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Laboratory, Clinical-Related Processing and Time-Related Factors’ Effect on Properties of High Translucent Zirconium Dioxide Ceramics Intended for Monolithic Restorations A Systematic Review
Malmö University, Faculty of Odontology (OD).ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6693-8278
Dental Public Service, Gothenburg, Sweden.
Malmö University, Faculty of Odontology (OD).ORCID iD: 0000-0002-3912-0830
Malmö University, Faculty of Odontology (OD).ORCID iD: 0000-0001-6260-473X
2023 (English)In: Ceramics, E-ISSN 2571-6131, Vol. 6, no 1, p. 734-797Article, review/survey (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Because new zirconia materials are constantly being developed, the aim was to identify and qualitatively synthesize research on how processing and time-related factors affect the properties of high translucent (HT) zirconia intended for monolithic restorations. Cochrane Library, PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and reference lists were searched for in vitro and clinical studies. Eligibility and risk of bias were assessed. A synthesis of 142 publications was performed. HT 3Y-TZP was the most common, followed by 5YSZ, 4YSZ, and multilayer. In the laboratory, HT 3Y-TZP should be sintered according to the manufacturer’s recommendation and polished before glazing to favour strength, roughness, and wear behaviour. In the clinic, polishing is necessary after grinding to favour roughness and aging resistance. Over time, when using hydrothermal aging, t–m phase transformation and reduced translucency are expected, without affecting the strength and roughness. The strength of 4YSZ and 5YSZ is unaffected. However, the time-related methods are of questionable clinical significance. The evidence of all other factors’ effects on the properties of HT zirconia is lacking or limited; thus, these factors are of relevance for future research. There is a high heterogeneity of study designs and methods, and the results are brand-dependent.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
MDPI, 2023. Vol. 6, no 1, p. 734-797
Keywords [en]
aging; clinic, crystalline phase, dental laboratory, glazing, flexural strength, manufacturing, material properties, mechanical properties, monolithic restorations, optical properties, physicochemical properties, polishing, processing factors, sintering, surface properties, translucency, Y-TZP, YSZ, zirconia, zirconium dioxide
National Category
Dentistry
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-58774DOI: 10.3390/ceramics6010045ISI: 000953782100001Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85151156998OAI: oai:DiVA.org:mau-58774DiVA, id: diva2:1745473
Available from: 2023-03-23 Created: 2023-03-23 Last updated: 2026-10-01Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. High Translucent and Multilayer Zirconium Dioxide Ceramic Materials for Dental Restorations: Studies on how processing factors influence material properties
Open this publication in new window or tab >>High Translucent and Multilayer Zirconium Dioxide Ceramic Materials for Dental Restorations: Studies on how processing factors influence material properties
2026 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Zirconia materials are widely used for dental restorations to replace missing teeth, as they offer favourable mechanical properties, excellent biocompatibility, and good aesthetics. To improve the aesthetics of restorations, several zirconia types with highly varying material properties have been developed in different generations. Given the widespread use of these materials, it is essential to ensure the long-term performance of zirconia restorations to provide predictable and patient-safe treatments.

The overall findings of the thesis emphasize that laboratory and clinical-related processing factors influence the microstructure, crystal structure, and thus the properties of high translucent and multilayer zirconia differently depending on the zirconia type. Therefore, zirconia materials should be selected with awareness based on the specific clinical requirements of each patient and handled based on the zirconia type.

The various zirconia types are stabilized with different amount of yttria, typically 3-6%, and are therefore called 3-, 4-, 5-, and 6YSZ (yttria-stabilized zirconia). Multilayer zirconia materials consisting of either layers with different zirconia types and properties (composition-gradient) or layers with different shades (shade-gradient) have also been developed. Since the yttria content differs between zirconia types, the microstructure, crystal structure, and material properties also differ significantly.

During the manufacturing of restorations in the dental laboratory, several processing steps – such as sintering, grinding, polishing, and glazing – are required. In the clinic, the restoration is adjusted by grinding and polishing for adaptation to the patient's dentition. These processing factors can have a significant effect on the properties of zirconia, and these effects can vary between zirconia types, potentially compromising the longevity of the restoration. The overall aim of the thesis was therefore to evaluate the influence of laboratory and clinical-related processing factors on the material properties of high translucent and multilayer zirconia materials.

Study I, a systematic review, evaluated how processing factors and time-related factors affect the material properties of specific zirconia types. The results showed that 3YSZ should be sintered according to the manufacturer's recommendation and polished before glazing to favour strength, surface roughness, and wear behaviour. Polishing after clinical adjustments by grinding is necessary to favour ageing resistance and roughness. The results were dependent upon zirconia brand, and the evidence relating to other zirconia types and processing factors was too limited for conclusions to be drawn.

Based on the knowledge gaps identified in Study I, two laboratory studies were conducted.

Study II investigated the influence of laboratory polishing, glazing, and clinical adjustments on the mechanical and surface properties of multilayer zirconia materials. Composition-gradient zirconia should be polished, and shade-gradient zirconia should be polished and glazed in the laboratory to favour strength and surface roughness. Clinical adjustments of zirconia with high yttria content (≥ 5YSZ) are detrimental for the strength and should be performed with caution.

Study III evaluated the influence of sintering programmes on the microstructure, crystal structure, optical and mechanical properties of multilayer zirconia. The density and strength of multilayer zirconia are material dependent and are not significantly affected by the sintering programme. Shorter sintering programmes reduce the tetragonal crystal phase of composition-gradient zirconia. Further research is required to verify that shorter sintering programmes result in equivalent material properties as conventional sintering.

In conclusion, high translucent and multilayer zirconia materials require material- specific handling during the manufacturing and clinical adjustments of restorations. Sintering influences the microstructure, crystal structure, and potentially the properties of zirconia and should be performed according to the manufacturer's recommendations. Polishing is preferable over glazing in the laboratory and necessary after adjustments in the clinic.

Abstract [sv]

Zirkonia-material används ofta till tandersättningar för att ersätta saknade tänder, på grund av deras styrka (hållfasthet), vävnadsvänlighet och goda estetik. Med tanke på den omfattande användningen av zirkonia är det viktigt att säkerställa att zirkonia-ersättningarna håller länge och därmed bidrar till förutsägbara och patientsäkra behandlingar.

För att förbättra tandersättningars estetik har ett flertal zirkonia-typer, med vitt skilda egenskaper och användningsområden, utvecklats i olika generationer. Det finns även flerskiktade zirkonia-material som antingen består av lager med olika zirkonia-typer, för att kunna kombinera styrka och estetik, eller lager med olika färgnyanser.

Avhandlingens övergripande resultat visar att de framställningssteg (processfaktorer) som utförs under tillverkningen av tandersättningar påverkar zirkonia-materialens inre struktur och egenskaper olika beroende på zirkonia-typ. Därför bör zirkonia-material väljas med eftertanke utifrån specifika patientfall och hanteras utifrån zirkonia-typ.

Framställningsstegen på tandtekniska laboratorier omfattar bland annat sintring, slipning, polering och glansbränning (glasering). På kliniken justeras tandersättningen genom slipning och polering för att anpassas till patientens bett. Dessa processfaktorer kan ha en betydande inverkan på zirkonias egenskaper. Effekten kan dessutom variera mellan zirkonia-typerna, vilket kan äventyra zirkonia-ersättningars livslängd.

Det övergripande syftet med avhandlingen var därför att utvärdera hur laboratorie- och kliniskt relaterade processfaktorer påverkar materialegenskaperna hos högtranslucenta och flerskiktade zirkonia-material.

Delstudie I, en systematisk litteraturöversikt, utvärderade hur process- och tidsrelaterade faktorer påverkar materialegenskaper hos de specifika zirkonia- typerna. Resultaten visade att starkare högtranslucenta zirkonia-material (3YSZ) bör sintras enligt fabrikantens rekommendationer och poleras före glansbränning för att främja hållfasthet, ytjämnhet och slitagebeteende. Polering efter kliniska justeringar genom slipning är nödvändigt för att främja åldringsresistens och ytjämnhet. Resultaten var beroende av zirkonia-fabrikat och beläggen (evidensen) för övriga zirkonia-typer och processfaktorer var för begränsade för att några slutsatser skulle kunna dras.

Baserat på de identifierade kunskapsluckorna i Delstudie I genomfördes två laboratoriestudier.

Delstudie II undersökte inverkan av laboratoriepolering, glansbränning och kliniska justeringar på hållfasthet och ytegenskaper hos flerskiktade zirkonia-material. Flerskiktad zirkonia med zirkonia-typ-lager bör poleras, och zirkonia med färglager bör poleras och glansbrännas på laboratoriet, för att främja hållfasthet och ytjämnhet. Kliniska justeringar av högestetisk zirkonia (≥ 5YSZ) sänker hållfastheten och bör utföras med försiktighet.

Delstudie III utvärderade sintringsprogram med olika längd: konventionell sintring och snabbsintring. Sintringsprogrammens effekt på den inre materialstrukturen (mikrostruktur och kristallstruktur), translucensen, hållfastheten och frakturresistensen hos flerskiktad zirkonia undersöktes. Densiteten och hållfastheten är materialberoende och högre för zirkonia med zirkonia-typ-lager, men de påverkas inte av sintringsprogram. För att bekräfta att snabbsintring resulterar i likvärdiga materialegenskaper som konventionell sintring krävs emellertid ytterligare studier.

Sammanfattningsvis kräver högtranslucenta och flerskiktade zirkonia-material materialspecifik hantering under framställningen och justeringen av tandersättningar. Sintring påverkar mikrostrukturen och kristallstrukturen och potentiellt zirkonias egenskaper och bör utföras enligt fabrikantens rekommendationer. Polering är att föredra framför glansbränning på laboratoriet och nödvändigt efter justeringar på kliniken.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Malmö: Malmö University Press, 2026. p. 214
Series
Malmö University Odontological Dissertations, ISSN 1650-6065, E-ISSN 2004-9307
National Category
Odontology
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-88467 (URN)10.24834/isbn.9789178777907 (DOI)978-91-7877-789-1 (ISBN)978-91-7877-790-7 (ISBN)
Public defence
2026-10-30, Odontologiska fakulteten KL:2370 Aulan, Smedjegatan 16, Malmö, 09:15 (English)
Opponent
Supervisors
Available from: 2026-10-01 Created: 2026-10-01 Last updated: 2026-10-08Bibliographically approved

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Johansson, CamillaLarsson, ChristelPapia, Evaggelia

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