The paper explores the factors driving Outward Foreign Direct Investment (OFDI) by Emerging multinational enterprisess (EMNEs) and the patterns of knowledge transfer in six cases of EMNEs from three BRICS’ economies (India, China and South Africa). It found that there are significant differences between the OFDI from EMNEs and Developed multinational enterprise (DMNEs), which cannot be explained by using traditional FDI models. The way that EMNEs enter and operate in developed and developing countries are different. Knowledge transfers between EMNEs and developing host economies are predominantly one way and the former transfers more technology and knowledge than they gain. In the case of EMNEs and developed host economies, the knowledge and technology transfers appears to be more evenly matched, a two-way street benefitting both parties. The paper makes two major contributions: (i) it attempts to identify and distinguish the factors driving OFDI and patterns of knowledge transfer of OFDI from EMNEs and shows how they differ from DMNEs; (ii) it highlights aspects of OFDI by EMNEs such as expansion into countries outside their respective regions, and different patterns of technology and knowledge transfer in the South and North respectively.

The proliferation of cloud resources among organizations has had numerous benefits with regard to how business processes are conducted. However, despite the benefits, the cloud has not been very resilient due to how it is distributed and its open nature. Due to this, there have been numerous reports on how the security of organizational information has been compromised. In any organization, Digital Forensic Readiness (DFR) is employed as a pre-incident phase whose aim is to maximize the use of Potential Digital Evidence (PDE) while minimizing the cost of performing a Digital Forensic Investigation (DFI). Therefore, it is on this premise that this paper makes a contribution to the architectural design of a Cloud Forensic Readiness as-a-Service (CFRaaS) that uses a Non-Malicious Botnet (NMB) solution as a forensic agent. The authors argue that the architectural design of a CFRaaS is an important aspect, which brings out the requirements that are needed in order for the cloud to be forensically ready for digital investigations when a modified NMB acting as an Agent-Based Solution (ABS) is used. To support this claim, the authors have identified important dependencies and indicators that will provide a synergistic relationship while coming up with CFRaaS design decisions. The main objective of this paper is to present the requirements, design and implementation for achieving DFR in the cloud using a CFRaaS. This study complies with the ISO/IEC 27043: 2015 international standard which presents guidelines for Information Technology, Security Techniques and Incident Investigation Principles and Processes. The result of the study has indicated that it is possible to achieve DFR in the cloud environment using a botnet with modified functionalities.

Today’s developments in the literature about the global networks of firms emphasize not only global production networks (GPNs) but also global innovation networks (GINs). However, the differences, commonalities and interaction between firms’ GINs and GPNs have not been theoretically and empirically clarified. Using case studies and social network analysis, this paper aims to capture the network characteristics of two case study firms’ GINs and GPNs. The findings show that these firms’ GINs and GPNs interact and are different in terms of network composition and network centralization, but are similar in terms of pattern of ties. Despite this, the GIN-GPN interaction, differences and commonality of one firm clearly differ from that of the other. The paper argues that theoretically considering the GIN and GPN as two different but interwoven layers of a firm’s global value creation network may provide better conceptual clarity for understanding management issues in the context of globalization. In addition, this paper discusses management implications for simultaneously managing firms’ globalization strategy for innovation and production as well as the theoretical implication for international business and globalization studies. It also suggests a knowledge base perspective for future research to understand better the dynamics of firms’ GINs and GPNs.