Aim: To review the literature concerning dental anxiety and dental behaviour management in children and adolescents with regards to prevalence, measurement and aetiological factors. Study design: Review. Results: Dental anxiety and dental behaviour management problems are two different concepts related to each other but not identical. Each affects approximately 9% of the child and adolescence populations and both have a multifactorial background. Aetiological factors include the dental treatment as such (mainly pain, discomfort and perceived lack of control), general emotional status and temperament. Conclusions: In order to treat children and adolescents, paedatric dentists need to assess the patient in relation to psychological, personality and treatment aspects and assessments may be carried out using well established methods to gain more knowledge about the individual patient.