Utifrån intervjuer med 36 gymnasieelever har jag kommit fram att historieämnet uppfattas som eurocentriskt. En utvidgning av historieämnets geopolitiska horisont ses som en möjlig lösning på problemet. En trolig förklaring till detta är att flera elever ser olika asiatiska länders (framförallt Kinas) potentiella ekonomiska expansion som en viktig anledning till att se sig omkring och utveckla kunskaper om omvärlden. Den globala ekonomin och mediernas syn på omvärlden är därmed en möjlig förklaring till det ökade intresset för andra delar av världen. Dessutom har majoriteten av eleverna för avsikt att resa och/eller studera utomlands efter studenten. Många elever har också regelbundet besökt sina föräldrars födelseländer samt påverkats av föräldrarnas och de utländska mediernas syn på omvärlden.

Med utgångspunkt från intervjuerna har tre möjliga förslag till individualisering på basis av enskilda elevers etniska identifikationer utkristalliserats. För det första skulle man kunna låta eleverna specialisera sig inom ett visst område genom individuella arbetsuppgifter. För det andra kan stora så kallade invandrargruppers historia skrivas in i den historia som definieras som generell och som läses av samtliga elever. För det tredje har några få elever angett att en individualisering av historieämnet på basis av elevers etniska tillhörigheter kan göras inom den så kallade privata sfären eller som en del av modersmålsundervisningen.

This book is a collection of 220 eyewitness accounts from 1940-1945, the “five evil years” of German occupation of Denmark. The accounts are by Danes who experienced the occupation first hand: resistance fighters, politicians, policemen, Nazis, Jews, volunteers on the German Eastern Front – men and women, young and old, 'high and low', known and unknown figures. "Eyewitness to the Occupation" is a mosaic of stories that can be read either in parts or chronologically as one collective narrative about this period.

Historien om hvordan en gruppe ufaglærte pakkeriarbejdere gik fra at være de nederste i hierarkiet i en af Danmarks førende medievirksomheder til at blive en magtfaktor som selv de øverste chefer ikke kunne tillade sig at ignorere. Dette er en fortælling om at fagligt sammenhold nytter, og hvorledes man får den stablet på benene. Men det er også historien om de mange modsætninger og vanskeligheder der er i det faglige arbejde, og hvor udsatte ufaglærte arbejdere er i dagens Danmark.

Approximately 150 Danish trade union activists were invited to the US as part of the Marshall Aid and subsequent programs. Through these travel experiences, the Danes learnt about productivity and “the American Way of Life”. But how were their visits arranged? How were the activists selected? What were their experiences and what impressions of the US and its' culture did the activists disseminate to the Danish public upon returning home?

Sverige har i olika sammanhang beskrivits som ett mångkulturellt land. I avhandlingen I historiekanons skugga: Historieämnet och identifikationsformering i 2000-talets mångkulturella samhälle analyseras vilka effekter framväxten av det så kallade mångkulturella samhället har haft på historieämnet. Avhandlingens övergripande syfte är att skildra relationen mellan ungdomars etniska identifikationer och deras syn på historieämnet och därigenom bidra till en problematisering av historieämnet i ett så kallat mångkulturellt samhälle. Utan insikter om dessa frågor är det svårt att diskutera ämnets legitimitet i skolan samt de historiedidaktiska valen i 2000-talets så kallade mångkulturella samhälle. Studien bygger på intervjuer med gymnasieelever, gymnasielärare och historieläroboksförfattare samt en analys av samhällskunskaps- och historieläroböcker. Som ett led i analysen besvaras följande frågor: Hur beskriver elever, lärare och läroboksförfattare historieämnets syfte i skolan? Hur skildras emigrationen från Sverige under andra hälften av 1800-talet och de första decennierna av 1900-talet samt efterkrigstidens immigration till Sverige i ett urval av samhällskunskaps- och historieläroböcker publicerade mellan 1962 och 2007? Vilka diskursiva skillnader kan man observera i beskrivningarna av dessa två migrationer går det att observera? Hur tolkar eleverna sina (etniska) identifikationer och hur påverkar dessa deras syn på historieämnet? Hur ser unga människor, lärare och läroboksförfattare på en eventuell implementering av vissa mångkulturalistiska undervisningsmodeller i svensk historieundervisning?

This article explores the establishment of a population policy in Sweden in the eighteenth century. Swedish population policy, making use of systematic church registers, became the basis for a new system of knowledge built on gender and sexual differences. In order to increase the population rate, the Swedish state promoted motherhood, thus qualitatively binding the state and its nation's inhabitants. Parliament's foundation of a Department of Public Economics was the cornerstone of a national discourse on population, laden with references to "the common good." In the mercantile era, when people were viewed as resources and more people meant an increased capacity to compete in the international economy, new forms of knowledge were created to manage and promote population growth. Children were regarded as the hope of the future. This discourse colonized women's bodies by giving women a national task to become child bearers, child carers, and, accordingly, guardians of the nation. Carl Linnaeus, one of the most well-known scientists of the time, championed the importance of the biological mother's milk for children and the strengthening of "natural" motherhood in general. Nevertheless, population growth and workforce reproduction were of such a high priority to the state that even unwed mothers had a role in growing the nation. Poor relief regulations offered economic compensation to mothers, including those who were sole providers. Motherhood as a national resource and as a symbol in nationalistic projects incorporated women into the state as mothers, not as individuals.

Review of 'Den moralske stedfortræder – og andre historier om idræt og politik' by Jørn Hansen (2008).

After the Second World War, a power struggle for the control of the international trade union movement began due to movement's key role in reconstructing and developing Europe. The close links between Danish trade union movement leaders and their American counterparts became vital for the alliances of Danish labor.

Artikeln debatterar historiebruket i Harry Potter-fantasy i allmänhet och Harry Potter och halvblodsprinsen i synnerhet.

Artikeln behandlat Ruhrområdets satsningar på kulturarvsturism. När industrieran i Ryhrområdet var över och nedläggningar hotade den tidigare ekonomiskt blomstrande regionen, omvandlades ruiner och övergivna industribyggnader till turistattraktioner. Artikeln belyser tre områden som på olika sätt hanterar industrilämningarna; Ruhrlandsmuseet i Essen, LVR-Industrimuseum i Overhauser pch Landschaftspark Duisburg-Nord. Artikeln problematiserar historiemedvetande, nostalgi och historiebruk i relation till dessa platser.

The link between public health and migration control at the national level is well established in international migration research. This relationship is the starting point of our research on the Swedish management of refugees during the Second World War. The aim of the article has been to introduce the international research field migration and public health and analyze the role that public health strategies played in the organized refugee reception in the beginning of the 1940’s. We have studied the preparation and implementation of policies targeted to handle a larger amount of newly arrived refugees. Public health strategies played an important part in the preparations for the reception of a larger amount of refugees from Sweden’s neighboring countries. Existing laws and already established organizations created the frames for the emergence of organized refugee activities in the beginning of the 1940’s. This is very obvious in the routines that were established to identify and separate refugees that was suspected for having a contagious disease. In order to protect the national citizens all newly arrived had to pass through a health inspection. This included both a medical examination at the transit point as well as a two-week period in quarantine. After the quarantine the refugees were placed at permanent camps. The purpose of the isolation of the refugees was to prevent epidemics, most probably the isolation also contributed to perceptions about otherness of the newly arrived.

In this paper the supply and demand side of the 20th century horse sector is studied. In connection to the horse sector there have been many changes in the supply side (especially in connection to vital factors of production as land and capital and entrepreneurs) and the demand side (economic support to youth sport making it cheaper for young people, growth of welfare, a taste for events and for tourism in the countryside). Whether these are specific for Sweden is difficult to say – however, studied in this way, I think it could be possible to do international comparisons.

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate in what way children have been the focus of political discussions connected to sports – here especially equestrian sports – during the second half of the 20th century. Special focus will be how children are fostered within sports and how it is possible that rearing methods have influenced who – boys or girls - do what sport. Unfortunately very little is done so far within the field on children as political actors – even though I believe there is a potential for a research project focusing on that within sports as – at least within so called Nordic Sports model - children were supposed to be trained into citizenship through sports. Whether rearing for citizenship has actually been the outcome is questionable.

The purpose of this paper is to analyze the rearing of children and young people within equestrian sports in Sweden during the second half of the 20th century. In contemporary times the Swedish Sport Movement, together with schools, is the most important rearing environment for children. However, the actual goal of the rearing, except of course learning a specific sport activity, is more unclear. The question is important as children’s sports receive significant financial support from the government. In the contemporary debate on this issue, children’s experiences as well as emotions like happiness and sorrow; fellowship and marginalization are presented as outcomes of children’s sports activities. In recent times especially the competitative rearing ambitions have been criticized whereas goals like participation for all have been emphasized as the primer aim. Other questions have been the role of parents and children’s inclination and discomfort in connection to sports. Previous research on football for children and young people has demonstrated that political intentions emphasizing sports for all and a rearing focused on democratic values has justified governmental financial support to children’s and young people’s sports activities. Despite this, children within the football associations are often raised with values connected to competition and marginalization (Peterson 1993). Furthermore, children’s sports environment is very authoritarian (Redelius 2002). Rearing within the sports movement is also a question of gender. Generally sports has been connected to men and masculine values (Olofsson 1989; Hjelm 2004; Larsson 2005; Hedenborg 2008). A study of rearing activities within football has demonstrated that quite young boys are met by a masculinity constructed in opposition to homosexuality and femininity (Fundberg 2003). Whether the same values can be, and have been, seen in equestrian sports is questioned in this paper. Furthermore it is argued that the target of rearing can be connected to gender. A question raised is whether the target of rearing can explain the feminizing process within equestrian sports. Annual reports from one of the equestrian organizations (Ridfrämjandet), interviews with two persons who have been working with education within this organization and letters from children sent to a children’s magazine are used as source material. The latter is of specific interest as this source material will reflect children’s own experiences and view of the rearing aims.

Vad lär sig barn och ungdomar av att idrotta? De flesta idrotter innehåller element av såväl tävlingsfostran som demokratifostran. Inom ridsporten framträder dessutom omvårdnadsfostran, i form av slitsamt, skadligt och tungt arbete med hästarnas skötsel och den omvårdnad som utförs av de många flickor som idag dominerar sporten.

When Sweden played host to the Equestrian competitions of the 1956 Olympics, social issues of class and gender were publicly discussed and challenged. Indeed, equestrian sports by their very nature and history drew attention to the changing social order of sports (and society at large) during the 1950s. It will be shown that there were a range of quite ambivalent responses to working class men and to women during this time in Sweden. Furthermore, it will be demonstrated that the relationship between these social issues and horse riding was challenged and revised during this time and that the 1950s can be seen as a turning point for the social order of sports. Equestrian sports provide a fascinating case study due firstly to a number of specific contextual features that will be explained, and secondly because they were among the first sports in Sweden to face challenges to traditional social structures.

In this article we elaborate on the possibility to combine constructivist perspective and oral history within one methodological order to explore how identities are narrated and negotiated in different situations, contexts and interviewers. In oral history, the give voice” to marginalized or forgotten individuals or groups, stories and give them the possibility to speak from their perspectives. with these emancipatory aims of oral history. Simultaneously we analyze interviews in order to investigate identity constructions. concepts of intersectionality and narrated identity, which allow investigate how groups and individuals that are marginalized and negotiate their own and other identities. At the same time it is unclear interviewees understand these kinds of analysis of their narratives. combine a social constructivist perspective and oral history in a must be aware of this relation of power and explain to the interviewees doing and why we are doing it. In a broader research perspective deconstructive approach illustrates interesting assumptions about multidimensional identity constructions.

The purpose of this article is to analyze the importance and meaning of education within one of the Swedish horse riding organizations – Ridfrämjandet. The organization was formed in 1948, and shortly after its establishment it is clear that it attracted especially young people and children. Ridfrämjandet, as many other sports associations, achieved governmental subsidies for their youth activities and a large amount of their work was devoted to courses. The sociologist Tomas Peterson has used two concepts to characterize the educational strivings within the sports associations: education for competition and education for citizenship. Furthermore he has demonstrated that the courses arranged by the Swedish Football Association soon after their introduction developed competitive characteristics. By contrast, the courses arranged by Ridfrämjandet focused on citizenship education. In order to characterize the educational strivings in Ridfrämjandet, another concept has to be used as well – education for caretaking. It is possible that the caretaking characteristics in the equestrian organization can be connected to the process of feminization.

I augusti 1909, för precis hundra år sedan, bröt storstrejken ut i Sverige. En händelse som satte djupa spår i svensk politik och som utgjorde startpunkten för bygget av en av världens mest framgångsrika välfärdsstater. Roger Johansson berättar historien om sommaren som formade det moderna Sverige.

During a few days at the end of November 1926, the Möllevången neighborhood in Malmö was the scene of violent confrontations between thousands of demonstrators and a large part of the city police force. Behind these demonstrations lay an industrial conflict, begun early in July that year at A. W. Nilsson factory. The workers went on strike, and a week or so later the factory owner employed a local recruiter of strike-breakers. From the very first, trouble arose whenever there was an encounter between the strike-breakers and the striking workers. Day and night, the workers had pickets standing outside the factory and from the very beginning there were almost daily demonstrations outside the factory, attracting nearly two hundred participants. Whenever the strike-breakers moved outside the protecting walls of the factory, they were harassed in a menacing way. More than once, the police had to interfere, because the situation had become even more menacing and outspokenly violent. On the night between the 10 and the 11 November something took place which would worsen the tense situation outside the factory. In the street, a strike-breaker and a striking worker were having an argument, which led to the former giving the latter a blow to the head. Just over a week later he died of complications caused by the blow. Within the Social Democratic movement in Malmö no one doubted that the blow to the head and the ensuing death were directly connected. As soon as the news of the death of the striking worker was published in the newspapers, there were several thousands participants in the demonstrations outside the A. W. Nilsson factory. When the police after a few days, ordered to restore order, started trying to force the increasing numbers of demonstrators to leave the vicinity, these resisted, thus causing several days of violent confrontation in the Möllevången area. 10 The strike at A. W. Nilsson factory was not the only conflict in Malmö at this time where the employer used strike-breakers, the encounters between these and the striking workers causing violent demonstrations. Nor did such confrontations occur only in Malmö during the interwar period. The purpose of this thesis is to study the boundaries of collective violence within politics in inter-war Sweden. Five questions are asked: Where did the local social democratic movement draw the boundaries of collective violence within politics during the industrial conflict at the A. W. Nilsson factories in Malmö? How was collective violence used during the conflict? How did representatives from the social democratic movement discuss this use of collective violence? How was this collective violence being discussed in the public debate that took place in the newspaper press? In what way has this collective violence used during the industrial conflict come to be seen in the writing of history? What happened in Malmö in 1926-1928 may be considered to be part of a protracted period of escalating labor disputes between the employed and the employer on the Swedish labor-market, lasting between 1925 and 1932. A similar period can furthermore be said to have occurred between 1908 and 1917. This violence, however, has only seldom been emphasized in Swedish research. On the contrary, the research on working-class history in particular, has stressed the absence of violence. It is true that large-scale collective violence occurred but rarely, even though the events described above, occurring during the period of escalating conflicts in the late 1920s and early 1930s, may be considered to be events where more large scale violence was used. Still, violence occurs in Sweden as well. True, it is arguably mostly smallscale, but till obviously collective in its character, like the more or less daily confrontations between the strike-breakers and the striking workers taking place outside the A .W. Nilsson factory in Malmö. This violence is collective as well, the workers and the strike-breakers being more or less equally responsible for the acts of violence. The workers used to harass the strike-breakers, a form of collective violence in connection with industrial disputes, more or less tolerated by the union as well as by the political leadership within the Social Democratic labor movement. It is acts of violence, which, though they occurred openly 11 in those days, have been more or less forgotten in Swedish research on industrial action. In latter years this has been explained by the fact that this research remarkably often has been focused on explaining ”the Swedish Model” with its spirit of mutual understanding and willingness to compromise, as well as by its historical roots, thus giving Swedish historical research a teleological tendency, conflicts having been played down, while putting stress on and emphasizing mutual understanding. Keywords: Political conflict, contention, collective violence, labor movement, strike, strike-breaking, “the Swedish model”, repression, teleological history.

Review of 'Idrettens helter: Temanummer av Moving Bodies, No. 1–2 2008 Vol. 4', editor Peter Dahlén (2008).

Ett begrepp i den politiska retorikens centrum är "arbetslinjen". Frågan är dock med vilka argument arbetets värde har hävdats. Denna artikel handlar om med vilka argument SAF hävdade arbetslinjen 1975. I en situation då det möjliga språkbruket var styrt av vänsterrörelsen blev nyckelorden solidaritet, U-hjälp och dagisplatser snarare än tillväxt och konsumtion. De som önskade en arbetstidsreduktion framställdes som miljöbovar och motståndare till frigörelse av såväl förtryckta kvinnor som tredje världens fattiga.

I det tidiga 2000-talet står begreppet arbetslinjen i den politiska retorikens centrum. Regeringspartierna och oppositionen tävlar om vem som bäst hävdar arbetslinjen. Även om begreppet som sådant inte har använts lika frekvent under 1900-talet är dock frågan hur arbetets värde har hävdats. Denna artikel handlar om vilka argument SAF och LO använde i debatten om åttatimmarsdagen kring 1920. I likhet med idag präglades debatten av vem som bäst kunde uttolka samhällets eller nationens behov.

Artikeln behandlar pornografi ur ett historisk perspektiv med fokus på genus