Aim: The aim was to identify planned and completed preventive interventions among older persons with oral health problems receiving municipal health care. A further aim was to determine the correspondence between oral health problems and planned preventive interventions among older persons with oral health problems receiving municipal health care. Design: Cross-sectional register study. Methods: Oral health data from the Swedish national quality registry, Senior Alert, were extracted for 4,024 older persons (>= 65 years) receiving municipal health care in a county in Southern Sweden. Data were statistically analysed. Results: A large majority of older persons (97.4%) with assessed oral health problems had at least one planned preventive intervention, and approximately three quarters of the planned interventions were completed. There seemed to be a mismatch between type of oral health problems and preventive interventions as not all older persons had a planned preventive intervention related to their specific oral health problem.

BackgroundAs part of an interprofessional operating team, nurse anesthetists need to be skilled in collaboration, problem solving, attentiveness, independent decision-making and knowledge of anesthesiology nursing. Factors that are vital for nurse anesthetist students' future profession. The educational model peer learning, characterized by collaboration and learning through social interaction between individuals, may support nurse anesthetist students' development in such skills.AimThe aim of the study was to explore nurse anesthetist students' perceptions of their experiences of peer learning as an educational model during their clinical education in a Swedish context.MethodsThe approach was a qualitative descriptive design. Seven nurse anesthetist students from four different universities were interviewed individually using a semi-structured interview guide. The data were analyzed with content analysis.ResultsThree generic categories revealed a description of the phenomenon: Increased independence, Holistic view and Expansive learning process. A main category brought together the content of the generic categories and shows the overall finding of the study: Peer learning promotes nurse anesthetist students' personal and professional development.ConclusionPeer learning as an educational model during nurse anesthetist students' clinical education might facilitate preparation for their coming profession.

Patients with intellectual and developmental disability (IDD) are often misinterpreted and misunderstood. Studies show that, in general, healthcare professionals have limited knowledge about IDD, and registered nurses (RNs) often report feeling unprepared to support this group of patients. Therefore, more knowledge about how to adequately address care for this patient group is warranted. This qualitative study employs an interpretative descriptive design to explore and describe Swedish RNs' perceptions of caring for patients with IDD, here in a home-care setting. Twenty RNs were interviewed between September 2018 and May 2019, and the resulting data were analysed through an inductive qualitative content analysis. The study adheres to consolidated criteria for reporting qualitative research (COREQ). Our analysis found that nurses' perceptions of caring for patients with an IDD could be understood from three overarching categories: nursing held hostage in the context of care, care dependent on intuition and proven experience and contending for the patients' right to adequate care. Our findings show that the home-care context and organisation were not adjusted to the needs of the patients. This resulted in RNs feeling unable to provide care in accordance with their professional values. They also explained that they had not mastered the available augmentative and alternative communication tools, instead using support staff as interpreters for their patients. Finally, on a daily basis, the RNs caring for this group of patients took an active stance and fought for the patients' right to receive the right care at the right time by the right person. This was particularly the case with issues involving psychiatric care.

Introduction: Good communication is crucial for safe and effective nursing care and is necessary in building interpersonal relationships with patients. The increase of global interactions in health care adds to the necessity of developing culturally competent communication in nursing. The purpose of the study was to gain a deeper understanding of interpersonal communication as experienced by nurses working in culturally diverse hospitals in India. Method: A descriptive qualitative method, analyzing 12 semistructured interviews conducted with nurses at two hospitals. Results: The study's themes focus on tools and techniques for working with culturally diverse patients and how to sustain the quality of care in diverse hospital settings. Language resources, language tools, and cultural knowledge were useful aids for nurses when communicating with transcultural patients. It helped the nurses gain confidence and foresee patient needs. Discussion: Highlighting transcultural interpersonal communication techniques within nursing offers a safer and more productive practice of nursing care.

BACKGROUND: Close relatives of people with severe mental illness (SMI) experience problems known as family burdens. In addition, they may have their own needs for support, something often overlooked by the healthcare system. Meta-syntheses in this area may help explore the meaning of the experience of living with someone who has a SMI. AIM: Our aim was to describe the burdens experienced and needs perceived on a daily basis by relatives to someone who has a SMI. METHODS: The databases PubMed, CINAHL, and PsychInfo were searched using a systematic search strategy. Studies were screened for relevance and quality was appraised. A meta-synthesis of nine qualitative studies was then conducted. RESULTS: The nine studies discerned the following themes. Burden themes; Forced to carry a sometimes unbearable burden; Burdened by own ill-health and disrupted relationships; Distressed and stigmatized by society. Needs themes; strengthening protective factors; Skills and practical support greatly appreciated. CONCLUSIONS: The burdens and needs of relatives of persons with SMI strongly influence their lives. They require relief from both practical and emotional burdens. Family interventions and other programs to support relatives should be encouraged with this knowledge in mind

Purpose. The aim of this study was to strengthen the healthcare professionals' readiness to support patients who have asthma, an allergy, and COPD for better medication adherence. Methods. The design was an educational intervention in a study population (n = 70) consisting of 66 nurses and four other allied healthcare professionals working in primary care with patients diagnosed with asthma, allergy, or COPD in a county in southern Sweden. As part of two training days, an educational intervention-consisting of lectures and workshops-was conducted. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected. The qualitative data were collected during the workshops when the participants worked with fictitious patient cases. They documented in writing how they, based on the theoretical content in the educational intervention in combination with their clinical experiences, reasoned that the fictitious patients could be supported for better adherence. This documentation constituted qualitative data. The quantitative data were collected through questionnaires, which the participants completed before and after the intervention. Data from the questionnaires were statistically analyzed using descriptive statistics and paired t-tests. The qualitative data collected from the workshops were analyzed with content analysis. Results. The intervention increased the participants' knowledge of adherence (pre mean 3.95 versus post mean 4.18, p=0.001) and how to better support patients' adherence to medication (pre mean 3.71 versus post mean 3.98, p=0.001). Moreover, their knowledge of how to measure patients' adherence behavior (pre mean 3.02 versus post mean 3.54, p=0.001) and how to communicate with patients effectively about adherence was heightened (pre mean 3.92 versus post mean 4.13, p=0.011). Furthermore, participants felt that their readiness to support patients for better adherence had strengthened (pre mean 3.78 versus post mean 4.13, p=0.001). Individual adherence support for three fictitious patients with different adherence issues was developed. Conclusion. An educational intervention focusing on adherence and communication equipped healthcare professionals with tools to support patients with asthma, an allergy, or COPD for better medication adherence.

Treatment and support of people diagnosed with severe mental illness in Sweden takes place in out-patient psychiatric services or municipality services. Most of the responsibility for support in daily life are provided by the close family. One crucial matter is how to support these families. This research project aimed to investigate the Swedish construction with shared responsibility between county psychiatric care and municipality social care for consumers with severe mental illness affects actions in municipalities in relation to family support. Ten representatives from five municipality settings were interviewed. Five semi-structured interviews were analysed using a thematic analysis. The following themes emerged; One overarching theme, "a mismatch of paradigms", and sub-themes: (a) "accentuating differences", (b) "doubts about including the entire family in the same session" and (c) "lack of a uniform family support policy". We conclude that a shared mandate needs a dialogue between psychiatric and municipality services concerning this mismatch.

Objective: The de-institutionalizing process came to an end before the millennium shift by closing mental hospitals. After that some of the most ill patients are cared for in sheltered housing (SH). There is no in-house psychiatric competence and the staff on the floor usually lacks such knowledge and training. Observation instruments may improve this by making it possible to assess and monitor patients. Method: FAST-O is a simple twelve-item observation scale. Staff at eight SH units were trained in using the instrument and then assessed a total of 67 patients once, twice or three times at monthly intervals. Results: Ten items formed two highly homogenous subscales reflecting Social skills (Soc) and Excitation/Aggression (E/A). Depression and Clinical Global Impression (CGI) items were considered separately. The correlation pattern suggested that the ratings had construct validity. A cluster analysis identified three patient subgroups, of which one had very high E/A scores. Comparisons with reference data suggested that the average symptom level was on par with acutely admitted in-patients for this subgroup. In all groups, E/A symptoms varied considerably over time, the other symptoms were more stable. There were marked differences among the eight SH units with respect to the level of patient problems. Conclusions: The SH staff was able to produce valid FAST-O assessments. There are reference data which makes it possible to characterize individual patients as well as SH units with respect to treatment needs and safety aspects (for instance risk of violence).

Little is known about nursing students' experiences of caring for patients from diverse cultures, which is an important factor in educational settings when it comes to understanding whether the teaching strategies applied are successful. Thus, the aim of this study was to conduct a scoping review of the literature, thereby synthesising existing studies to explore nursing students' experiences of caring for patients with different cultural backgrounds from theirs. A systematic article search was done in PubMed, CINAHL and ERIC. A total of 996 studies were found in the searches and finally seven studies met the inclusion criteria and were included. The analysis of the seven included studies was interpreted to represent two overarching themes, namely the challenge of communication and non-mutual language and the challenge of culture and culturally influenced behaviour, representing nursing students' experiences of caring for patients with a different cultural background from theirs. A major challenge for nursing educators appears to be creating pedagogical interventions that cultivate a humble, solicitous and caring curiosity among students, such that they do not perceive only challenges in caring for culturally diverse patients.

Background: Research suggests that registered nurses (RNs) do not feel adequately prepared to support patients with intellectual disability disorder (IDD). This is unsurprising, as few European health sciences curricula include undergraduate and graduate training courses in IDD. As RNs are often in the front line of care, eliciting in-depth knowledge about how they experience nursing this group of patients is vital. Our aim in this study was to develop a conceptual understanding about RNs’ experiences of nursing patients with IDD. Method: We undertook a systematic review and meta-ethnography to synthesise qualitative research studies found in PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, ERIC databases and by manual searching to identify additional studies. We condensed translatable second-order constructs, and developed an idiomatic translation. Finally, we formulated line of argument (LOA) syntheses to capture the core of the idiomatic translations. Results: We included eighteen published studies from eight countries involving 190 RNs. The RNs’ experience of nursing patients with IDD were reflected in 14 LOAs. Six of these reflected a tentatively more distinctive and at times unique conceptualisation of RNs’ experience of nursing this group of patients. The remaining eight LOAs represented a conceptualisation of nursing per se, a conceptualisation of nursing that was interpreted as a universal experience regardless of context and patient group. Conclusion: Lack of awareness and knowledge are likely breeding grounds for the ‘otherness’ that still surrounds this group of patients. In encounters between patients and RNs, focusing on the person behind the disability label could be one way to secure relevant nursing care for patients with IDD. Undertaking appropriate under- and postgraduate education alongside the implementation of nursing models focusing on patient-centred care would help RNs in reducing the health and care inequalities this group of patients still face.

Background: The World Health Organization recommends exclusive breastfeeding as the main source of nutrition for infants during their first six months of life. However, despite this well-known recommendation, not all mothers breastfeed, whether partly or fully, during this time. Objective: The aim of this systematic literature review was to compile evidence regarding sociodemographic, physical, mental, and social factors that influence breastfeeding mothers to stop breastfeeding before the infant reaches six months. Search method: A systematic search was conducted in four databases. Selection criteria: Studies with quantitative research were included. Data collection and analysis: Totally, 186 abstracts were read, 83 seemed relevant but 18 were found to be duplicates. Finally, 27 articles met the inclusion criteria and were included. The quality assessment was done with a quality assessment template from the Swedish Council on Technology and Assessment and the grading of the result was carried out according to GRADE Results: The association of breastfeeding cessation between the mother`s young age, low level of education, return to work within 12 weeks postpartum, caesarean birth and inadequate milk supply was found to have a low level of evidence. The link found between depressions among the mothers with the cessation of breastfeeding was found to have a very low level of evidence. Conclusions: Sociodemographic factors appeared to have caused cessation of breastfeeding in some of the included articles. The preventive work should focus on how to improve the knowledge of health-care professionals and targeted interventions must address mothers who are at risk of ceasing breastfeeding before the recommended time. Keywords: breast feeding, review, risk factors, weaning

Background: Immigration, particularly when it is involuntary, is known to be an emotional stressor, regardless of the reason behind it. It is always a challenge to be removed from the habitual and cultural action pattern of the person or family. This can make children more vulnerable, because they often arrive with an increased risk of poor physical health. Because of that, it is crucial that immigrant children have access to ongoing health care. The aim of this study is to shed light on the experience of non-European immigrants with Sweden’s Child Health Care system. Methods: Qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted, with parents of children who were patients of one of the four child health care centres. The centres were in four areas in a town in southern Sweden in which there are substantial immigrant populations. The interviews were conducted, transcribed and then analyzed with content analysis. Results: The results were divided into two main categories: The first is “the sense of being cared for in another way,” which was divided into the following four subcategories: compare with the home country, getting a home visit, engagement and contentment and unfamiliarity with the language. The second main category. “The feeling of getting all the practical needs met through the child health care system” had the following four subcategories: The importance of advice and guidance, getting oral and written information, getting help when needed and getting support when needed. Conclusions: The parents expressed contentment regarding the Swedish child health care and they were thankful for how it was organized, the engagement of the nurses, the information and advices given as well as for the opportunities of getting a home visit after birth. However, more research is needed in order to find out the extent to which the Swedish child health care system is culturally appropriate in the whole country. KEYWORDS Migration, qualitative research, child health care, support

Background: Supporting families where one person suffers from long-term severe mental illness (SMI) is essential, but seems hard to reach. The aim of this study was to examine professionals’ views of supporting relatives of persons with SMI. Material: Individual interviews mirroring personal narratives and group interviews reflecting group-processed answers were conducted among 23 professionals and analyzed thematically. Results: Three themes emerged: (a) information and group interaction reduces stigma and increases well-being, (b) professionals need to feel secure and confident about how the support structure works and (c) collaboration is difficult but required on several levels. Conclusion: Trusting relationships with families were considered important, although seldom achieved; professionals wished to feel secure in their role toward relatives of a person with SMI; and professionals wanted to feel confident when working together with other services to support families.

Severe mental illness causes suffering for the patient as well as the patientâ s immediate family. The Swedish National Board of Health and Welfare has recommended the implementation of multifamily psychoeducation in order to assist patient and family in the recovery process. The aim of this study was to determine how introducing multifamily psychoeducation in Sweden has been viewed by professionals. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 11 service providers, who were involved in evaluating multifamily psychoeducation. Our main findings fell under the headings of defensive culture and unsuitable model. Resistance to introducing the new intervention was found on multiple levels. The model proposed was considered too rigid for both the target group and the organizations because it could not be adjusted to the needs of patients, families, or facilitators. Despite good evidence for the effectiveness of the intervention, there were difficulties introducing the multifamily psychoeducation model in clinical practice. The feasibility of an intervention needs to be evaluated before adopting it as a national guideline.

Family-based psycho-education – a model outmoded in psychiatric services today? Aim: To illuminate aspects of the resistance against a family based intervention a qualitative interview study with professionals was accomplished. Background: Family-based psycho-educational models, developed in the beginning of the 1970s, have in several Cochrane reviews shown evidence for a reduced rate of relapse and increased adherence to medication. Studies included in these meta-analyses all encompassed patients receiving in-patient care, and requiring relatives partaking in an extensive educational program. A multi-center randomised control study in Sweden, aimed to investigate the effects of a twelve-month long intervention of a psycho - educational model for people with severe mental illness, SMI, in psychiatric and community settings, showed a powerful resistance from primarily the professionals which had been well trained in the model and secondly the patients which had been offered the intervention. Method: In-depth interviews with 24 professions in psychiatric and community outpatient settings engaged in the RCT study. Results: The findings showed that both patients and professional partners are skeptical about treatment programs of family psycho-pedagogical nature and prefer pure patient perspective and more acute short interventions. A reason for this was according to the professions lack of resources, while their patients experienced a hindrance in bothering their loved ones. Conclusion: The findings might show that the model per se is outmoded, not fitting the new structures of support, with reduced inpatient care, for people with SMI. In worst case, the findings might indicate that family psycho education, notwithstanding evidence based, is unavailable to people with SMI and their relatives which might contribute to a structural stigmatization of this population. More research is needed to understand if our findings are consistent with findings in other international contexts.

The self-report Drug Attitude Inventory (DAI), in 30- and 10-item versions, provides unique information of clinical relevance for monitoring treatment adherence among people diagnosed with schizophrenia. The primary purpose of this paper was to evaluate the 10-item version among patients living in sheltered housing. Data were collected among 68 persons living in sheltered housing, most of them (82%) diagnosed with schizophrenia, 6% with non-organic psychoses, and 12% with other diagnoses. The dichotomic response format of the original DAI-10 was replaced by a 4-point Likert scale, in order to improve the resolution of the scale. Over 90% of the participants produced meaningful scores. A factor analysis suggested a 2-factor orthogonal structure: one highly homogenous factor (5 items) reflected wanted effects of the drug and displayed a bimodal distribution; one factor (3 items) reflected side effects. One item concerned the perceived control over one's drug treatment, which is a key clinical issue. One item was conceptually ambiguous and displayed no correlations with the other items. On the basis of the results we suggest cut-off scores which indicate the need for three kinds of adherence-improving interventions. Summing up, by dropping one item and using a Likert scale response format, the resulting instrument, DAI-9, appears to be an easy-to-use self-report instrument for monitoring drug attitudes and to identify needs for treatment adherence interventions among seriously ill patients.

The purpose of this study was to explore how persons with severe mental illness (SMI) experience oral health problems (especially dry mouth), and weigh the support they received in this regard from professionals and staff at community-based congregate housing through a controlled intervention programme. Oral health problems and dry mouth are found in association with apathy and indifference, cognitive deficits, and long-term medication with psycho-pharmacological drugs. The present study describes the results from one part of a longitudinal intervention programme, which sought effective ways of mitigating dry mouth through increased support with oral health problems. This part consists of 67 informal interviews with ten participants in two community-based urban housing projects between November 2006 and June 2007, with a follow-up session in December 2007. Content analysis of the results yielded five categories: The shame of having poor dental health, history of dental care, experiences of self-care, handling of oral health problems, and experiences of staff support. Poor oral health caused shame and limited participation in social activities. Participants avoided oral health issues by such circumventions as denial of a tooth ache or dental infections, or postponing oral problems with the hope that they would die away. Offers of support were frequently resisted because of unsatisfactory prior encounters with dental professionals and staff. Our findings suggest that self-care needs to be facilitated in an unobtrusive manner with minimal staff involvement, and clients should be referred to dental care providers experienced in treating people with SMI.

Research related to oral health in people with mental health problems may deepen our understanding of the quality of life of such individuals. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between oral status, health perceptions and life satisfaction, and their impacts on oral health-related quality of life (OHQoL). Data were collected from 113 patients in outpatient psychiatric care using a structured interview and an oral examination. Six multivariate models (one comprising the total population, three separate diagnostic groups, and two sex groups) investigated the variance in OHQoL. In the total population, the number of teeth, subjective life satisfaction, perception of physical health, sex, and relying on chance accounted for 40% of the variance. In the group consisting of patients diagnosed with schizophrenia 41% of the variance was explained by the variables 'number of teeth' and 'perception of physical health'. In the group diagnosed with mood disorders, the variable 'number of teeth' accounted for 58% of the variance. The variance in the remaining group of diagnoses was explained, up to 38%, by life satisfaction and reliance on chance. The sex models revealed significant differences: men considered the responsibility of caring for their oral health as a health matter, while women saw oral health as a more subjective issue. The perception of OHQoL was found to be dependent on the particular psychiatric diagnosis and sex. Such findings can be of use in the development of rehabilitation, as well as preventive strategies that could be individually tailored to maintain OHQoL and oral health.

OBJECTIVES: The relationship between oral health and various aspects of quality of life has gone uninvestigated in psychiatric populations. The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation between the Oral Health Impact Profile-14 and subjective quality of life, perceptions about general health, and self-related variables. METHODS: A structured interview constructed from validated instruments was administered to 113 consumers attending outpatient psychiatric care. RESULTS: A lower perceived oral health-related quality of life had a correlation with decreased ratings of subjective quality of life, general health disabilities, and chance and internal locus of control. CONCLUSIONS: Correlations between subjective and general health-related quality of life and oral health-related quality of life had not been detected in this group before. In order to improve mental health consumers' total perceived quality of life, oral health problems should be regularly addressed in the course of psychiatric care.

Impaired mental health has been associated with an increased need for dental care. Population surveys have indicated that people with enduring mental health problems make less frequent planned visits to the dentist and report a greater number of missing teeth than the general population. The study aims to examine oral health status, attendance to dental care, and medication in an outpatient psychiatric sample. A descriptive study combining a structured interview with a visual oral examination carried out in 113 outpatients under psychiatric care. Dental health was described in terms of sound, missing and/or filled teeth, and showed a relation between these categories and types of psychiatric diagnosis, age and numbers of antidepressant and neuroleptic drugs. Oral hygiene was found to be more neglected among men and in patients with the diagnosis of schizophrenia. The need of dental treatment was widespread, although regular dental visits were commonly reported. In order to maintain good oral health, regular dental check-ups should be encouraged for patients under psychiatric care. Further studies are required to reveal contributory causes for/to decreased oral health. The difficulty such individuals have in maintaining additional self-efficacy raises questions about the necessity for oral health interventions in outpatient psychiatric services.

Oral health has generally improved in Sweden over the past 30 years. Investigations of living conditions have indicated that people with chronic mental health problems requiring psychiatric services diverge from that pattern. Research into oral health-related quality of life in this group might enhance our knowledge of the relationship between oral health, health perceptions, life satisfaction, and oral status, and its impact on quality of life in people with mental health problems. It could contribute to the description and broaden the understanding of the concept quality of life. The overall aims of this thesis were to describe oral health and oral health-related quality of life in persons attending psychiatric outpatient services; and to investigate oral health in relation to its biological aspects and perceived quality of life, including self-related variables and social aspects. Additional aims were to describe how persons with severe mental illness perceive oral health problems and to analyze the support they receive in counteracting dry mouth. The population studied consisted of 113 persons attending outpatient psychiatric services who voluntarily underwent a visual oral examination and a structured interview monitoring different aspects of life. Ten persons took part in a longitudinal investigation of how people with severe mental illness perceive oral health problems and support by means of regular visits aimed to evaluate the increase of such support. The findings showed that people in the total cohort were missing an average of 2.4 teeth. Poor oral hygiene was found in 41% of the group and 44% had objective signs of dry mouth. Seventy percent were assessed to be in need of some kind of dental treatment: 50% were overdue for scaling and polishing, 13% required more extensive dental treatment, and in 7% the need was acute. Routine dental visits were not uncommon: 75% had visited the dentist during the last year. Use of psychopharmceuticals was prevalent: 65% reported taking two or more prescribed 10 drugs. The investigation improved the understanding of psychological aspects associated with oral health among those studied, and showed measurably lower scores on life satisfaction items than is found in the general population. Analyses of the relationships between perceived oral health-related quality of life and biological and psychological factors demonstrated a correlation with numbers of teeth, type of psychiatric diagnosis, and gender. In the study population, number of teeth, life satisfaction, perceived physical health, and gender were found important. In relation to the psychiatric diagnoses, number of teeth was a significant factor in participants diagnosed with mood disorders and within the schizophrenia spectra. In participants diagnosed with anxiety and other psychiatric diagnoses, life satisfaction and reliance on chance were significant. The perception of health explained the variance in males. To females, number of teeth, life satisfaction, dental fear, and reliance on chance were also significant factors. In the study describing experience of oral health and perceived support, the result was illustrated by five categories: feelings and experiences related to poor oral health, experiences of dental care, experience of self-care, strategies for handling poor oral health, and experience of support. Oral health was important to the informants’ ability to relate to their social environment. A compromised dental status caused feelings of shame and stigma. Dental care revealed positive as well as negative experiences associated with the provider’s ability to meet the informant’s special needs. Strategies for dealing with poor oral health were mostly circumventions and were at best given ad-hoc solutions. Receiving support in oral health matters from staff was almost perceived as offensive; oral care reminders were often disregarded in an apparent assertion of the autonomy of informants, even though such behaviour could have negative consequences for their health. In conclusion, the findings showed that dental status, expressed as numbers of missing teeth, was higher for those attending psychiatric outpatient services than in a general population. The need for prophylactic dental treatment was considerable, suggesting that oral health issues need to receive increased attention during the course of psychiatric care in order to treat the whole patient. Experiences of oral health-related quality of life are of importance to the total appreciation of quality of life in an individual. This study might also contribute to the understanding of health problems in an outpatient psychiatric population since the perception of oral health-related quality of life was found to be dependent on the particular psychiatric diagnosis and gender. Questions regarding oral health in people with severe mental illness need to receive increased interest from dental, psychiatric, and social services in order to encourage self-care and enhance the autonomy of individuals.