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Oral Health Status Changes in Older Populations over Time and Association between Periodontitis and Mortality
Malmö University, Faculty of Odontology (OD).
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Oral health is an essential part of general health and well-being and is particularly important for older populations. As life expectancy increases and more individuals retain their natural teeth into old age, the risk of rapid deterioration in oral health status may increase due to age-related physiological changes, a challenge that may be exacerbated in individuals with more remaining teeth. Understanding changes in oral health status in older individuals and its potential association with mortality is therefore of importance. The overall aim of this thesis was to investigate changes in oral health status over time in older populations through population-based studies and to explore the association between periodontitis and mortality. The specific aims were: I) to analyze the oral health status of four different birth cohorts: two cohorts of 60-year-olds born in 1941–1943 and 1954–1955 and two cohorts of 81-year-olds born in 1920–1922 and 1933–1934; II) to investigate the oral health status in 60-year-old individuals over 12 years; III) to compare periodontal status in an older population during an 18-year follow-up period; and IV) to investigate the association between periodontitis and mortality among an older population over a 23-year period. The sample was based on the participants in the Swedish National Study on Aging and Care in Karlskrona, Blekinge (SNAC-B). All studies (I–IV) used clinical and radiographic data obtained from examinations performed by dental hygienists in SNAC-B. The clinical data were number of teeth and intact teeth, dental implants, removable prosthesis, root residuals, buccal/lingual manifest caries, bleeding on probing (BOP), periodontal pocket depths (PPD) and mucosal plaque index (MPI). Radiographic panoramic data were used to identify and record the number of teeth, presence of root residuals, root fillings, approximal manifest caries and the distance between alveolar bone level and cementoenamel junction (CEJ). Radiographic images were evaluated by periodontists. The definition of periodontitis was consistent across all four studies as follows: BOP ≥ 10% + PPD ≥ 5 mm at ≥ 2 surfaces + bone loss ≥5 mm in at least 10% of the surfaces. Age and sex were included as background variables in Studies I and II. In Study III, education level and smoking status were also included and in Study IV, medication use (polypharmacy) and financial resources (cash margin) were included as covariates. In Study I, a cross-sectional design was employed, comparing oral health status between cohorts of 60- and 81-year-olds in 2001- 2003 and corresponding cohorts examined in 2014–2015. In Studies II–IV, a prospective longitudinal study design was applied, in which the same individuals were followed for 12, 18 and 23 years, respectively. In Study IV, periodontal status data were obtained at baseline only, while participants were followed longitudinally for mortality over a 23-year period.

Cross-sectional analyses in Study I showed that, in both the 60- and 81-year-old groups, a higher proportion of participants retained their natural teeth in 2014– 2015 compared with 2001–2003. This was accompanied by an increase in the mean number of remaining teeth, as well as intact teeth in both age groups. Among individuals aged 81 years, later examinations also demonstrated a marked reduction in the use of removable prostheses, together with a higher prevalence of deep PPD ≥ 6 mm and radiographically assessed alveolar bone loss ≥ 5 mm. In the longitudinal follow-up of the same participants (Studies II and III), the mean number of remaining teeth declined by approximately 1.5 teeth. In Study II, the proportion of individuals with at least 20 teeth or more also significantly decreased between the ages of 60 and 72 years, while the mean number of dental implants significantly increased. Manifest buccal/lingual and approximal caries showed only a minor but significant increase at 72 years of age. Periodontal variables, including BOP, alveolar bone level ≥ 5 mm and periodontitis, significantly increased in both Study II and III. In Study III, regression analyses demonstrated, independent of age and sex, that education ≤ 9 years and smoking were significantly associated with higher odds of periodontitis. In Study IV, Cox regression analysis was applied, with adjustment for covariates and periodontitis definition. Over a 23-year follow-up, individuals with periodontitis at baseline had a significantly increased risk of mortality, an association that persist after controlling for sex, medication use and cash margin.

In summary, cross-sectional analyses show that older individuals increasingly retain their natural teeth into advanced age; however, periodontal conditions tend to deteriorate with age. Longitudinal findings indicate that although tooth loss remains relatively limited, the number of dental implants increases over time. Caries prevalence shows only a minor increase with age, whereas periodontal deterioration becomes more pronounced. Lower educational level (≤ 9 years) and smoking are independently associated with poorer periodontal status. Furthermore, periodontitis at baseline is associated with an increased risk of mortality during long-term follow-up, independent of sex, medication use, and financial resources.

Abstract [sv]

Oral hälsa är en del av den allmänhälsan. Många äldre behåller sina egna tänder högt upp i åldern vilket är mycket positivt för individens orala hälsa och välbefinnandet. I takten med att livslängden har ökat, risken för att oral hälsa försämras snabbt ökar med, bland annat på grund av kroppens naturliga åldrande. Risken kan vara ännu större hos personer som har många tänder kvar. Det är därför viktigt att förstå hur dessa förändringar utvecklas över tid och om de kan påverka livslängden. Målet med denna avhandling är att öka denna kunskap. Det övergripande syftet med denna avhandling var att genom befolkningsbaserade studier följa förändringar i munstatus hos den äldre populationen och undersöka samband mellan parodontit och dödlighet. De specifika syftena var: I) att undersöka munstatus hos fyra olika generationer, två grupper 60 av åringar och två grupper av 81 åringar som var födda vid olika tidsperioder, II) att följa förändringar i munstatus hos personer som var 60 år vid studiestart, under en 12-årsperiod, III) att jämföra parodontala förändringar hos äldre personer under en 18-årsperiod och IV) att undersöka sambandet mellan parodontit och dödlighet hos äldre personer under en 23-årsuppföljningsperiod. Data till avhandlingens delarbeten är hämtade från Swedish National Study on Aging and Care (SNAC) i Karlskrona, Blekinge. Ett syfte med SNAC är att samla in individbaserade data över tid för att studera åldrandet och hälsa. Kliniska och röntgenologiska undersökningar av munhälsa utfördes av legitimerade tandhygienister medan specialisttandläkare granskade röntgenbilder. De kliniska variablerna som användes för att undersöka munstatus var förekomst av tänder, intakta tänder, dentala implantat, avtagbara proteser, rotrester, kariesangrepp, tandköttsblödning och fickdjup. De röntgenologiska variablerna omfattade förekomst av rotfyllningar, rotrester, kariesangrepp mellan tänderna och benförlust runt tänderna. Bakgrundsvariabler som användes var ålder, kön, rökning, utbildning, kontantmarginal (ekonomisk förutsättning, att inom en vecka ha tillgång till 14 000 kronor för oförutsedda utgifter) och polyfarmaci (användning av ≥ 5 läkemedel). Valet av variablerna i respektive studie baserades på studiernas syfte och metod. Samma definition av parodontit tillämpades i samtliga studier. Definitionen baserades på procent av blödning i tandköttet som skulle vara ≥ 10%, fickdjup ≥ 5 mm på två icke närstående tänder och benförlust runtom tänderna ≥ 5 mm.

Resultatet visar att de båda senare kohorterna i åldern 60 och 81 år behåller sina egna tänder i större utsträckning jämfört med de båda tidigare kohorterna i samma ålder. Såväl antalet kvarvarande som antalet intakta tänder ökade över tid hos dem. Bland 81-åringar minskade förekomsten av avtagbara proteser. Däremot visade denna åldersgrupp djupare tandköttsfickor (≥ 6 mm) och ökad benförlust runt tänderna (Studie I). När samma personer följdes över tid (12 år respektive 18 år), minskade antal egna tänder med 1,5 tänder (Studie II respektive III) medan användning av dentala implantat ökade (Studie II). Skillnaden i kariesangrepp ökade inte dramatiskt över tid men skillnaderna var statistisk säkerställda (Studie II). Tandlossning blev vanligare med stigande ålder och personer med kortare utbildning samt rökare hade en högre risk att drabbas av parodontit oberoende av kön och ålder (Studie III). Långtidsuppföljningen visade även att äldre personer med parodontit dog tidigare jämfört med personer utan parodontit, även efter justering för kön, läkemedelsanvändning och ekonomiska förutsättningar (Studie IV).

Sammanfattningsvis visar resultaten att många äldre i dag behåller sina egna tänder långt upp i åldrarna. Samtidigt försämras tandköttets och de stödjande vävnadernas hälsa med stigande ålder, vilket kan leda till djupare tandköttsfickor och ökad risk för parodontit som i sin tur kan påverka livslängden negativt.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Malmö: Malmö University Press , 2026. , p. 72
Series
Malmö University Odontological Dissertations, ISSN 1650-6065, E-ISSN 2004-9307
National Category
Odontology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-84023DOI: 10.24834/isbn.9789178777303ISBN: 978-91-7877-729-7 (print)ISBN: 978-91-7877-730-3 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:mau-84023DiVA, id: diva2:2057627
Public defence
2004-05-29, Odontologiska fakulteten, Klerken 2370 Aula, Smedjegatan 16, Malmö, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2026-05-05 Created: 2026-05-05 Last updated: 2026-05-12Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Oral health status among 60-year-old individuals born in 1941-1943 and 1954-1955 and 81-year-old individuals born in 1922-1924 and 1933-1934, respectively: a cross-sectional study
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Oral health status among 60-year-old individuals born in 1941-1943 and 1954-1955 and 81-year-old individuals born in 1922-1924 and 1933-1934, respectively: a cross-sectional study
Show others...
2022 (English)In: Clinical Oral Investigations, ISSN 1432-6981, E-ISSN 1436-3771, Vol. 26, p. 6733-6742Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to analyze the oral health status of four different birth cohorts: two cohorts of 60-year-olds born in 1941-1943 and 1954-1955 and 2 cohorts of 81-year-olds born in 1920-1922 and 1933-1934.

MATERIAL AND METHODS: test.

RESULTS: More individuals were dentate in 2014-2015 compared to 2001-2003 in the two age groups: 60 and 81 years (p < 0.001 for both). The mean number of teeth increased in the 60-year-olds from 24.2 to 27.0 and in the 81-year-olds from 14.3 to 20.2. The numbers of at least one intact tooth increased for both age groups (p < 0.001 and p < 0.004, respectively). In the age groups 81 years, there was an increase in having at least one PPD ≥ 6 mm (p < 0.016) and bone loss ≥ 5 mm (p < 0.029) between the two examinations. No such differences were found in the age groups of 60 years.

CONCLUSION: Over 13 years, oral health improved for both 60- and 81-year-old age groups. The most significant changes were in the 81-year-olds where oral health had improved except for periodontal status.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: More natural teeth and impaired periodontal status potentially impact oral health and should increase focus on preventive and supportive dental care in older individuals.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer, 2022
Keywords
Aging, Epidemiology, Older, Oral health status
National Category
Dentistry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-54109 (URN)10.1007/s00784-022-04632-5 (DOI)000832824500001 ()35906339 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85141111860 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2022-08-02 Created: 2022-08-02 Last updated: 2026-05-05Bibliographically approved
2. Oral Health Status at Age 60 and 72 Years-A Longitudinal Study
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Oral Health Status at Age 60 and 72 Years-A Longitudinal Study
Show others...
2024 (English)In: International Journal of Dental Hygiene, ISSN 1601-5029, E-ISSN 1601-5037Article in journal (Refereed) Epub ahead of print
Abstract [en]

OBJECTIVE: This study investigated oral health status in 60-year-old individuals over 12 years.

MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data were obtained from The Swedish National Study on Aging and Care (SNAC). One hundred nineteen 60-year-old individuals (48% females) underwent a clinical and radiographic baseline examination (2001-2003) and follow-up examination in 2013-2015. For statistical analyses, paired t-tests and McNemar's test were performed. Statistical significance was determined at p < 0.05.

RESULTS: At the 12-year follow-up, the mean number of teeth and the proportion of individuals having ≥ 20 teeth decreased (p < 0.001). The mean number of teeth with buccal/lingual and approximal caries lesions increased (p < 0.029 and p < 0.031). Individuals with a distance from the cement-enamel junction to the bone of ≥ 5 mm increased in total (p < 0.002) and in males (p < 0.006). The prevalence of gingivitis increased in total (p < 0.001). The prevalence of periodontitis showed a significant increase in total (p < 0.043) and in females (p < 0.039).

CONCLUSION: The present study indicates that oral health status in 60-year-old individuals deteriorates over 12 years. However, the deteriorations were minor in terms of tooth loss, caries lesions, and changes in periodontal status.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
John Wiley & Sons, 2024
Keywords
caries, epidemiology, older persons, oral health, oral health status, periodontal diseases, periodontitis
National Category
Dentistry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-71717 (URN)10.1111/idh.12846 (DOI)001336168800001 ()39415329 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85206648829 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2024-10-22 Created: 2024-10-22 Last updated: 2026-05-12Bibliographically approved
3. Periodontal status in an older population: An 18-year longitudinal comparative study
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Periodontal status in an older population: An 18-year longitudinal comparative study
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Odontology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-84025 (URN)
Available from: 2026-05-05 Created: 2026-05-05 Last updated: 2026-05-05Bibliographically approved
4. Periodontitis and all-cause mortality in 60- and 66-year-old individuals: A 23-year prospective cohort study
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Periodontitis and all-cause mortality in 60- and 66-year-old individuals: A 23-year prospective cohort study
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Odontology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-84026 (URN)
Available from: 2026-05-05 Created: 2026-05-05 Last updated: 2026-05-05Bibliographically approved

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