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Nurse Educators' Conceptions of How They Facilitate Critical Thinking in Bachelor Nursing Students: A Phenomenographic Study
Malmö University, Faculty of Health and Society (HS), Department of Care Science (VV).ORCID iD: 0000-0002-4086-0086
Malmö University, Faculty of Health and Society (HS), Department of Care Science (VV).ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8684-2537
Department of Bachelor's in Nursing Lovisenberg Diaconal University College Oslo Norway.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-7934-6949
Malmö University, Faculty of Health and Society (HS), Department of Care Science (VV).ORCID iD: 0000-0003-0077-9061
2025 (English)In: Journal of Advanced Nursing, ISSN 0309-2402, E-ISSN 1365-2648, article id jan.70327Article in journal (Refereed) Epub ahead of print
Abstract [en]

Aim: To describe the variation in nurse educators' conceptions of how they facilitate critical thinking in bachelor nursing students.

Design: Qualitative study with a phenomenographic approach.

Methods: Data was collected through twenty‐six semi‐structured interviews with nurse educators conducted in Sweden between March and June 2024.

Results: The result of this study can be understood as five descriptive categories: Creating a safe and trustful relationship with the students, Encouraging a dialogue with the students, Using space as a tool, Using artefacts as a tool, and Using oneself as a tool.

Conclusion: The conclusion is that the facilitation of critical thinking needs to be based on a safe and trustful relationship between educators and students. Without this relationship, it is not possible to establish the central dialogue, where the educator can facilitate critical thinking through asking counterquestions and provoking the students.

Implication for the Profession: To become critical thinkers, the students need to put their knowledge and assumptions in a new light and question them. Here, the educator has a vital role in being the guide and facilitator.

Impact: The result indicated that it is vital for the educators to build a safe relationship with the students. The relationship is a precondition for the facilitative dialogue where the educators can ask reflective and provoking questions to stimulate critical thinking. Future nurses need to be prepared with critical thinking to enable evidence‐based clinical decisions both during clinical practice as well as when being registered nurses.

Reporting Method: SRQR guidelines.

Patient and Public Involvement: This study did not include patient or public involvement in its design, conduct, or reporting.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
John Wiley & Sons, 2025. article id jan.70327
Keywords [en]
conceptions, critical thinking, nurse educators, nursing, nursing education, nursing students, phenomenography, qualitative research
National Category
Nursing
Research subject
Care science
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-80221DOI: 10.1111/jan.70327ISI: 001602817100001PubMedID: 41153076Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-105020410674OAI: oai:DiVA.org:mau-80221DiVA, id: diva2:2010069
Available from: 2025-10-29 Created: 2025-10-29 Last updated: 2026-03-11Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Critical thinking in nursing education: experiences from the perspective of students and educators
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Critical thinking in nursing education: experiences from the perspective of students and educators
2025 (English)Licentiate thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Background: Critical thinking is a major component of being a professional nurse and implementing high-quality nursing care. Therefore, the development of critical thinking is central to the education of future nurses, where nurse educators have an important role in guiding the students. However, there are uncertainties regarding how critical thinking should be incorporated in the nursing education.

Aim: The aim was to describe bachelor nursing students’ and nurse educators’ experiences of teaching strategies targeting critical thinking and how critical thinking is facilitated by nurse educators.

Method: Study I was a scoping review with database searches in PubMed, CINAHL, ERIC, ERC and PsycINFO, and the included studies were quality assessed. The result was analysed through thematic analysis. Study II was a qualitative phenomenographic study including interviews with 26 nurse educators in Sweden.

Result: The compiled result of this thesis highlights two essential needs. First, there is a need for the creation of a safe atmosphere and space, including the relations between educators and students, as a prerequisite for critical thinking. Second, different strategies are needed in the facilitation of critical thinking, such as dialogues, real-life cases and scientific articles.

Discussion and conclusions: Critical thinking is not a skill that can be taught through a single explicit teaching strategy or course. It is rather an approach to students that emphasizes the importance of establishing psychological safety in the teacher–student relationship. It is, furthermore, essential that the teaching encourages communication and provides students with opportunities to challenge their knowledge and assumptions.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Malmö: Malmö University Press, 2025. p. 60
Series
FoU-rapport, ISSN 1650-2337 ; 2025:2
Keywords
critical thinking, nursing students, nurse educators, nursing education, scoping review, phenomenography
National Category
Nursing
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-80527 (URN)10.24834/isbn.9789178776924 (DOI)978-91-7877-691-7 (ISBN)978-91-7877-692-4 (ISBN)
Presentation
2025-12-16, Malmö University, room U216 at the Faculty of Health and Society,, Jan Waldenströms gata 25, Malmö, 09:15
Supervisors
Available from: 2025-11-17 Created: 2025-11-17 Last updated: 2026-01-23Bibliographically approved

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Westerdahl, FridaWennick, AnneBorglin, GunillaCarlson, Elisabeth

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