project highlights both exercise trends among the adult population and the role of the spatial context. These projects are connected under the heading of planning for activity.

Både stora multiarenor och kommunala badhus har under senare år blivit dyra affärer för idrotten, skattebetalarna och miljön. Hur skapas egentligen hållbara idrottsliga rum som är anpassade till både dagens och framtidens behov och intressen?

Debattartikel om vinter-OS i Sotji under rubriken Åsikter, Sydsvenska Dagbladet, 8 feb 2014.

Although most people are aware of the health benefits of physical activity, it’s not easy to fit it into the busy everyday schedule. That’s the point of departure for this study: How, when and where do Swedish employees within knowledge-based sectors, age 30-50, find time and space for physical activities? How can the results be related to the general physical activity trends in Sweden? Which types of environments are considered favourable for physical activity? The empirical material consists of 550 surveys at three major work places, in-depth interviews with six persons within the target population, statistical material, etc. The majority of employees within knowledge-based sectors have an ambition to be physically active (and a majority is). Difficulties in finding time for physical activity make them develop different strategies to cope with physical activity, such as: preferences for time-efficient and flexible activities, using lunch breaks for gym-session or for walks, active transports, etc. Physical activities take place mainly in public space and commercial facilities. An attractive environment around the workplace favours physical activity in connection to the workday.

Introduction Although most people are aware of the health benefits of physical activity, it is not easy to fit it into the busy schedule of everyday life. The knowledge about how adults in the middle of their careers reason about physical activity and develop strategies to be active is surprisingly limited. Therefore, this study aims at increasing the knowledge by answering the following research questions: How, when and where do employed people (in Sweden), age 30-50, find time and space for physical activities? How do these people reason about physical activity and time in everyday life? At an early stage of the study, running stood out as a popular activity among the target population: How could the running trend be explained? Theoretical Departures and Methods The theoretical framework of the project concerns perspectives on time use and perception and strategies for physical activity (see for instance Robinson & Godbey, 2000; Zuzanek, 2004). Physical activity refers to the whole scale from light to intense activities. Methods for gathering empirical material: 550 surveys at three major work places in Malmo, interviews with gym owners regarding training trends, field studies and in-depth interviews with six persons within the target population. Finally, the running trend has been problematized. Results - The majority of full-time employees within knowledge-based sectors has an ambition to be physically active (and a majority is). A high preoccupation with the importance of exercising also results in feelings of pressure and guilt. - Difficulties in finding time for physical activity make individuals develop different strategies to cope with physical activity, such as: preferences for time-efficient and flexible activities, using lunch breaks for gym-session or for walks, exercising early mornings on the way to work, active transports, creating challenges in order to push themselves, etc. - Flexible work hours are considered favourable for being physically active, but also stressful as leisure and work time blend together. - Organizational rather than economic incentives for training by the employer are preferred. - The running trend could be understood in different ways: running as a flexible, accessible and efficient activity, as back to basics, a lifestyle, as pressure and inspiration from social media, as a demand for being challenged, as part of commodification and a product of the event industry, etc. References Robinson, J. & Godbey, G. (2000) Time for Life. The Surprising Ways Americans Use Their Time. Penn State Press, Pennsylvania State University. Zuzanek, J. (2004) Work, leisure, time pressure and stress. In: Haworth, J.T. & Veal, A.J. (ed.) Work and Leisure. Routledge, London.

This article sheds light on the problematic, but urgent, relation between sport and its environmental effects by focusing on the development of internal policies in the Swedish sport movement as well as on external normative pressures for a sustainable environmental development. The materials in this study portray a passive (and blind) governance in relation to an official environmental policy at macro and meso levels, regardless of the manifestations of individual environmental projects in everyday sport practices. The analysis shows that the ideology of the autonomy of sport and the emphasis on self- regulation, regularly upheld by the Swedish Sports Confederation, is obsolete.

Background and Research Questions: A few years ago I was standing outside an office building in London Docklands around noon watching a group of people cooling down after a running session. I interpreted the situation as follows: this was a group of people in the middle of their careers, working hard, commuting, having children to take care of after work and as a consequence trying to find a time slot for physical activity in the lunch hour. These thoughts ended up in one pilot study, one article (Book, 2009) and one extended project based on the following questions: 1. How, when and where do employed people (qualified work, mainly academics) in the age between 30 and 50 find time and space for physical activities? The selected group is likely to work a lot and have children living at home. By physical activity is meant everything from walking to the bus stop to heavy, conscious training (see for instance Caspersen, Powell & Christenson, 1985). 2. How does the design of the work place and its surroundings affect the opportunities for activities in connection to the working day?

A few years ago I was standing outside an office building in London Docklands around noon watching a group of people cooling down after a running session. I intepreted the situation as follows: this was a group of people in the middle of their carriers, working hard, commuting, having children to take care of after work and as a consequence trying to find a time slot for physical activity in the lunch hour. These thoughts ended up in one pilot study, one article and one extended project based on the following questions: 1.How, when and where do people in the age between 30 and 50 find time and space for physical activities? The selected group is likely to work and have children living at home. By physical activity is meant everything from walking to the bus stop to heavy, consciuos training. 2.How does the design of the work place and its suroundings effect the opportunities for activities in connection to the work day? My pilot study showed that the selected group find it hard to find room for physical activities in their daily programmes, and usually prefer flexible solutions like walking and running. Strategies (from what I – based on intensity and aims – call micro strategies to heavy training) in connection to or during the work day were common. Example of micro strategies is for instance using the stairs, while examples of more heavy training was going to the nearby gym during the lunch hour. Furthermore, I found examples of time deepening strategies, like taking a walk while supervising students. Another strategy was to use time slots that nobody else in the family claimed, like very early mornings. At the moment a more extensive material is analysed (including for instance 550 surveys) and will be ready to present at the conference.

The intense competition between places means that new and more differentiated marketing strategies are becoming increasingly important in order to attract visitors and other target groups. In order to be seen, gain positive media attention and put the place on the map many cities try to develop marketing concepts based on experiences, among other things. One such strategy used by many places is to focus on sports, including big events and arenas as well as different kinds of sports activities. Another present-day strategy is to highlight and commercialize 'the different', for instance homosexuals. An interesting phenomenon in this context is the merging of sports and homosexuals and the use of this as an economic development strategy. In this essay we analyse the homo sports event World Outgames as an outcome in the intersection between city marketing, the commercialization of sports and the commercialization of homo culture.