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Experimental tooth clenching: a model for studying mechanisms of muscle pain
Malmö högskola, Faculty of Odontology (OD).
2013 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [sv]

“I felt like I’d done three rounds with Mike Tyson…all becauseI was grinding my teeth in my sleep”, så beskrev en patient somintervjuades av Daily Mail i en artikel där det ökade problemet medöverbelastning i käkarna beskrevs, vilket kan leda till tandslitage,muskelsmärta, och frakturer på tandmaterial. Det personliga lidandet,och de ekonomiska kostnaderna för både individ och samhälle ärstort. Bruxism innebär en daglig och/eller nattlig tandpressningeller tandgnissling och anges med en förekomst av ca 10-20% ibefolkningen.Tidigare undersökningar har visat att tandpressning ochpsykologisk stress är vanligare bland patienter med kroniskmuskelsmärta i ansiktet jämfört med friska försökspersoner, ochanses kunna bidra till kronisk muskelsmärta i ansiktet, så kalladmyofasciell temporomandibulär dysfunktion (M-TMD). Dethar även föreslagits att bruxism, t ex tandpressning, kan leda tillträningsvärk i tuggmuskulaturen. M-TMD är ett smärttillstånd somkan drabba tuggmuskulaturen och är ungefär dubbelt så vanligt hoskvinnor som hos män. Vanligt förekommande symtom är smärtaoch ömhet i tuggmuskulaturen, men även en reducerad tuggfunktion.Flera studier har använt sig av experimentellatandpressningsmodeller för att öka förståelsen mellan tandpressningoch smärta i tuggmuskulaturen. I dessa studier har olika stor bitkraftanvänts vid tandpressningen, vilket resulterar i att det blir svårt attjämföra resultaten från dessa studier och dra slutsatser om vilkatandpressningsmodeller som är de mest optimala.12Vid tandpressning så kan det bli syrefattigt i tuggmuskulaturen,vilket kan resultera i en frisättning av smärtframkallande substanser,såsom serotonin och glutamat. I tuggmuskulaturen finns detsmärtreceptorer som kan aktiveras av dessa substanser. I tidigarestudier har man observerat att patienter med M-TMD har en högrehalt av dessa substanser i tuggmuskulaturen jämfört med friskaindivider.Finns det ett samband mellan tandpressning och träningsvärk?Hur kommer det sig att patienter med M-TMD har en högre haltav serotonin och glutamat i tuggmuskulaturen? Denna kunskapsaknas idag, således var det övergripande målet med denna avhandlingatt öka kunskapen om detta. På sikt kan denna kunskap bidra tillförbättrade diagnostiska metoder, och behandlingsmodeller.I studie I så utvecklades ett instrument som undersöker kvalitetenpå experimentella bruxismstudier, som senare kan användas i ensystematisk översikt, så att slutsatser kan dras avseende de mestoptimala experimentella bruxism modellerna som inducerar ensmärta på friska individer som efterliknar den kliniska smärtan sompatienter med M-TMD uppvisar.I studie II undersöktes sambandet mellan tandpressning vidolika bitkraftsnivåer och träningsvärk. Våra resultat antyder attträningsvärk i tuggmuskulaturen inte tycks uppstå efter experimentelltandpressning hos friska individer.I delstudier III och IV undersöktes frisättning av serotonin ochglutamat efter tandpressning hos friska individer och patienter medM-TMD med hjälp av mikrodialys. De huvudsakliga fynden var attvi kunde bekräfta tidigare fynd, att patienter med M-TMD har enhögre halt av serotonin i tuggmuskulaturen. Däremot utsöndradesdessa substanser inte i samband med tandpressning, varken hosfriska individer eller hos patienter.

Abstract [en]

The overall goal of this thesis was to broaden knowledge of painmechanisms in myofascial temporomandibular disorders (M-TMD).The specific aims were to:• Develop a quality assessment tool for experimental bruxismstudies (study I).• Investigate proprioceptive allodynia after experimental toothclenching exercises (study II).• Evaluate the release of serotonin (5-HT), glutamate, pyruvate,and lactate in healthy subjects (study III) and in patients withM-TMD (study IV), after experimental tooth clenchingexercises.In (I), tool development comprised 5 steps: (i) preliminary decisions,(ii) item generation, (iii) face-validity assessment, (iv) reliability anddiscriminative validity testing, and (v) instrument refinement. Afterpreliminary decisions and a literature review, a list of 52 items to beconsidered for inclusion in the tool was generated. Eleven expertswere invited to participate on the Delphi panel, of which 10 agreed.After four Delphi rounds, 8 items remained and were included inthe Quality Assessment Tool for Experimental Bruxism Studies(Qu-ATEBS). Inter-observer reliability was acceptable (k = 0.77),and discriminative validity high (phi coefficient 0.79; P < 0.01).During refinement, 1 item was removed; the final tool comprised 7items.In (II), 16 healthy females participated in three 60-min sessions,each with 24- and 48-h follow-ups. Participants were randomlyassigned to a repetitive experimental tooth clenching task with10a clenching level of 10%, 20%, or 40% of maximal voluntaryclenching force (MVCF). Pain intensity, fatigue, perceived intensity ofvibration (PIV), perceived discomfort (PD), and pressure painthreshold (PPT) were measured throughout. A significant increasein pain intensity and fatigue but not in PD was observed over time.A significant increase in PIV was only observed at 40 min, and PPTdecreased significantly over time at 50 and 60 min compared tobaseline.In (III), 30 healthy subjects (16 females, and 14 males)participated in two sessions at a minimum interval of 1 wk.Microdialysis was done to collect 5-HT, glutamate, pyruvate, andlactate and to measure masseter muscle blood flow. Two hours afterthe start of microdialysis, participants were randomized to a 20-min repetitive experimental tooth clenching task (50% of MVCF)or a control session (no clenching). Pain intensity was measuredthroughout the experiment. Substance levels and blood flow wereunaltered at all time points between sessions, and between gendersin each session. Pain intensity was significantly higher after clenchingin the clenching session compared to the same time point in thecontrol session.In (IV), 15 patients with M-TMD and 15 healthy controlsparticipated in one session and the methodology described above wasused. M-TMD patients had significantly higher levels of 5-HT andsignificantly lower blood flows than healthy controls. No significantdifferences for any substance at any time point were observedbetween groups. Time and group had significant main effects onpain intensity.Qu-ATEBS, the 7-item evidence-based quality assessment tool,is reliable, exhibits face-validity, and has excellent discriminativevalidity. Tooth clenching was associated with pain, fatigue, andshort-lasting mechanical hyperalgesia, but not with proprioceptiveallodynia. It seems that tooth clenching is not directly related todelayed onset muscle soreness. In healthy subjects and in patientswith M-TMD, levels of 5-HT, glutamate, pyruvate, and lactate wereunaltered after tooth clenching. But 5-HT levels were significantlyhigher and blood flows significantly lower in M-TMD patients thanin healthy controls at all time points. These two factors may facilitatethe release, and enhance the effects, of other algesic substances thatmay cause pain.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Malmö University, Faculty of Odontology , 2013. , p. 94
Series
Doctoral Dissertation in Odontology
Series
Swedish Dental Journal : Supplement, ISSN 0348-6672 ; 228
Keywords [en]
tooth clenching, muscle pain, bruxism, Delphi technique, pain measurement, masticatory muscles, experimental pain, proprioceptive allodynia, temporomandibular disorders, serotonin, glutamate, masseter muscle, microdialysis
National Category
Dentistry
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-7707PubMedID: 23631112Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-84879147518Local ID: 15410ISBN: 978-91-7104-392-4 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:mau-7707DiVA, id: diva2:1404647
Note

Note: The papers are not included in the fulltext online.

Paper III and IV in dissertation as manuscripts.

Available from: 2020-02-28 Created: 2020-02-28 Last updated: 2024-12-02Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Development of a quality-assessment tool for experimental bruxism studies: reliability and validity
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Development of a quality-assessment tool for experimental bruxism studies: reliability and validity
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2013 (English)In: Journal of Orofacial Pain, ISSN 1064-6655, E-ISSN 1945-3396, Vol. 27, no 2, p. 111-122Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

AIMS: To combine empirical evidence and expert opinion in a formal consensus method in order to develop a quality-assessment tool for experimental bruxism studies in systematic reviews. METHODS: Tool development comprised five steps: (1) preliminary decisions, (2) item generation, (3) face-validity assessment, (4) reliability and discriminitive validity assessment, and (5) instrument refinement. The kappa value and phi-coefficient were calculated to assess inter-observer reliability and discriminative ability, respectively. RESULTS: Following preliminary decisions and a literature review, a list of 52 items to be considered for inclusion in the tool was compiled. Eleven experts were invited to join a Delphi panel and 10 accepted. Four Delphi rounds reduced the preliminary tool-Quality-Assessment Tool for Experimental Bruxism Studies (Qu-ATEBS)- to 8 items: study aim, study sample, control condition or group, study design, experimental bruxism task, statistics, interpretation of results, and conflict of interest statement. Consensus among the Delphi panelists yielded good face validity. Inter-observer reliability was acceptable (k = 0.77). Discriminative validity was excellent (phi coefficient 1.0; P < .01). During refinement, 1 item (no. 8) was removed. CONCLUSION: Qu-ATEBS, the seven-item evidence-based quality assessment tool developed here for use in systematic reviews of experimental bruxism studies, exhibits face validity, excellent discriminative validity, and acceptable inter-observer reliability. Development of quality assessment tools for many other topics in the orofacial pain literature is needed and may follow the described procedure.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Quintessence, 2013
National Category
Dentistry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-5853 (URN)10.11607/jop.1065 (DOI)000322042000003 ()23630683 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-84880582701 (Scopus ID)15902 (Local ID)15902 (Archive number)15902 (OAI)
Available from: 2020-02-28 Created: 2020-02-28 Last updated: 2024-11-11Bibliographically approved
2. Assessment of Proprioceptive Allodynia After Tooth-Clenching Exercises
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Assessment of Proprioceptive Allodynia After Tooth-Clenching Exercises
2012 (English)In: Journal of Orofacial Pain, ISSN 1064-6655, E-ISSN 1945-3396, Vol. 26, no 1, p. 39-48Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

AIMS: To (A) evaluate test-retest reliability of vibrotactile sensitivity in the masseter muscle and (B) test if (1) the vibration threshold is decreased after experimental tooth clenching, (2) intense vibrations exacerbate pain after tooth clenching, (3) pain and fatigue are increased after tooth clenching, and (4) pressure pain thresholds are decreased after tooth clenching. METHODS: In part A, 25 healthy female volunteers (mean age: 42 ± 12 years) participated, and 16 healthy females (mean age 32 ± 10 years) participated in three 60-minute sessions, each with 24- and 48-hour follow-ups in part B. Participants were randomly assigned tooth-clenching exercises with clenching levels of 10%, 20%, or 40% of maximal voluntary clenching. A Vibrameter applied to the right masseter muscle measured perceived intensity of vibration and perceived discomfort, which were assessed on 0-50-100 numeric rating scales. An electronic algometer measured pressure pain threshold (PPT). Two 0- to 100-mm visual analog scales measured pain intensity (VASpain) and fatigue (VASfatigue). Measurements were made on the right masseter muscle. Interclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to calculate test-retest reliability of VT measurements. Outcome variables were tested with two-way ANOVAs for repeated measures and Dunnett's post-hoc test. RESULTS: Moderate long-term (ICC 0.59) and good short-term (ICC 0.92) reliability was found for VT on the masseter muscle. Clenching level had no main effect on perceived intensity of vibration; time effects (P < .05) were only observed at 40 minutes (Dunnett's test: P < .01). Clenching level and time had no effect on perceived discomfort. Only time effects were significant for PPT (P < .01), with reductions at 50 and 60 minutes compared to baseline (Dunnett's test: P < .05). Clenching level and time had main effects for VASpain and VASfatigue (P < .001). Conclusion: Experimental tooth clenching appears to evoke moderate levels of pain and fatigue and short-lasting hyperalgesia to mechanical stimulation, but not proprioceptive allodynia. The absence of proprioceptive allodynia does not necessarily exclude delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) but warrants further studies on the clinical manifestations of DOMS in jaw muscles.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Quintessence, 2012
Keywords
Adult, Bite Force, Cross-Over Studies, Facial Pain/diagnosis, Facial Pain/physiopathology, Female, Follow-Up Studies, Humans, Hyperalgesia/diagnosis, Hyperalgesia/physiopathology, Masseter Muscle/physiopathology, Muscle Contraction/physiology, Muscle Fatigue/physiology, Pain Measurement, Pain Threshold/physiology, Pressure, Proprioception/physiology, Reproducibility of Results, Sensory Thresholds/physiology, Touch/physiology, Vibration
National Category
Dentistry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-15606 (URN)000300334200006 ()22292139 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-84860798944 (Scopus ID)16034 (Local ID)16034 (Archive number)16034 (OAI)
Available from: 2020-03-30 Created: 2020-03-30 Last updated: 2024-08-29Bibliographically approved
3. Pain and intramuscular release of algesic substances in the masseter muscle after experimental tooth-clenching exercises in healthy subjects
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Pain and intramuscular release of algesic substances in the masseter muscle after experimental tooth-clenching exercises in healthy subjects
Show others...
2013 (English)In: Journal of Orofacial Pain, ISSN 1064-6655, E-ISSN 1945-3396, Vol. 27, no 4, p. 350-360Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Aims: To investigate whether experimental tooth clenching leads to a release of algesic substances in the masseter muscle. Methods: Thirty healthy subjects (16 females, 14 males) participated. During two sessions, separated by at least 1 week, intramuscular microdialysis was performed to collect masseter muscle 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) and glutamate as well as the metabolic markers pyruvate and lactate. Two hours after the start of microdialysis, participants were randomized to a 20-min repetitive experimental tooth-clenching task (50% of maximal voluntary contraction) or a control session (no clenching). Pain and fatigue were measured throughout. The Friedman and Wilcoxon tests were used for statistical analyses. Results: No alterations were observed in the concentrations of 5-HT, glutamate, pyruvate, and lactate over time in the clenching or control session, or between sessions at various time points. Pain (P < .01) and fatigue (P < .01) increased significantly over time in the clenching session and were significantly higher after clenching than in the control session (P < .01). Conclusion: Low levels of pain and fatigue developed with this experimental tooth-clenching model, but they were not associated with an altered release of 5-HT, glutamate, lactate, or pyruvate. More research is required to elucidate the peripheral release of algesic substances in response to tooth clenching.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Quintessence, 2013
National Category
Dentistry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-15561 (URN)10.11607/jop.1170 (DOI)000326428200008 ()24171185 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-84892702525 (Scopus ID)17550 (Local ID)17550 (Archive number)17550 (OAI)
Available from: 2020-03-30 Created: 2020-03-30 Last updated: 2025-01-16Bibliographically approved
4. Effects of experimental tooth clenching on pain and intramuscular release of 5-HT and glutamate in patients with myofascial TMD
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Effects of experimental tooth clenching on pain and intramuscular release of 5-HT and glutamate in patients with myofascial TMD
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2015 (English)In: The Clinical Journal of Pain, ISSN 0749-8047, E-ISSN 1536-5409, Vol. 31, no 8, p. 740-749Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

OBJECTIVES:: It has been suggested that tooth clenching may be associated with local metabolic changes, and is a risk factor for myofascial temporomandibular disorders (M-TMD). This study investigated the effects of experimental tooth clenching on the levels of 5-HT, glutamate, pyruvate, and lactate, as well as on blood flow and pain intensity, in the masseter muscles of M-TMD patients. METHODS:: Fifteen patients with M-TMD and 15 healthy controls participated. Intramuscular microdialysis was done to collect 5-HT, glutamate, pyruvate, and lactate and to assess blood flow. Two hours after the insertion of a microdialysis catheter, participants performed a 20-min repetitive tooth clenching task (50% of maximal voluntary contraction). Pain intensity was measured throughout. RESULTS:: A significant effect of group (P<0.01), but not of time, was observed on 5-HT levels, and blood flow. No significant effects of time or group occurred on glutamate, pyruvate, or lactate levels. Time and group had significant main effects on pain intensity (P<0.05, and P<0.001). No significant correlations were identified between: (i) 5-HT, glutamate, and pain intensity or between (ii) pyruvate, lactate, and blood flow. DISCUSSION:: This experimental tooth clenching model increased jaw muscle pain levels in M-TMD patients and evoked low levels of jaw muscle pain in healthy controls. M-TMD patients had significantly higher levels of 5-HT than healthy controls and significantly lower blood flow. These two factors may facilitate the release of other algesic substances that may cause pain.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Raven Press, 2015
National Category
Dentistry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-15604 (URN)10.1097/AJP.0000000000000154 (DOI)000358207900009 ()25232860 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-84937811246 (Scopus ID)17981 (Local ID)17981 (Archive number)17981 (OAI)
Available from: 2020-03-30 Created: 2020-03-30 Last updated: 2024-11-19Bibliographically approved

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