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Functional divergence of MdpS and MdpS2 reveals mucin-targeting strategies in Streptococcus oralis
Malmö University, Faculty of Odontology (OD). Genovis AB.ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1605-5201
Proteomics Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-5263-2454
Proteomics Core Facility, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-2184-0960
Fischell Department of Bioengineering, University of Maryland.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3295-3346
Show others and affiliations
2025 (English)In: Journal of Oral Microbiology, E-ISSN 2000-2297, Vol. 17, no 1, article id 2571186Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Background: Mucin degradation is essential for understanding oral microbial adaptation, yet the enzymes involved remain incompletely understood. Herein, we have characterised two mucin-degrading proteases, MdpS and MdpS2, from the oral commensal Streptococcus oralis.

Materials and methods: MdpS2 was characterised using physicochemical assays and substrate profiling and was compared to MdpS. Further Mdp characterisation included structural modelling, and functional assays analysing the gene expression during biofilm growth on salivary MUC5B, enzyme-induced biofilm dispersal, and mucus degradation analysed through nanoLC-MS/MS, sedimentation profiling, and microrheology.

Results: MdpS2 shared conformational homology with MdpS despite low sequence identity and showed greater tolerance to pH and sodium chloride. Both genes were significantly upregulated during late stationary biofilm phase. MdpS and MdpS2 hydrolysed MUC5B extensively, with overlapping but distinct hydrolysis patterns. MdpS2 promoted biofilm dispersal and caused a pronounced reduction in MUC5B size and compactness. Microrheology showed selective modulation of MUC5B-rich mucus by MdpS2, while MdpS affected both MUC5B and MUC5AC networks.

Conclusions: MdpS and MdpS2 exhibit complementary biochemical and functional profiles, supporting their roles in mucin degradation and biofilm remodelling. These findings advance our understanding of how early colonizing streptococci may interact with mucosal surfaces, influence biofilm dynamics and oral ecology, and suggest potential applications in targeting mucus-related disorders.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Taylor & Francis, 2025. Vol. 17, no 1, article id 2571186
Keywords [en]
MUC5B, MdpS, MdpS2, Streptococcus oralis, biofilm dispersal, microbial adaptation, mucin degradation, mucus rheology, oral microbiome, protease.
National Category
Odontology
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-80318DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2025.2571186ISI: 001600038400001PubMedID: 41158440Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-105019949022OAI: oai:DiVA.org:mau-80318DiVA, id: diva2:2011214
Available from: 2025-11-04 Created: 2025-11-04 Last updated: 2025-11-04Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Breaking the Barrier – Insights into Mucin-Degrading Proteases in Oral Bacteria
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Breaking the Barrier – Insights into Mucin-Degrading Proteases in Oral Bacteria
2025 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Mucins are large, glycosylated proteins that form the structural backbone of mucus and play a central role in shaping microbial communities at mucosal surfaces. In the oral cavity, the predominant salivary mucin MUC5B provides structural support for biofilm formation and mediates host-microbe interactions. Deciphering how MUC5B is modulated by microbial effector molecules is key to understand how biofilms are formed, developed and reorganized.

This thesis investigates three previously uncharacterized mucin-degrading proteases — MdpL from Limosilactobacillus fermentum, and MdpS and MdpS2 from Streptococcus oralis. Using a multidisciplinary approach, this work demonstrates that the enzymes extensively degrade MUC5B in a domain-specific and functionally significant manner. Each enzyme displayed distinct physicochemical traits and substrate preferences, reflecting their ecological adaptation to different biofilm niches and highlighting the evolutionary diversity of mucin-degrading strategies.

The findings contribute to oral microbiology by linking specific enzymatic activities to MUC5B network remodeling, and biofilm dispersal. In enzymology, they introduce a novel class of mucin-targeting proteases with non-canonical activation, regulation, and substrate recognition. From a mucin biology perspective, this work challenges the glycosidase-centric model of mucin degradation and demonstrates that domain-specific proteolysis can initiate structural remodeling and changes in the physical properties of mucins.

Together, these insights reveal mucin-degrading proteases as active agents of ecological change at the host-biofilm interface and open new avenues for targeted modulation of mucus environments. The work also lays a foundation for future studies in microbial ecology, the discovery of additional Mdp-like enzymes, and a broader exploration of enzyme-driven mechanisms in biofilm development.

Abstract [sv]

Munhälsa handlar inte bara om friska tänder. Den påverkar hela din kropp och ditt välbefinnande mer än vi tidigare anat. Men vad är det egentligen som påverkar munhälsan och hur? Föreställ dig munnen som en stad uppbyggd på vatten. Saliven är floden som rinner mellan husen, och tänderna är träpålarna som håller grunden på plats. I saliven finns muciner, stora och sockerrika proteiner, som bygger upp husgrunder och broar för att forma och binda samman staden. Den viktigaste av dessa är MUC5B, som fungerar som det perfekta byggmaterialet. På det kan stadens invånare, mikroberna, bygga sina hus och tillsammans bilda samhällen — så kallade biofilmer. Den exakta sammansättningen av mikrober, deras interaktioner och uppbyggnad är avgörande för att förstå och skapa ett hälsosamt och dynamiskt samhälle. Men vilka verktyg mikroberna använder för att omforma och anpassa sig till sin omgivning vet vi förvånansvärt lite om. 

Det är här denna avhandling kommer in i bilden. Vi har identifierat och studerat tre tidigare okända enzym: MdpL, MdpS och MdpS2. De fungerar som molekylära saxar. De kan klippa sönder MUC5B på ett sätt som aldrig tidigare observerats. Enzymerna kommer från munbakterierna Limosilactobacillus fermentum och Streptococcus oralis och har olika specialiteter anpassade till sin specifika biofilmsmiljö. Särskilt MdpS2, som i samspel med MdpS, visar störst kapacitet i att bryta ner MUC5B-nätverk och främja bakteriell spridning — en strategi som kan förbättra S. oralis överlevnadsmöjligheter. 

Upptäckterna förändrar vår syn på hur munbakterier formar sin miljö och ger oss nya möjligheter att förstå vad som skapar ett hälsosamt bakteriellt samhälle. Dessutom öppnar de dörren för nya spännande och oväntade tillämpningar som kan bidra till nya terapeutiska och bioteknologiska lösningar.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Malmö University Press, 2025. p. 109
Series
Malmö University Odontological Dissertations, ISSN 1650-6065, E-ISSN 2004-9307
National Category
Odontology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-80319 (URN)10.24834/isbn.9789178776429 (DOI)978-91-7877-641-2 (ISBN)978-91-7877-642-9 (ISBN)
Public defence
2025-11-28, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2025-11-04 Created: 2025-11-04 Last updated: 2025-11-04Bibliographically approved

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Leo, FredrikSvensäter, GunnelWickström, Claes

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