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Estimation of Blood Loss in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery by Measurements of Low Haemoglobin Levels in Mixtures of Blood, Saliva and Saline: a Laboratory Study
Malmö University, Faculty of Odontology (OD). Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, Skåne University Hospital, Lund, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0730-1020
Malmö University, Faculty of Odontology (OD).
Malmö University, Faculty of Odontology (OD).
Malmö University, Faculty of Odontology (OD).
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2021 (English)In: Journal of Oral & Maxillofacial Research, E-ISSN 2029-283X, Vol. 12, no 2Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Objectives: Estimating blood loss is an important factor in several surgical procedures. The accuracy of blood loss measurements in situations where blood is mixed with saliva and saline is however uncertain. The purpose of this laboratory study was to ascertain if blood loss measurements in mixtures of blood, saline, and saliva are reliable and could be applicable in a clinical setting.

Material and Methods: Venous blood and resting saliva were collected from six volunteers. Saliva, saline, and combinations thereof were mixed with blood to obtain different concentrations. A portable spectrophotometer was first used to measure the haemoglobin concentration in undiluted venous blood followed by measurements of the haemoglobin concentration after each dilution. To examine the strength of linear relationships, linear regression and Pearson correlations were used.

Results: The measurements of haemoglobin concentrations in mixtures of blood, saline, and saliva were proven to be accurate for haemoglobin measurements > 0.3 g/dl (correlation = 0.986 to 1). For haemoglobin measurements < 0.3 g/dl, a small increase in haemoglobin values were reported, which was directly associated to the saliva concentration in the solution (correlation = 0.983 to 1). This interference of saliva was significantly eliminated by diluting the samples with saline, mimicking the clinical situation.

Conclusions: The results suggest that a portable spectrophotometer can be used clinically to preoperatively measure the haemoglobin value of a venous blood sample and postoperatively measure the haemoglobin value of the collected liquids, including shed blood, thereby achieving a highly accurate method of measuring blood loss during oral and maxillofacial surgery.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Stilus Optimus , 2021. Vol. 12, no 2
Keywords [en]
oral surgery, postoperative hemorrhage, saliva, surgical blood loss
National Category
Dentistry
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-64398DOI: 10.5037/jomr.2021.12203ISI: 001077307600003PubMedID: 34377380OAI: oai:DiVA.org:mau-64398DiVA, id: diva2:1819427
Available from: 2023-12-13 Created: 2023-12-13 Last updated: 2026-01-19Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Anticoagulants in oral surgery
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Anticoagulants in oral surgery
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Tooth extraction is the most common oral surgical procedure performed by dentists. It may require temporary discontinuation of anticoagulants to reduce the risk of bleeding. However, discontinuing anticoagulants can increase the potential risk of life-threatening thromboembolism. There is conflicting advice regarding whether direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) should be discontinued during and after tooth extractions. Nevertheless, it is standard practice to perform tooth extractions while patients are still taking warfarin.

This thesis evaluates whether it is necessary to discontinue DOACs during and after tooth extractions. It includes a prospective clinical cohort study and a systematic review with meta-analysis, both of which assess the risk of bleeding in patients who continue to use DOACs during and after simple and surgical tooth extractions. Additionally, the thesis incorporates a laboratory study that evaluates a method for measuring blood loss during oral surgery, as well as a population-based cohort study assessing the general risk of bleeding and thrombosis for patients using various antithrombotic medications.

The main finding of the thesis is that the risk of bleeding after both simple and surgical tooth extractions seems to be lower for patients receiving uninterrupted DOACs, compared to those receiving vitamin K antagonists such as warfarin. Therefore, patients may safely continue DOAC use during and after simple and surgical extractions. This eliminates the potentially higher risk of serious thromboembolic events that are associated with a pause in anticoagulant therapy. To minimise the risk of bleeding that requires treatment, it is essential to apply effective local haemostatic measures and provide patients with clear post-operative instructions.

Abstract [sv]

Tandborttagning är den vanligaste kirurgiska behandlingen som tandläkare gör. I samband med tandborttagning kan blodförtunnande mediciner behöva pausas för att minska risken för blödning. Problemet är att ett uppehåll i medicineringen kan öka risken för blodproppar – något som kan leda till livshotande tillstånd som stroke. Därför är det viktigt att undvika onödiga pauser.

Den här avhandlingen fokuserar på en grupp av blodförtunnande mediciner som kallas direkta orala antikoagulantia (DOAK). Den mest använda av dessa är Eliquis®. När patienter som tar DOAK behöver ta bort en tand finns det olika riktlinjer för om medicinen ska pausas eller inte – och råden skiljer sig åt. Detta är intressant eftersom man sedan länge har tagit bort tänder på patienter som använder den äldre medicinen Waran® utan att göra uppehåll i behandlingen.

Risken för blödning vid tandborttagning hos personer som tar DOAK utan uppehåll undersöktes på två sätt: genom att sammanställa tidigare forskning och genom att ta bort tänder hos patienter som tog DOAK eller Waran® utan paus. En annan del av arbetet gjordes i ett laboratorium. Där testades viktiga delar av en metod som går ut på att mäta blodförlust i samband med att tänder tas bort. Dessutom användes information från flera olika register för att undersöka risken för blödning och blodproppar i allmänhet hos de som tar olika blodförtunnande mediciner.

Det viktigaste fyndet är att det verkar vara lägre risk för blödning efter tandborttagning hos de som tar DOAK utan uppehåll jämfört med de som tar Waran®. Detta gäller oavsett om en eller flera tänder tas bort och oavsett om det sker genom utdragning eller operation. De blödningar som kan uppstå hos de som tar DOAK är oftast små och kan hanteras hemma – om patienten fått tydliga instruktioner. Det är också viktigt att tandläkaren syr och använder blodstillande medel för att ytterligare minska risken för blödning.

Sammanfattningsvis kan patienter fortsätta ta DOAK utan uppehåll vid tandborttagning. På så sätt undviker man ökad risk för blodproppar, och blödningarna som kan uppstå är oftast små och lätta att hantera.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Malmö: Malmö University Press, 2026. p. 89
Series
Malmö University Odontological Dissertations, ISSN 1650-6065, E-ISSN 2004-9307
Keywords
Oral surgical procedures, Anticoagulants, Oral hemorrhage, Warfarin
National Category
Odontology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-81925 (URN)10.24834/isbn.9789178777006 (DOI)9789178776993 (ISBN)978-91-7877-700-6 (ISBN)
Public defence
2026-02-27, Faculty of Odontology, Malmö University, Malmö, 09:00
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Supervisors
Note

Paper 4 in dissertation published as manuscript, not included in the full text online.

Available from: 2026-01-19 Created: 2026-01-19 Last updated: 2026-01-28Bibliographically approved

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Johansson, KristerAhmad, MarianneBecktor, Jonas P

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