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Maxillofacial cone beam computed tomography (CBCT): aspetcs on optimisation
Malmö högskola, Faculty of Odontology (OD).
2017 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [sv]

Inom odontologisk såväl som inom medicinsk radiologi sker en snabb utveckling av nya tekniker. Nya metoder för att kunna diagnosticera och följa sjukdomsförlopp över tid introduceras. Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) är en sådan ny teknik, som introducerades inom odontologin under sent 1990-tal. Tekniken innebär att man får en avbildning av kroppen i genomskärning i tre mot varandra vinkelräta plan. Efter en långsam start med få fabrikanter och typer av CBCT-maskiner har antalet tillverkare och modeller ökat och en snabb spridning av tekniken har skett. CBCT kan ge en utökad och bättre diagnostisk information än konventionell röntgenteknik, men till priset av högre stråldos. Eftersom utveckling av nya tekniker liksom försäljning av ny apparatur går snabbare än forskning som undersöker nyttan med de nya teknikerna, är det angeläget att vetenskapligt utvärdera i vilken utsträckning nya tekniker är till nytta för de patienter som undersöks. Alla undersökningar som görs med röntgenstrålning ska vara berättigade och optimerade dvs utföras med lägsta möjliga stråldos för en specifik klinisk frågeställning. Därför är det viktigt att forskning som rör nya tekniker beaktar olika aspekter av optimering av undersökningar som utförs vid olika kliniska indikationer. Denna avhandling behandlar några aspekter av hur undersökningar med CBCT kan optimeras. I det första delarbetet gjordes en systematisk granskning av den vetenskapliga litteratur som publicerats då det gäller hur stora stråldoser som en undersökning med CBCT av tänder, käkar och ansiktsskelett ger upphov till, samt hur dessa stråldoser beräknas. För att hitta all relevant litteratur gjordes en sökning i tre databaser vilket resulterade i att över 700 publikationer identifierades. Efter en första genomgång kvarstod 38 publikationer som handlade om dosmätningar vid CBCT undersökningar av tänder, käkar och ansiktsskelett. Få studier beskrev i tillräcklig omfattning hur stråldoser beräknats, vilka protokoll och mätmetoder som använts. Likaså var beskrivningen av hur stråldoser relateras till kvalitén på de röntgenbilder som undersökningen resulterade i, mestadels knapphändig. Det behövs mer forskning som beskriver hur beräkningar av stråldoser sker samt hur man kan använda den lägsta möjliga stråldosen för att uppnå den kvalitén på röntgenbilderna som är optimal för en given klinisk frågeställning. En modell för vilka parametrar som är nödvändiga vid rapportering av uppmätt stråldos för CBCT undersökningar av tänder, käkar och ansiktsskelett föreslås. Syftet med det andra delarbetet var att testa en metod för att beräkna stråldos, som inte tidigare använts i nämnvärd utsträckning för odontologiska undersökningar. Denna metod innebär att en röntgenkänslig film placeras i ett fantom som är sammansatt av material vilka simulerar biologisk vävnad. Stråldosen från tre CBCT apparater från olika tillverkare beräknades för tre olika kliniska frågeställningar. Därutöver jämfördes de uppmätta stråldoserna från de tre CBCT apparaterna med doser från tre konventionella röntgenapparater som ger två dimensionella bilder av tänder och käkar sk panoramaröntgenbilder. Stråldoserna från CBCT apparaterna varierade beroende på strålfält, samt energi och mängd av röntgenstrålning för de olika undersökningarna och var generellt högre än de uppmätta stråldoserna från panoramaröntgenapparaterna. I det tredje delarbetet var målet att relatera stråldos till bildkvalitet för en specifik klinisk frågeställning och en specifik CBCT apparat. Stråldoser uppmättes med en DAP-meter och bildkvalité utvärderades såväl fysikaliskt (objektivt) som subjektivt. För beräkning av den objektiva bildkvalitén användes ett fantom som tagits fram i ett tidigare EU-finansierat projekt (SEDENTEXCT) och för bedömning av den subjektiva bildkvalitén användes att fantom som var sammansatt av material liknande biologisk vävnad. Från resultaten av denna studie kunde ett undersökningsprotokoll föreslås för undersökning av tänder och omgivande vävnad som ger den bästa bildkvalitén med lägsta möjliga stråldos. I det fjärde delarbetet användes röntgenbilder tagna på unga individer som skulle genomgå behandling för att korrigera snedställda tänder. En sådan tandreglerings behandling kan ge upphov till vissa icke önskvärda sidoeffekter så som förkortade tandrötter och/eller att den benvävnad som omger tänderna till viss del blir förstörd. Det kan därför vara viktigt att utföra röntgenundersökningar på denna patientgrupp både innan behandlingen påbörjas och vid uppföljningar av behandlingen. Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur olika bedömare identifierar och mäter anatomiska strukturer (tandrötter och den benvävnad som omger tänderna) i röntgenbilder från CBCT undersökningar och jämföra med mätningar i röntgenbilder från två konventionella tekniker. Sex bedömare granskade röntgenbilderna och utförde mätningarna. Resultatet visar att i röntgenbilder från CBCT undersökningen var det lättare att identifiera de anatomiska strukturerna än i röntgenbilderna från de konventionella teknikerna. Likaså var samstämmigheten mellan och inom bedömare högst för CBCT undersökningen då det gäller mätning av rötternas längd. Då det gäller mätning av benvävnaden runt tänderna fanns ingen skillnad mellan de olika teknikerna. Sammanfattningsvis visar denna avhandling att det saknas studier av hög kvalitet då det gäller mätning av stråldos relaterat till optimal objektiv och subjektiv bildkvalitet för givna kliniska frågeställningar. Vidare förslås en modell som innehåller nödvändiga parametrar för att rapportera uppmätt stråldos vid undersökning med CBCT av tänder, käkar och ansiktsskelett. Ett protokoll för CBCT undersökning av tänder och omgivande benvävnad som ger bästa möjliga bildkvalitet med minsta möjliga stråldos föreslås liksom vilka aspekter som bör beaktas i vetenskapliga studier för röntgenologisk kartläggning av icke-önskvärda effekter av tandregleringsbehandling.

Abstract [en]

Maxillofacial Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) has become a common modality for imaging of the facial skeleton. The increased, and sometimes inappropriate, use of this modality and the fact that radi-ation doses from CBCT examinations are generally higher than those from conventional radiography will result in an increase in the radiation dose and radiation-associated risk to which patients are exposed. There-fore, the radiation protection principles, justification and optimisation of protection, recommended by the International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) should be applied. Justification of clinical indication is the most important aspect of reducing radiation dose with CBCT scanning. In terms of optimisation, the examination should be performed exposing the patient to the lowest possible radiation dose whilst simultaneously obtaining the image quality required for the diagnostic task. The overall objective of this thesis was to clarify some aspects of optimisation for CBCT examinations. STUDY I comprised a systematic review with the aim to estimate effec-tive dose of CBCT of the facial skeleton with focus on measurement methods and scanning protocols that were used when measuring and es-timating the radiation dosage and effective doses range. The review ad-hered to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews (PRISMA) statement. Three electronic databases were searched and 38 studies ultimately met the inclusion criteria. Heterogeneity in measurement methods and scanning protocols between studies made comparisons of effective doses of different CBCT units and scanning protocols difficult. A model with minimum data set on important parameters based on this observation of heterogeneity was proposed. Few studies related ef-fective dose to image quality and consequently the review revealed a need for studies on radiation dosages related to image quality. STUDY II demonstrated the feasibility of GafChromic® film XR-QA2 (ISP Corp., Wayne, NJ) as a dosimeter when performing measurements of the effective dose from three different CBCT units and comparing doses from 3 common dental clinical situations. The CBCT units used were Veraviewepocs 3De® (J Morita MFG Corp., Kyoto, Japan), Pro-Max® 3D (Planmeca, Helsinki, Finland) and NewTom VGi® (Quantita-tive Radiology, Verona, Italy). Depending on availability, medium and smaller field of view (FOV) scanning modes were used. Additionally, radiation doses from the three CBCT units were compared with radia-tion doses from three digital panoramic units. GafChromic XR-QA2 films were placed between selected layers of the head and neck of a tis-sue-equivalent human skull (RANDO® phantom; The Phantom Labora-tory, Salem, NY). The effective dose was estimated using the 2007 ICRP formalism. The lowest effective dose of a CBCT unit was observed for ProMax 3D, FOV 4 X 5 cm (10 µSv), the highest for NewTom VGi, FOV 8 X 8 cm—high resolution (129 µSv). The range of effective doses for panoramic units measured was 8-14 µSv. STUDY III investigated the relationship between dose and image quali-ty for 3D Accuitomo® 170 CBCT scanner (J. Morita, Kyoto, Japan) us-ing 12 different scanning protocols for assessment of periodontal struc-tures. The SedentexCT IQ phantom (Leeds Test Objects Ltd, Borough-bridge, UK) was used to investigate the relationship between contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) and dose–area product (DAP). Subjective image quality assessment was achieved using a small adult skull phantom (RANDO®; The Phantom Laboratory, Salem, NY) for the same range of exposure settings. Five independent raters assessed the images for three anatomical landmarks using a three-point visual grade analysis. Objective and subjective image quality was evaluated and correlated to radiation dose. By altering tube potential and current for the 360° rotation protocol, the conclusion was reached that assessment of periodontal structures can be performed with a smaller dose without substantially affecting visualisation. STUDY IV comprised a clinical study of ten adolescents with the aim of evaluating the reliability of measurements of root lengths and marginal bone levels in CBCT images, and periapical (PA) and bitewing radiographs (BW). Six raters performed all available measurements. CBCT was the most reliable imaging method for root length meas-urements while reliability for marginal bone level measurements was about the same for all methods.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Malmö University, Faculty of Odontology , 2017. , p. 97
Series
Doctoral Dissertation in Odontology
Keywords [en]
CBCT, OPTIMISATION, DOSAGE
National Category
Dentistry
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-7750DOI: 10.24834/2043/23279Local ID: 23279ISBN: 9789171047816 (print)ISBN: 9789171047809 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:mau-7750DiVA, id: diva2:1404691
Note

Paper IV in dissertation as manuscript.

Available from: 2020-02-28 Created: 2020-02-28 Last updated: 2024-03-18Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Effective dose of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) of the facial skeleton: a systematic review
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Effective dose of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) of the facial skeleton: a systematic review
Show others...
2015 (English)In: British Journal of Radiology, ISSN 0007-1285, E-ISSN 1748-880X, Vol. 88, no 1045, article id 20140658Article, review/survey (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Objective: To estimate effective dose of cone beam CT (CBCT) of the facial skeleton with focus on measurement methods and scanning protocols. Methods: A systematic review, which adhered to the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews (PRISMA) Statement, of the literature up to April 2014 was conducted. Data sources included MEDLINE®, The Cochrane Library and Web of Science. A model was developed to underpin data extraction from 38 included studies. Results: Technical specifications of the CBCT units were insufficiently described. Heterogeneity in measurement methods and scanning protocols between studies made comparisons of effective doses of different CBCT units and scanning protocols difficult. Few studies related doses to image quality. Reported effective dose varied across studies, ranging between 9.7 and 197.0 mSv for field of views (FOVs) with height #5cm, between 3.9 and 674.0 mSv for FOVs of heights 5.1–10.0 cm and between 8.8 and 1073.0 mSv for FOVs .10 cm. There was an inconsistency regarding reported effective dose of studies of the same CBCT unit with the same FOV dimensions. Conclusion: The review reveals a need for studies on radiation dosages related to image quality. Reporting quality of future studies has to be improved to facilitate comparison of effective doses obtained from examinations with different CBCT units and scanning protocols. A model with minimum data set on important parameters based on this observation is proposed. Advances in knowledge: Data important when estimating effective dose were insufficiently reported in most studies. A model with minimum data based on this observation is proposed. Few studies related effective dose to image quality.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
British Institute of Radiology, 2015
National Category
Dentistry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-16239 (URN)10.1259/bjr.20140658 (DOI)000350879900016 ()25486387 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-84919725300 (Scopus ID)19754 (Local ID)19754 (Archive number)19754 (OAI)
Available from: 2020-03-30 Created: 2020-03-30 Last updated: 2024-02-05Bibliographically approved
2. Using GafChromic film to estimate the effective dose from dental cone beam CT and panoramic radiography
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Using GafChromic film to estimate the effective dose from dental cone beam CT and panoramic radiography
Show others...
2013 (English)In: Dento-Maxillo-Facial Radiology, ISSN 0250-832X, E-ISSN 1476-542X, Vol. 42, no 7, article id 20120343Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Objectives: To demonstrate the feasibility of GafChromic(®) XR-QA2 (ISP Corp., Wayne, NJ) as a dosemeter when performing measurements of the effective dose from three cone beam CT (CBCT) units and to compare the doses from examinations of three common dental clinical situations. A second aim was to compare the radiation doses for three digital panoramic units with the doses for the CBCT units. METHODS: The CBCT units used were Veraviewepocs 3De(®) (J Morita MFG Corp., Kyoto, Japan), ProMax(®) 3D (Planmeca, Helsinki, Finland) and NewTom VGi(®) (Quantitative Radiology, Verona, Italy). GafChromic XR-QA2 films were placed between the selected layers of the head and neck of a tissue-equivalent human skull (RANDO(®) phantom; The Phantom Laboratory, Salem, NY). The exposure parameters were set using the automatic exposure control function of the units. Depending on the availability, medium and smaller field of view (FOV) scanning modes were used. The effective dose was estimated using the 2007 International Commission on Radiological Protection formalism. RESULTS: The lowest effective dose of a CBCT unit was observed for ProMax 3D, FOV 4 × 5 cm (10 μSv), the highest for NewTom VGi, FOV 8 × 8 cm-high resolution (129 μSv). The range of effective doses for digital panoramic machines measured was 8-14 μSv. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates the feasibility of using radiochromic films for dental CBCT and panoramic dosimetry.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
British Institute of Radiology, 2013
Keywords
RADIATION DOSAGE, CONE BEAM COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY, FILM DOSIMETRY
National Category
Dentistry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-6231 (URN)10.1259/dmfr.20120343 (DOI)000321795100002 ()23610090 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-84880863603 (Scopus ID)17545 (Local ID)17545 (Archive number)17545 (OAI)
Available from: 2020-02-28 Created: 2020-02-28 Last updated: 2024-02-05Bibliographically approved
3. Dose optimization for assessment of periodontal structures in cone beam CT examinations
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Dose optimization for assessment of periodontal structures in cone beam CT examinations
2017 (English)In: Dento-Maxillo-Facial Radiology, ISSN 0250-832X, E-ISSN 1476-542X, Vol. 46, no 3, article id 20160311Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the relationship between dose and image quality for a dedicated dental CBCT scanner using different scanning protocols and to set up an optimal imaging protocol for assessment of periodontal structures. METHODS: Radiation dose and image quality measurements were made using 3D Accuitomo 170 (J. Morita, Kyoto, Japan) dental CBCT scanner. The SedentexCT IQ phantom was used to investigate the relationship between contrast-to-noise ratio (CNR) and dose-area product. Subjective image quality assessment was achieved using a small adult skull phantom for the same range of exposure settings. Five independent observers assessed the images for three anatomical landmarks using a three-point visual grade analysis. RESULTS: When correlating the CNR of each scanning protocol to the exposure parameters used to obtain it, CNR decreased as these parameters decreased, especially current-exposure time product. When correlating to subjective image quality, the CNR level remained acceptable when 5 mA and 17.5 s or greater was selected and 80 kV could be used without compromising the CNR. CONCLUSIONS: For a dedicated CBCT unit, changing the rotation angle from 360 degrees to 180 degrees degrades image quality. By altering tube potential and current for the 360 degrees rotation protocol, assessment of periodontal structures can be performed with a smaller dose without substantially affecting visualization.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
British institute of radiology, 2017
Keywords
methods, diagnostic imaging
National Category
Dentistry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-5913 (URN)10.1259/dmfr.20160311 (DOI)000395933400004 ()27910717 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85015243028 (Scopus ID)27330 (Local ID)27330 (Archive number)27330 (OAI)
Available from: 2020-02-28 Created: 2020-02-28 Last updated: 2024-11-19Bibliographically approved
4. Measurability and reliability of assessments of root length and marginal bone level in cone beam CT and intraoral radiography: a study of adolescents
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Measurability and reliability of assessments of root length and marginal bone level in cone beam CT and intraoral radiography: a study of adolescents
Show others...
2019 (English)In: Dento-Maxillo-Facial Radiology, ISSN 0250-832X, E-ISSN 1476-542X, Vol. 48, no 5, p. 1-9, article id 20180368Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Objectives: To evaluate measurability and reliability of measurements of root length and marginal bone level in CBCT, periapical (PA) and bitewing (BW) radiographs. Methods: CBCT of both jaws, PA of maxillary incisors and posterior BW radiographs of 10 adolescents (mean age 13.4) were selected. The radiographs comprised part of the baseline examinations of a trial of orthodontic treatment. Six raters assessed measurability and measured root length and marginal bone level. Three raters repeated their assessments. Measurability was expressed as frequency of interpretable sites and reliability as intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Results: Measurability was 100 % in CBCT and 95 % in PA of maxillary incisors for root length measurements. For marginal bone level, measurability was 100 % in CBCT, 76 % in PA and 86 % in posterior BW. Mean ICC for interrater reliability for root length measurements in CBCT was 0.88 (range 0.27-0.96 among different teeth) and 0.69 in PA of maxillary incisors. For marginal bone level measurements, mean ICC was 0.4 in CBCT, 0.38 in PA of maxillary incisors and 0.4 in posterior BW. Intrarater reliability varied among methods, root length or marginal bone level and among raters, except for root length measurements in CBCT, which presented high reliability (above 0.8) for all raters. Conclusions: As measurability and reliability were high for root length measurements in CBCT, this may be the method of choice for scientific analyses in orthodontics. For clinical praxis, we recommend PA following the "as low as diagnostically acceptable" principle, as clinical decisions seem to be influenced only when severe root resorption occurs.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
British Institute of Radiology, 2019
Keywords
radiography, dental, cone-beam computed tomography, humans, orthodontics, reproducibility of results
National Category
Dentistry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-6298 (URN)10.1259/dmfr.20180368 (DOI)000472610600004 ()30794436 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85068493191 (Scopus ID)30243 (Local ID)30243 (Archive number)30243 (OAI)
Available from: 2020-02-28 Created: 2020-02-28 Last updated: 2024-06-17Bibliographically approved

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