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Zirconia dental implants; the relationship between design and clinical outcome: A systematic review
Malmö University, Faculty of Odontology (OD). Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia.ORCID iD: 0000-0001-7726-7086
Malmö University, Faculty of Odontology (OD).ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6260-473X
Malmö University, Faculty of Odontology (OD).ORCID iD: 0000-0002-5248-9202
Nordic Institute of Dental Materials, NIOM, Oslo, Norway.
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2024 (English)In: Journal of Dentistry, ISSN 0300-5712, E-ISSN 1879-176X, Vol. 143, article id 104903Article, review/survey (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the clinical outcome of different designs of zirconia dental implants.

DATA: This systematic review adhered to the PRISMA checklist and followed the PICO framework. The protocol is registered in PROSPERO (CRD42022337228).

SOURCES: The search was conducted in March 2023 through four databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar) along with a search of references in the related reviews. Three authors reviewed on title, and abstract level and analysed the risk of bias, and all authors reviewed on a full-text level.

STUDY SELECTION: Clinical studies excluding case reports for patients treated with different designs of zirconia dental implants were included. From a total of 2728 titles, 71 full-text studies were screened, and 27 studies were included to assess the risk of bias (ROBINS-I tool) and data extraction. After quality assessment, four studies were included, and the remaining 23 excluded studies were narratively described.

RESULT: The included prospective studies with moderate risk of bias reported success and survival rates of one-piece implants that ranged between 95 and 98.4 % with no difference between different lengths and diameters. The acid-etched roughened surface showed higher clinical outcomes compared to other surface roughness designs.

CONCLUSION: Promising 5-year clinical outcomes were found for one-piece zirconia implants with no difference between different diameters and lengths. Concerning surface roughness, better outcomes were found when using the acid-etched implant surface. However, due to the limited available studies, further high-quality clinical studies comparing zirconia one-piece and two-piece implants with different diameters, lengths, and surface roughness are needed.

CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Based on this systematic review, under suitable clinical situations, the one-piece zirconia implants with diameters of 4.0 mm, 4.5 mm, or 5.5 mm and lengths of 8 mm, 10 mm, 12 mm, or 14 mm have similar promising clinical outcomes. Additionally, the acid-etched roughened implant surface may be preferable.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Elsevier, 2024. Vol. 143, article id 104903
Keywords [en]
Ceramics, Clinical outcome, Dental implant, Implant design, Implant diameter, Implant surface
National Category
Dentistry
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-66564DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2024.104903ISI: 001207555400001PubMedID: 38437977Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85187316975OAI: oai:DiVA.org:mau-66564DiVA, id: diva2:1847655
Available from: 2024-03-28 Created: 2024-03-28 Last updated: 2026-09-23Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Zirconia dental implants: the influence of design on clinical outcomes, stress distribution and fracture resistance
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Zirconia dental implants: the influence of design on clinical outcomes, stress distribution and fracture resistance
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

In recent years, zirconia dental implants have been attracting increasingly more recognition and interest. Commercially, these implants are available in either one- piece (OPI) or two-piece (TPI) designs. The TPI design is categorised as either bone- level (BL) or tissue-level (TL) and is connected to the abutment with either a titanium or a ceramic abutment screw. Due to zirconia's brittle nature and high elastic modulus, the design of zirconia implants and their implant to abutment connection may influence load transfer from the prosthesis to the implant and surrounding bone, thereby affecting stress distribution, fracture resistance, and ultimately clinical survival.

Existing research on stress distribution, fracture resistance, and clinical outcomes of various zirconia implant designs and material combinations is limited. Therefore, this thesis aims to evaluate the clinical outcomes, stress concentrations, and fracture resistance of different designs of zirconia dental implants. In line with the aim, the thesis comprises three studies: Study I – A systematic review of clinical studies that evaluated the clinical outcomes of various zirconia implant designs. The findings showed that the one-piece implant had a promising 5-year clinical survival rate (95%), with no difference across implant diameters and lengths. The design with an acid-etched surface showed higher survival compared to other surfaces.

Study II – A finite element analysis that evaluated the location of high-stress levels and concentrations in various zirconia implant designs. The findings showed that OPI and TPI designs showed differing stress distributions. TPIs demonstrated lower stress within the implant body but higher stress transfer to the specimen holder. Among TPI designs, Implant level (TL vs BL) and abutment screw design/material influenced the stress distribution within the implant–abutment complex.

Study III – An in vitro laboratory study that evaluated the fracture resistance, fracture mode, and crystal phase change after dynamic preloading of various zirconia dental implant designs. The findings showed that the evaluated zirconia-based OPI, BLTPI, and TLTPI systems possessed adequate fracture resistance for further clinical evaluation. Fracture resistance and fracture mode were influenced by implant-level design (TL vs BL), whereas the abutment screw design/material (ceramic vs titanium) had a less pronounced influence and depended on the implant- level design.

Overall, within the limitations of this thesis, zirconia dental implants should not be regarded as a uniform category. Differences in implant design, including OPI and TPI, TL and BL configurations, and implant–abutment connection design, influence clinical outcomes, stress distribution, and fracture resistance. Clinical evidence is currently better established for OPI, which has shown promising clinical outcomes, while evidence for TPI remains limited. Mechanically, TL TPI shows the highest fracture resistance among the evaluated designs. However, further long-term clinical studies are needed to confirm these findings, particularly for TPI.

Abstract [sv]

På senare år har dentala implantat av zirkoniumdioxid fått ökad uppmärksamhet inom tandvården. Kommersiellt finns dessa implantat tillgängliga i olika designer, antingen som en del där implantat och distans utgör en enhet (one piece implant, OPI) eller i två delar (two piece implant, TPI) som bestående av implantat och distans.

TPI-designen delas i sin tur in, utifrån implantat–distanskopplingens position i förhållande till alveolarbenet, i ben- (bone level, BL) eller mjukvävnadsnivå (tissue level TL) och har en distansskruv av antingen titan eller keramik. Eftersom zirkonia är ett sprött material med hög elasticitetsmodul kan designen av zirkoniaimplantat och deras implantat–distanskoppling påverka belastningsöverföringen från den protetiska konstruktionen till implantatet och det omgivande benet, och därmed påverka spänningsfördelning, brotthållfasthet och i förlängningen kliniska resultat. Det finns dock begränsad forskning kring spänningsfördelning, brotthållfasthet och kliniska data för olika zirkoniabaserade designer av implantat och olika materialkombinationer.

Denna avhandling syftar till att utvärdera kliniska resultat, spänningskoncentrationer, brottshållfasthet och frakturmönster hos olika designer av dentala zirkoniabaserade implantat. I linje med avhandlingens övergripande syfte omfattar tre delstudier: Delarbete I var en systematisk översiktsstudie av kliniska studier som utvärderade kliniska resultat av olika designer av zirkoniabaserade implantat. Resultaten visade att implantat i en del (OPI) uppvisade en lovande klinisk överlevnadsgrad (95 %) efter fem år, utan några skillnader mellan olika implantatdiametrar och implantatlängder. Implantatdesignen med en syraetsad yta uppvisade högre klinisk överlevnad jämfört med implantat med andra ytor.

Delarbete II var en finit elementanalys (FEA) som utvärderade var höga spänningsnivåer och spänningskoncentrationer uppstod i olika designer av zirkoniabaserade implantatsystem. Resultaten visade att OPI- och TPI-designerna hade olika spänningsfördelningar. TPI-design uppvisade lägre spänning i det inre av själva implantatet men högre spänningsöverföring till provhållaren jämfört med OPI. I implantat-distans-komplexet uppvisade implantatutformning på mjukvävnadsnivå (TL) lägre spänning än på bennivå (BL), medan spänningarna i distansen var beroende av distansskruvens design och material. TPI med keramisk distansskruv uppvisade högre spänningsnivåer jämfört med distansskruv av titan. Delarbete III var en laboratoriestudie som utvärderade brotthållfasthet, frakturmönster och kristallfasomvandling efter dynamisk förbelastning av olika designer av zirkoniaimplantat. Resultaten visade att de utvärderade zirkoniabaserade implantatsystemen (OPI, BLTPI och TLTPI) uppvisade tillräcklig brotthållfasthet för att motivera vidare klinisk utvärdering. Designen av TPI (bennivå kontra mjukvävnadsnivå) påverkade brotthållfasthet och frakturmönster, medan distansskruvens utformning och material (keramik eller titan) hade en mindre uttalad inverkan som dessutom varierade beroende på implantatets design. Sammantaget, inom ramen för avhandlingens begränsningar, bör dentala implantat av zirkoniumdioxid inte betraktas som en enhetlig kategori. Skillnader i implantatdesign, inklusive OPI och TPI samt TL- och BL-konfigurationer och utformningen av implantat–distanskopplingen, påverkar kliniska resultat, spänningsfördelning och brotthållfasthet. Det kliniska underlaget är för närvarande bättre etablerat för OPI, som har visat lovande kliniska resultat, medan underlaget för TPI fortfarande är begränsat. Mekaniskt uppvisar TL TPI den högsta brotthållfastheten bland de utvärderade implantatdesignerna. Ytterligare långsiktiga kliniska studier behövs dock för att bekräfta dessa fynd, särskilt för TPI. ECNALG A TA SISEHT sgnidnif yeK noitartsullI miA ydutS gnisimorp dewohs stnalpmi ainocriz eceip-enO lacinilc eht etaulave oT latned ainocriZ )I( .)lavivrus %4.89–59( semoctuo lacinilc tnereffid fo emoctuo eht ;stnalpmi htiw detaicossa erew secafrus dehcte-dicA latned ainocriz fo sngised neewteb pihsnoitaler .semoctuo devorpmi .stnalpmi lacinilc dna ngised citametsys A :emoctuo sniamer stnalpmi eceip-owt rof ecnedive lacinilC .detimil ) 1 ( weiver .noitubirtsid sserts decneulfni ngised tnalpmI yfitnauq dna yfitnedi oT ni noitaulave ssertS )II( erom dewohs stnalpmi eceip-owt level-eussiT dna snoitartnecnoc sserts ro -enob dna eceip-eno level-enob naht snrettap sserts elbaruovaf tnereffid evif ssorca slevel eceip-owt level-eussit .sngised sngised tnalpmi ainocriz stnalpmi latned ainocriz dna )IPO( eceip-eno .e.i( muinatit ro cimarec htiw tnemtuba yb detceffa erew snoitartnecnoc ssertS -eussit ro )LB( level-enob A :swercs tnemtuba .lairetam dna ngised wercs )IPT( eceip-owt )LT( level sisylana tnemele etinif muinatit ro cimarec a htiw 2 ) ( .)wercs tnemtuba tneiciffus detartsnomed sngised detaulave llA erutcarf eht etaulave oT tnalpmi fo tceffE )III( .noitaulave lacinilc rehtruf rof ecnatsiser erutcarf erutcarf ,ecnatsiser erutcarf no ngised erutcarf decneulfni ngised level-tnalpmI enillatsyrc dna ,sedom dna ,edom ,ecnatsiser .edom erutcarf dna ecnatsiser ainocriz fo segnahc esahp -eno fo erutcurts latsyrc htiw IPT ,LT ro LB dna IPO ainocriz eceip-owt dna erutcarf tsehgih eht dewohs stnalpmi IPT ,LT muinatit ro cimarec ro cimarec htiw stnalpmi .stnalpmi eceip-eno yb dewollof ,ecnatsiser retfa swercs tnemtuba tnemtuba muinatit saw lairetam/ngised wercs tnemtuba fo tceffe ehT a ni gnidaolerp cimanyd yduts ortiv ni nA :swercs tnalpmi no dedneped dna decnuonorp ssel .tnemnorivne tsiom ngised ) (

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Malmö: Malmö University Press, 2026. p. 136
Series
Malmö University Odontological Dissertations, ISSN 1650-6065, E-ISSN 2004-9307
National Category
Odontology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-88322 (URN)10.24834/isbn.9789178777761 (DOI)978-91-7877-775-4 (ISBN)978-91-7877-776-1 (ISBN)
Public defence
2026-10-23, Odontologiska fakulteten KL:2370 Aulan, Smedjegatan 16, Malmö, 09:15 (English)
Supervisors
Available from: 2026-09-23 Created: 2026-09-23 Last updated: 2026-09-24Bibliographically approved

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Gul, AbdulazizPapia, EvaggeliaNaimi-Akbar, AronVult von Steyern, Per

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