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Surface and bulk mechanisms in repeating treatment of solid surfaces by purified water
Malmö University, Faculty of Health and Society (HS), Department of Biomedical Science (BMV). Malmö University, Biofilms Research Center for Biointerfaces.
Malmö University, Faculty of Health and Society (HS), Department of Biomedical Science (BMV). Malmö University, Biofilms Research Center for Biointerfaces.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9852-5440
2023 (English)In: Heliyon, E-ISSN 2405-8440, Vol. 9, no 6, article id e17163Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

To decrease the negative impact of surfactants, the idea of using purified water in washing has been proposed. Previous studies showed that purified water facilitates the roll-up mechanism by promoting electrostatic interactions between the surface and the soil. However, washing mech-anisms can be dependent on the amount of remaining soil.In this work we studied the removal of thin Vaseline films and thicker oil films from hydro-philic surfaces using multiple washing cycles at different temperatures. The Quartz Crystal Mi-crobalance with Dissipation monitoring (QCM-D) and gravimetric analysis were used for thin and thick films respectively. In QCM-D experiments most of the thin film was removed during the first two cycles, while following cycles did not substantially affect washing efficiency; increased temperature facilitated the washing process. Gravimetric analysis showed that the washing of thicker films can be divided into two regimes. During the first, exponential, regime the amount of oil on the surface is high and surface mechanisms, such as roll-up, dominate. Oil droplets are kinetically stabilized in purified water by electrostatic interactions. As the amount of oil on the surface decreases, the second, linear, regime is introduced. The removal of oil occurs by equi-librium bulk mechanisms, where electrostatic interactions are less important.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Cell Press, 2023. Vol. 9, no 6, article id e17163
Keywords [en]
Washing and cleaning, Water purity, Quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation, monitoring, Temperature, Washing cycles, Mechanisms of washing and cleaning, Emulsification, Olive oil, Surface tension, Entropy, Charge stabilization
National Category
Applied Mechanics
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-62433DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17163ISI: 001042270500001PubMedID: 37484311Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85162160293OAI: oai:DiVA.org:mau-62433DiVA, id: diva2:1796634
Available from: 2023-09-13 Created: 2023-09-13 Last updated: 2026-01-12Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Surface and colloidal mechanisms of surfactant free cleaning: From oil removal to bacterial viability in purified water
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Surface and colloidal mechanisms of surfactant free cleaning: From oil removal to bacterial viability in purified water
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Due to growing concerns about the environmental effects of detergents, research has shifted toward eco-friendly cleaning methods, including the use of purified water. This study aims to increase our understanding of how the properties of purified water can be used to achieve effective washing with minimal surfactant use. We investigated the removal of common soils, such as olive oil, from hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces and examined interactions among olive oil, water, and fabric. To further examine the broader impact of purified water, bacterial viability after treatment with different purified grades was investigated.

For hydrophilic surfaces, thin vaseline and thick oil films were washed at varying temperatures and washing cycles. Quartz Crystal Microbalance with Dissipation Monitoring data showed that most thin films were removed within two cycles, while higher temperatures improved efficiency. For thicker films, we were able to divide the washing process into two regimes (exponential and linear), where each one is governed by different washing mechanisms and stability principles. For hydrophobic surfaces, two approaches were tested. First, the pH of purified water was increased with traces of NaOH, and second, small amounts of lipase were added. Both methods significantly enhance cleaning efficiency. The pH-adjusted pure water promotes deprotonation of fatty acids in olive oil and facilitates oil removal from surfaces through roll-up and interfacial tension reduction mechanisms. The added lipase can hydrolyse olive oil into more water-soluble products, which can act as natural surfactants. For interactions between cotton, olive oil, and water, spatially resolved SAXS data revealed that water and oil interact with cotton at different length scales, and that washing partially redistributes and removes oil. Finally, we showed that isothermal calorimetry is an excellent method for assessing bacterial viability and that multiple washing cycles and prolonged incubation can reduce bacterial survival.

Abstract [sv]

På grund av ökande oro för tvättmedels miljöpåverkan har forskningen skiftat mot mer miljövänliga rengöringsmetoder, inklusive användningen av renat vatten. Syftet med denna studie är att öka förståelsen för hur renat vattens egenskaper kan utnyttjas för effektiv tvättning med minimal användning av tensider. Vi undersökte borttagning av vanliga föroreningar såsom olivolja från hydrofila och hydrofoba ytor samt analyserade interaktionerna mellan olivolja, vatten och textilier. För att ytterligare studera renat vattens bredare påverkan utvärderades även bakteriers livskraft efter inkubation i olika renhetsgrader.

För hydrofila ytor tvättades tunna vaselin- och oljefilmer vid varierande temperaturer och tvättcykler. Vi visade att de flesta tunna filmer avlägsnades inom två cykler, medan högre temperaturer förbättrade effektiviteten. För tjockare filmer kunde tvättprocessen delas in i två kategorier (exponentiell och linjär), där varje kategori styrs av olika tvättmekanismer och stabilitetsprinciper. För hydrofoba ytor testades två metoder: först att öka pH i renat vatten med spårmängder av NaOH och sedan att tillsätta små mängder lipas. Båda metoderna förbättrade rengöringseffektiviteten avsevärt. Det pH-justerade rena vattnet främjar deprotonering av fettsyror i olivolja och underlättar borttagning via "roll-up"-mekanismer och minskad gränsytspänning. Det tillsatta lipaset kan hydrolysera olivoljan till mer vattenlösliga produkter som fungerar som naturliga tensider. När det gäller interaktionen mellan bomull, olivolja och vatten visade data att vatten och olja interagerar med bomull på olika längdskalor, och att tvättning delvis omfördelar och avlägsnar olja. Slutligen kunde vi visa att isoterm kalorimetri är en utmärkt metod för att studera bakteriers livskraft, och resultaten visade att flera tvättcykler och långvarig inkubation kan minska bakteriers överlevnad.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Malmö: Malmö University Press, 2026. p. 63
Series
Malmö University Health and Society Dissertations, ISSN 1653-5383, E-ISSN 2004-9277 ; 2026:1
Keywords
surfactant-free, washing and cleaning, water purity, interfacial tension, contact angle, roll up, alkalinity, lipase, cotton, bacteria, hydrophilic surfaces, hydrophobic surfaces
National Category
Physical Chemistry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-81300 (URN)10.24834/isbn.9789178777150 (DOI)978-91-7877-714-3 (ISBN)978-91-7877-715-0 (ISBN)
Public defence
2026-02-06, AS:E002/HS auditorium, Malmö, 09:00 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Note

Paper III and V in thesis publiched as manuscripts and is not included in the full text online. 

Available from: 2025-12-19 Created: 2025-12-19 Last updated: 2026-01-16Bibliographically approved

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Tsompou, AndrianiKocherbitov, Vitaly

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