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Refining in vitro measurements of skin enzymes: catalase function and UVB effects, and regulation of ECM proteins breakdown by elastase and collagenase
Malmö University, Faculty of Health and Society (HS), Department of Biomedical Science (BMV). Malmö University, Biofilms Research Center for Biointerfaces.
2024 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

The skin is a highly complex organ with multiple functions, among which we focus on two: its enzymatic function and its role as a barrier. The stratum corneum acts as the primary barrier, protecting the organism from environmental threats, preventing water loss, and regulating permeability. Its homeostasis is maintained by an extensive enzymatic system. The skin is constantly exposed to both external and internal insults, which may lead to disorders and pathological changes often induced by oxidative stress. This state is characterized by an imbalance between the production of free radicals, primarily reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the skin’s ability to counteract or detoxify their harmful effects through neutralization by antioxidants. The antioxidant defence system in cutaneous tissues is closely interlinked and relies on both low molecular weight compounds, such as glutathione, vitamins, and urea, as well as antioxidant enzymes.

Catalases are a crucial group of proteins for neutralizing ROS, with their primary role being the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into harmless water and molecular oxygen. Hydrogen peroxide is a harmful byproduct of various biological processes, including cellular respiration and immune responses, and is thus ubiquitous. In this thesis, we investigated the antioxidant function of catalase by advancing the methodology for measuring catalase activity, building on standard techniques. We used one electrochemical method, relying on chronoamperometry with an oxygen electrode, and one spectrophotometric method, as presented in Paper I. Furthermore, in Paper II, we conducted a comprehensive study examining the effect of UVB light on the catalase activity and its structural properties. This study also investigates the effect of UVB radiation on the molecular organization of protein and lipid components of the SC. Furthermore, Paper III presents a fast and accurate chronoamperometric technique for detecting catalase activity in complex biological samples. Enzyme activity was measured in skin-related samples, including keratinocytes, stratum corneum with varying melanin levels, and defatted algae biomass (DAB) from

Phaeodactylum tricornutum to evaluate this material as a potential redox- balancing agent that supports the skin's natural antioxidant barrier.

Paper IV focuses on proteases, specifically collagenase and elastase, whose activity is crucial for the proper functioning of the dermis. These enzymes play a key role in the reorganization of the extracellular matrix (ECM), a complex network of macromolecules essential for maintaining tissue architecture, mediating cellular functions, and facilitating cell communication. Elevated protease activity has been linked to oxidative stress and is detrimental to the dermis, which is primarily composed of ECM. The upregulation of protease activity is also identified as a contributing factor to intrinsic skin aging and photoaging. In Paper IV, the aim was to develop substrate models of the two key structural ECM proteins, collagen and elastin, and to investigate the proteolytic activity of collagenase and elastase in a realistic manner. To achieve this, quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring and local surface plasmon resonance were employed to obtain complementary information on the rates of ECM proteins hydrolysis and changes in their viscoelastic properties.

This research was conducted as part of the ComBine project, which involves training industrial doctoral students through collaborations between Malmö University and companies from the biomedical sector. Therefore, this thesis also includes unpublished results from research conducted in collaboration with Simris Group AB, aiming at evaluating defatted algae biomass as a potential source of topically applied bioactive compounds that contribute to skin protection and regeneration.

Abstract [sv]

Huden är ett komplext organ med flera funktioner som är viktiga för vår kroppshälsotillstånd. För det första fungerar det yttersta hudlagret, stratum corneum,som en viktig barriär som förhindrar vattenförlust och skyddar mot skadliga kemikalier. Eftersom huden utgör ett gränsskikt mellan vår levande kropp och den relativt ogästvänliga yttre miljön, utsätts huden ständigt för både yttre och inre påfrestningar, vilket kan leda till störningar och patologiska förändringar. En vanlig bidragande faktor till hudåkommor är oxidativ stress - ett tillstånd som kännetecknas av en obalans mellan produktionen av fria radikaler, främst reaktivasyreföreningar (ROS). Hudens förmåga att motverka deras skadliga effekter upprätthålls genom neutralisering med antioxidanter. Det antioxidativaförsvarssystemet i huden förlitar sig på både lågmolekylära föreningar, tillexempel C-vitamin, samt antioxidativa enzymer. Enzymer är en typ av specialiserade proteiner som påskyndar kemiskareaktioner i kroppen utan att själva förbrukas. Antioxidativa enzymer fungerar alltså genom att skydda cellerna mot skador orsakade av fria radikaler ochreaktiva syreföreningar (ROS) och utgör ett naturligt försvarssystem mot oxidativstress. Ett av de viktigaste proteinerna för att neutralisera ROS är katalas, vars huvudsakliga roll är att bryta ner väteperoxid till ofarligt vatten och syrgas. Väteperoxid är en biprodukt av olika biologiska processer och är därför vanligt förekommande i kroppen. Vid vissa sjukdomstillstånd kan dock höga koncentrationer uppstå som kan vara skadliga för kroppen.

I denna avhandling har vi undersökt katalas antioxidativa funktion i hudensolika delar samt utvecklat och förbättrat metoder för att möjliggöra detta. Isynnerhet har vi förbättrat en elektrokemisk mätmetod genom att göra den merkompatibel med komplexa biologiska prover som innehåller katalas. I arbetet som presenteras i manuskript I visar vi att metoden är känsligare jämfört med en standard spektrofotometrisk metod samt vilka experimentella förhållanden som krävs för att tillhandahålla konsekventa mätvärden av katalasaktivitet med antingen spektrofotometri eller den elektrokemiskamätmetoden. Enhetliga resultat är viktiga för att möjliggöra reproducerbara ochtillförlitliga undersökningar av katalasaktivitet, erhållna i olika forskningslabb. Effekten av ultraviolett strålning (UVB) på hudens hälsa kan bidra till för tidigtåldrande av huden, försvagning av hudens barriärfunktion samt utveckling avhudsjukdomar. Därför är det viktigt att förstå mekanismerna bakom UVBinduceradehudskador. Manuskript II belyser konsekvenserna av UVBexponeringpå funktionen av naturligt katalas som finns i hudens barriär samteffekterna på de molekylära egenskaperna hos vävnaden som omger enzymet. Resultaten visar en gradvis minskning av katalasaktiviteten och indikerar deUVB-doser där antioxidativa enzymer i huden kan inaktiveras och därmedkompromettera hudens försvarsmekanismer mot oxidativ stress. Resultaten visaren slående asymmetri mellan hudbarriärens strukturella egenskaper och dessantioxidativa svar. Med andra ord, de strukturella och molekylära egenskaperna hos hudbarriären har en anmärkningsvärd motståndskraft mot extrem UVBexponering. Detta står i kontrast till den mer känsliga antioxidativa funktionenhos katalas. I manuskript III påvisas att den utvecklade elektrokemiska metoden för attmäta katalasaktivitet kan användas i en rad olika komplexa biologiska prover såsom hudens barriär (stratum corneum) och hudceller från epidermis(keratinocyter). Utöver det har vi också studerat om restprodukter från alger(Phaeodactylum tricornutum) uppvisar katalasaktivitet, vilket potentiellt kan utgöra en naturlig källa för hudfrämjande tillsatser i hudkrämer, till exempelsubstanser som stödjer hudens naturliga antioxidativa barriär. Manuskript IV fokuserar på proteaser, som är en typ av enzymer som bryterner proteiner genom att klyva peptidbindningar. De spelar en nyckelroll iomorganisationen av den extracellulära matrisen som utgör ett komplext nätverkav makromolekyler som är avgörande för att upprätthålla strukturen i hudensvävnad, i synnerhet i det mellersta lagret av huden (dermis). Dermis är beläget mellan epidermis (det yttersta lagret) och hypodermis (det innersta lagret) och innehåller kollagen och elastin, som bidrar till hudens slitstyrka och elasticitet. Förhöjd aktivitet av proteaser kan alltså vara skadlig för dermis och utgör enbidragande faktor till hudens åldrande. I Manuskript IV var målet att utvecklaenkla modeller av kollagen och elastin, liknande den extracellulära matrisen, föratt undersöka hur matrisen påverkas av proteolytisk aktivitet. Proteaserns somstuderades var kollagenas och elastas. För att uppnå detta användes ytkemiskamätmetoder (QCM-D, LSPR och AFM) som med fördel kan studera hur extremt tunna proteinfilmer av kollagen och elastin påverkas av nedbrytning av proteaser.Resultaten visar att kollagen och elastin bildar biologiska tunna filmer med olika egenskaper; kollagen bildar lite tjockare och mjukare filmer medan elastin bildartunna och rigida filmer. Dessutom påverkas kollagen- och elastin-matrisernaolika beroende på typ av proteas som matrisen exponeras för, vilket tyder påspecifika interaktioner mellan enzymerna och proteinfilmerna. Dock pekarresultaten även på ospecifik proteas nedbrytning av collagen och elastas. Resultaten visar även hur nedbrytningsprocessen kan förhindras genom attavaktivera proteaser. bidra till ökad förståelse för olika sjukdomsförlopp. Sammanfattningsvis belyser studien att de olika ytkemiska mätmetoderna ger enmer komplett bild av nedbrytningsprocessen. Metoderna bidrar även med kinetiskinformation (hastigheten) om nedbrytningsförloppet, vilket öppnar upp för vidarestudier för sjukdomsdiagnostik och ökad förståelse av olika hudsjukdomar.Forskningen i denna avhandling genomfördes inom projektet ”ComBine - the industrial graduate school of Biofilms and Biointerfaces” med finansiering från Kunskapsstiftelsen. Ett övergripande mål med ComBine är att utbilda forskare med tvärvetenskaplig kunskap inom biofilmer och biogränssnitt. Därav inkluderar avhandlingen också opublicerade resultat från forskning somgenomförts i samarbete med Simris Group AB, med målet att utvärderarestprodukter från alger som en potentiell källa för bioaktiva föreningar som kanfrämja hudens hälsotillstånd.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Malmö: Malmö University Press, 2024. , p. 92
Series
Malmö University Health and Society Dissertations, ISSN 1653-5383, E-ISSN 2004-9277 ; 2024:14
National Category
Chemical Sciences
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-72118DOI: 10.24834/isbn.9789178775170ISBN: 978-91-7877-516-3 (print)ISBN: 978-91-7877-517-0 (electronic)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:mau-72118DiVA, id: diva2:1912184
Public defence
2024-12-13, Auditorium E002, Jan Waldenströms gata 25, Malmö, 09:15 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

Paper 4 in dissertation as manuscript. 

Available from: 2024-11-19 Created: 2024-11-11 Last updated: 2024-11-19Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Comparison of Oxygen Electrode Chronoamperometry and Spectrophotometry for Determination of Catalase Activity
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Comparison of Oxygen Electrode Chronoamperometry and Spectrophotometry for Determination of Catalase Activity
2023 (English)In: Oxygen, E-ISSN 2673-9801, Vol. 3, no 1, p. 77-89Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Catalase is a key antioxidative enzyme, and a deficiency or malfunction of catalase is hypothesized to be related to various diseases. To investigate catalase activity, it is important to use reliable methods and experimental protocols enabling consistent fallouts. One major problem, however, is that the activity values obtained with different techniques and procedures can vary to a large extent. The aim of this work was to identify experimental conditions that provide similar catalase activity values with two different methods based on either spectrophotometry or chronoam- perometry. The investigated parameters include the concentration of catalase and its substrate (H2O2), as well as the effect of deoxygenation of the catalase medium by nitrogen (N2). Within the frame of investigated conditions, we show that spectrophotometry is strongly affected by the catalase concen- tration, whereas chronoamperometry is shown to be more dependent on the substrate concentration. Deoxygenation leads to elevated catalase activity values in the case of chronoamperometry, whereas it shows no influence on the results obtained with spectrophotometry. In particular, in the case of low substrate concentrations (i.e., low catalase reaction rates), higher and more accurate results are obtained with deoxygenation in the case of chronoamperometry measurements due to minimized oxygen escape. The effect of deoxygenation, giving rise to elevated catalase activity values, however, is not statistically significant at high substrate concentrations, implying that the protocol can be sim- plified by excluding this step as long as the other parameters are optimized. Finally, by comparing the two methods at different experimental conditions, we identified protocols resulting in similar results, i.e., 10 mM H2O2 and catalase activity of 4–5 U/mL. Based on this work, improved consistency of catalase activity data obtained with different methodologies and in different labs is expected.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MDPI, 2023
National Category
Chemical Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-58452 (URN)10.3390/oxygen3010006 (DOI)
Available from: 2023-03-01 Created: 2023-03-01 Last updated: 2024-11-11Bibliographically approved
2. Unraveling UVB effects: Catalase activity and molecular alterations in the stratum corneum.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Unraveling UVB effects: Catalase activity and molecular alterations in the stratum corneum.
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2024 (English)In: Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, ISSN 0021-9797, E-ISSN 1095-7103, Vol. 666, p. 176-188, article id S0021-9797(24)00709-4Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

AIM: Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation can compromise the functionality of the skin barrier through various mechanisms. We hypothesize that UVB induce photochemical alterations in the components of the outermost layer of the skin, known as the stratum corneum (SC), and modulate its antioxidative defense mechanisms. Catalase is a well-known antioxidative enzyme found in the SC where it acts to scavenge reactive oxygen species. However, a detailed characterization of acute UVB exposure on the activity of native catalase in the SC is lacking. Moreover, the effects of UVB irradiation on the molecular dynamics and organization of the SC keratin and lipid components remain unclear. Thus, the aim of this work is to characterize consequences of UVB exposure on the structural and antioxidative properties of catalase, as well as on the molecular and global properties of the SC matrix surrounding the enzyme.

EXPERIMENTS: The effect of UVB irradiation on the catalase function is investigated by chronoamperometry with a skin covered oxygen electrode, which probes the activity of native catalase in the SC matrix. Circular dichroism is used to explore changes of the catalase secondary structure, and gel electrophoresis is used to detect fragmentation of the enzyme following the UVB exposure. UVB induced alterations of the SC molecular dynamics and structural features of the SC barrier, as well as its water sorption behavior, are investigated by a complementary set of techniques, including natural abundance 13C polarization transfer solid-state NMR, wide-angle X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and dynamic vapor sorption microbalance.

FINDINGS: The findings show that UVB exposure impairs the antioxidative function of catalase by deactivating both native catalase in the SC matrix and lyophilized catalase. However, UVB radiation does not alter the secondary structure of the catalase nor induce any observable enzyme fragmentation, which otherwise could explain deactivation of its function. NMR measurements on SC samples show a subtle increase in the molecular mobility of the terminal segments of the SC lipids, accompanied by a decrease in the mobility of lipid chain trans-gauche conformers after high doses of UVB exposure. At the same time, the NMR data suggest increased rigidity of the polypeptide backbone of the keratin filaments, while the molecular mobility of amino acid residues in random coil domains of keratin remain unaffected by UVB irradiation. The FTIR data show a consistent decrease in absorbance associated with lipid bond vibrations, relative to the main protein bands. Collectively, the NMR and FTIR data suggest a small modification in the composition of fluid and solid phases of the SC lipid and protein components after UVB exposure, unrelated to the hydration capacity of the SC tissue. To conclude, UVB deactivation of catalase is anticipated to elevate oxidative stress of the SC, which, when coupled with subtle changes in the molecular characteristics of the SC, may compromise the overall skin health and elevate the likelihood of developing skin disorders.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2024
Keywords
Catalase, Keratin filaments, Lipid multilamellar matrix, Oxidative stress, Stratum corneum, UVB, Ultraviolet radiation
National Category
Physical Chemistry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-66988 (URN)10.1016/j.jcis.2024.03.200 (DOI)001225003900001 ()38593652 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85189861942 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2024-04-26 Created: 2024-04-26 Last updated: 2024-11-11Bibliographically approved
3. Catalase Activity in Keratinocytes, Stratum Corneum, and Defatted Algae Biomass as a Potential Skin Care Ingredient
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Catalase Activity in Keratinocytes, Stratum Corneum, and Defatted Algae Biomass as a Potential Skin Care Ingredient
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2021 (English)In: Biomedicines, E-ISSN 2227-9059, Vol. 9, no 12, article id 1868Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

The generation of reactive oxygen species presents a destructive challenge for the skin organ and there is a clear need to advance skin care formulations aiming at alleviating oxidative stress. The aim of this work was to characterize the activity of the antioxidative enzyme catalase in keratinocytes and in the skin barrier (i.e., the stratum corneum). Further, the goal was to compare the activity levels with the corresponding catalase activity found in defatted algae biomass, which may serve as a source of antioxidative enzymes, as well as other beneficial algae-derived molecules, to be employed in skin care products. For this, an oxygen electrode-based method was employed to determine the catalase activity and the apparent kinetic parameters for purified catalase, as well as catalase naturally present in HaCaT keratinocytes, excised stratum corneum samples collected from pig ears with various amounts of melanin, and defatted algae biomass from the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Taken together, this work illustrates the versatility of the oxygen electrode-based method for characterizing catalase function in samples with a high degree of complexity and enables the assessment of sample treatment protocols and comparisons between different biological systems related to the skin organ or algae-derived materials as a potential source of skin care ingredients for combating oxidative stress.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MDPI, 2021
Keywords
antioxidants, skin care, oxidative stress, skin organ, oxygen electrode, Clark electrode
National Category
Dermatology and Venereal Diseases
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-49225 (URN)10.3390/biomedicines9121868 (DOI)000736207400001 ()34944684 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-85121686147 (Scopus ID)
Available from: 2022-01-10 Created: 2022-01-10 Last updated: 2024-11-11Bibliographically approved
4. Real-Time Monitoring of Extracellular Matrix Proteins Degradation: QCM-D and LSPR Analysis of Collagenase and Elastase Activities
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Real-Time Monitoring of Extracellular Matrix Proteins Degradation: QCM-D and LSPR Analysis of Collagenase and Elastase Activities
(English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Natural Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-72121 (URN)
Available from: 2024-11-19 Created: 2024-11-11 Last updated: 2024-11-11Bibliographically approved

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Szczepanczyk, Michal

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