The aim of this study is to explore what happens when the Swedish disability policy (LSS) is translated into practice. The study focuses on the organizing that takes place at a local, municipal level. It uses a qualitative approach with a mix of qualitative methods and is actively involving practitioners in the co-­‐ production of empirical data. Drawing on Actor-­‐network theory (ANT) as a conceptual framework, the analysis focuses on how actors and actants are assembled in networks. A detailed map is developed, comprising relations, formations and tensions that emerges from the efforts of translating policy into practice, Results identify the function of front-­‐line managers as a central and overloaded hub. It shows how unforeseen, unintended and undesirable effects arise as a result of both planned action programs and recurrent, not anticipated events. An ongoing professionalization, is described as a result of internal organizational conditions, rather than policy implementation or the self-­‐ interest of professions. The study illustrates the complexity and challenges of welfare organizations and the results can be used for further organizational studies as well as serve as a roadmap for organizational development within disability services.

The purpose of this study is to problematize and analyze the conception and construction of elite athletes’ economical terms through a feministic lens. I will specifically try to investigate and illustrate how women and men who want to invest and try out for elite sports, are constructed as economical actors, how economical prerequisites to practice their sport is depicted and if, and in what way, the professionalization of the sport is gender equal. The four sports that are examined in this study are curling, football, golf and equestrian. The study contributes to the illustration of sport management issues from a feministic, gender and equality perspective. I have chosen multiple theories that I believe explain the different parts of my material in relation to feminism, gender equality and gender theories. The concepts used are the connection between material and cultural inequality (Fraser and Ridgeway), dominance and power structures (Young and Halldenius), the connection between the public and the private (Okin) and the gender contract (Hirdman). Mainly two types of material are used. An analysis of the sport associations’ official magazines and interviews with different organizational leaders within the associations. This dissertation shows that the issues regarding financial conditions for elite athletes are depicted differently in the different sports. There are diverse challenges for the sports and their associations in the work towards gender equality. The different conditions are affected by size, status, connections to the market and dependence of funds. Several problematic issues are identified such as distribution of resources by the associations, the distribution by sponsors, the distribution by the SOK, prize money and family life. The struggle for a gender equal distribution of resources in elite sports are ongoing. The magazines depict women as receiving less money than men in their sports. A common argument for this distribution is the greater interest in men’s sports, which refers to that men’s sports generate more money. Women’s sport is economically marginalized. An excessive redistribution of assets and a restructuring of the control over resources are necessary aspects to rectify gender inequality. Professional sports as they appear today, partly controlled by the market, are not gender equal. It appears to be a great gap between gender equality and the market logic. As it appears from this study, a key seems to be adding value to women’s sports on all levels, from associations to spectators. The relationship between the Swedish state and the sports movement (RF) is defined by an implicit contract. The state provides funds to RF and in turn, RF has a responsibility to make sure sport is equal for all. Since the implicit contract also means that the state does not interfere with how the sport confederation distribute the funds this means that the distribution of resources benefits men’s elite sports because it is considered more worthy by the sport organizations. RF do not fulfill their part of the contract and the state approves the inequality by not making demands. The implicit contract becomes gender impregnated.

This thesis is focused on bioelements for biological electric power sources,specifically, on blue copper proteins with and without an intrinsic biocatalyticactivity, i.e. ability to reduce oxygen directly to water. These proteins, viz. differentlaccases, ceruloplasmin, and rusticyanin, were characterised in detailand employed for the construction of both self-charging and conventional biosupercapacitors.First, similarities and particularities of oxygen electroreductionvs. bioelectroreduction were reviewed. Moreover, being a promising candidatefor the construction of autotolerant implantable biocathodes, the electrochemistryof human ceruloplasmin was revisited. For the first time, a clearbioelectrocatalytic reduction of oxygen on ceruloplasmin modified electrodeswas shown. Second, computational design combined with directed evolutionresulted in a high redox potential mutated laccase, GreeDo, with increased redoxpotential of the T1 site, increased activity towards high redox potentialmediators, as well as enhanced stability. Third, GreeDo was electrochemicallycharacterised in detail. The mutant exhibited higher open circuit potentialvalues and onset potentials for oxygen bioelectroreduction compared to the parental laccase, OB-1. Moreover, the operational stability of GreeDo modifiedgraphite electrodes was found to be more than 2 h in a decidedly acidicelectrolyte, in agreement with the extended operational and storage stabilitiesof the enzyme in acidic solutions. Fourth, multi-cell single-electrolyte glucose/oxygen biodevices with adjustable open-circuit and operating voltages,which are independent on the difference in equilibrium redox potentials of thetwo redox couples, gluconolactone/glucose and oxygen/water, viz. 1.18 V, butdependent on the number of half-cells in the biodevice construction, were designedand tested. The biodevices were made from tubular graphite electrodeswith electropolymerised poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) modified withTrametes hirsuta laccase and Neurospora crassa cellobiose dehydrogenase as the cathodic and anodic biocatalysts, respectively. Due to the interplay betweenfaradaic and non-faradaic electrochemical processes, as well as betweenionic and electronic conductivities, the open-circuit voltage of the self-chargedbiodevice is extraordinarily high, reaching 3 V, when seven biosupercapacitorsoperating in a common electrolyte were connected in series. Moreover,glucose/oxygen biodevices could be externally discharged at an operatingvoltage exceeding the maximal limiting open-circuit value of 1.24 V for thecomplete glucose oxidation. Last but not least, a conventional biosupercapacitor,i.e. a biodevice lacking self-charging ability, was composed of Acidithiobacillusferrooxidans rusticyanin modified gold electrodes. The complete biodevicesas well as separate electrodes were thoroughly characterised electrochemically.The symmetrical biosupercapacitor based on two identical goldelectrodes modified with rusticyanin is able to capacitively store electricityand deliver electric power, accumulated mostly in the form of biopseudocapacitance,when charged and discharged externally.

Denna licentiatuppsats bidrar med ett förslag till ett systematiskt upplägg av undervisning och bedömning av tandläkarstudenters professionella samtal med patient. Det systematiska upplägget baseras på fem delar:struktur för kommunikationsövning: identifiera, analysera, kommunicera och reflektera.Bedömning som stödjer utvecklandet av förmåga att ge informerade omdömenDPCSI-instrumentet, vilket utgör en sammanställning av kriterier och indikatorer för tandvårdssamtalet.Struktur för progression, baserat på DPCSI-instrumentet och resonemang utifrån Hardens (2007) modell för pro-gression för lärandemålBred förankring av undervisning i kommunikationskompe-tens i tandläkarutbildningen

Syftet med studien var att bidra med ny kunskap inom forskningsfältet teknik i förskolan genom att studera förskollärares och barns volition i bygg- och konstruktionslek för att för att se hur tekniskt kunnande delas mellan barn. Tre frågeställningar har väglett undersökningen: (1)Vad kännetecknar förskollärares och barns volition att bygga och konstru-era? (2) Hur utforskar barn teknik i och genom konstruktionerna? (3) Hur uttrycks och delas teknikkunskap mellan barn? Studien utgår dels från ett teknikfilosofiskt perspektiv, utvecklat av Mitcham och dels uti-från variationsteorins antagande om urskiljning, simultanitet och variat-ion för att utveckla lärandet. I studien har barns volition (viljeakt) stu-derats när de identifierar, bygger och förbättrar tekniska konstruktioner och hur förskollärarna stödjer deras tekniklärande. Data består av vi-deoobservationer och fältanteckningar från fyra olika konstruktionsak-tiviteter. En slutsats som kan dras utifrån studiens resultat är att det finns en koppling mellan teknisk kunskap och volition. Med ökade tek-nikkunskaper ökade barnens volition att delta i aktiviteterna och ut-veckla konstruktionerna. Studiens resultat visar att det är centralt att barn och förskollärare riktar sin uppmärksamhet mot ett gemensamt lä-randeobjekt i byggaktiviteten för att tekniklärande ska ske. Förskollä-rarnas aktiva deltagande är betydelsefullt för barns tekniklärande för att kunna urskilja nya aspekter av lärandeobjektet. De redovisade resultaten visar på ett flertal teknikaspekter som ges tillfälle att utforska i bygg- och konstruktionslek. Centrala tekniska begrepp bearbetas och barnen får erfarenheter av hur material och redskap kan användas för att skapa olika konstruktioner. Det ger också tillfälle till samarbete och att dela kunskap med varandra.

This dissertation fills part of the existing knowledge gap regarding the relationship between the legal obligation to document medical care and treatment on the one hand, and the professional practice, conditions and identities of professionals on the other. Three basic questions serve as points of departure: what are the origins of the obligation to document medical care and treatment? How is the relationship between the patient and the professions affected by the obligation? How does the obligation affect professional identities? The dissertation consists of five sub-projects performed with a combined legal and social constructivist approach. Two relate to the historical emergence of an obligation for physicians and other professions to document medical care and treatment in Swedish healthcare. One concerns how standardized forms of documentation affect the patient’s legal position and two are built upon the fact that the legal obligation for licensed psychotherapists within municipal family counselling to document their interventions has lapsed, even though the legislation clearly prescribes such an obligation. The results suggest that the form of governance known as New PublicManagement has been preceded by regulations regarding the obligation ofdocumentation, which are clearly intended to meet financial and organizationalgoals. This may have contributed to the fact that Sweden is one of the countrieswhere New Public Management has influenced the public administration the most.The thesis concludes that the effects of the regulations regarding of the obligationto document medical care and treatment, and the forms of implementation ofthe obligation, are of crucial importance for a patient’s legal position. Furtherresearch is needed in order to highlight and better understand the processes thatare at play when the regulations are enforced and implemented amongst healthcare professionals.

Written at the intersection of migration studies, urban studies, and research on activism, this thesis contributes to the exploration of solidarities born on the ground in an urban context marked by immigration and economic restructuring. Based on ethnographic material collected 2013­–2016 in Malmö, Sweden, it examines alliances and friendships generated across social, cultural, ethnic, and legal divides through a particular political practice—activism as carried out by the extra-parliamentarian left. A decisive aspect is the particularity of Malmö, a city with a high density and diversity of activist groups, and Möllevången, the neighbourhood where their actions are concentrated. Möllevången is conceptualised in this thesis as an incubator for resistance to the dispossessing effects of neoliberal economic restructuring and urban gentrification. Special attention is devoted to activist groups that, at the time of fieldwork, affected the most people through their large mobilisations and solidarity-based work. While not negating differences among activists or between activists and racialised migrants in precarious legal conditions, the thesis highlights their shared experiences of co-creating political spaces and interests—commoning. This kind of embodied solidarity requires activists to experiment with non-hierarchical and non-normative ways of structuring social relations, a process filled with challenges, ambivalences, and conflicts. The thesis shows how activists cope with challenges and what they perceive as achievements. Furthermore, it shows that—despite the ever-increasing anti-immigrant rhetoric, restrictive migration policies, and neoliberalisation of the commons—solidarity and commoning contribute to pathways of migrant emplacement: re-establishing life in a particular locality, building networks, making friends, and developing a feeling of belonging to a new place. Not only does the activists’ commitment to radical equality and mutual aid create certain pathways for emplacement in the city, it also enables the political socialisation of some migrants and paves the way for a new generation of migrant activists in Malmö.

Syftet med denna avhandling är att synliggöra flerspråkiga elevers användning av sina första- och andraspråk i ett flerspråkigt NO-klassrum där man använder och uppmuntrar translanguaging och tydliggöra om och i så fall på vilka sätt dessa processer kan skapa förutsättningar för lärande. Avhandlingen utgår från sociokulturella teorier om språk och lärande, med särskilt fokus på social-semiotiska perspektiv. Vidare används dialogiska och pragmatiska paradigm som på olika sätt kan sägas vara sammankopplade med eller bidra till sociokulturella perspektiv på språk och lärande. Dessutom används teorier om translanguaging för att tydliggöra och öka förståelsen för flerspråkiga elevers möte med NO-klassrummet. För att utveckla djupare förståelse för på vilka sätt translanguaging som metod kan skapa ökade förutsättningar för flerspråkiga elevers lärande används en etnografisk datainsamling och forskningsdesign. Studien följer några NO-lektioner varje månad i en mellanstadieklass under tre års tid (2012-2015). Lektionerna dokumenteras med hjälp av fyra videokameror och fyra diktafoner och den totalt inspelade tiden från lektionerna är 117 timmar. Dessutom samlas fältanteckningar, elevtexter och olika undervisningsmaterial in. Datamaterialet består även av inspelade samtal med fyra elever som vid tillfället för datainsamlingen är nyanlända. Analysen visar att eleverna rör sig i språkliga loopar mellan både nationella och diskursiva språk i meningsskapande samtal om det naturvetenskapliga ämnesinnehållet, samt att de använder sina första- och andraspråk för att förklara, beskriva och sammanlänka semantiska relationer inom olika naturvetenskapliga ämnesområden. Vidare visar analysen att elevernas användning av sina första- och andraspråk ofta utgör en resurs i elevernas appropriering av den naturvetenskapliga skoldiskursen. Eleverna och studiehandledaren använder ofta sina första- och andraspråk för att förtydliga ämnesinnehåll och förklara olika klassrumsaktiviteter för varandra. Emellertid avslöjar analysen också situationer i denna praktik där alla tillgängliga resurser inte utnyttjas och kontinuiteten i klassrumsaktiviteterna blir avbruten på olika sätt. Dessa situationer verkar vara konsekvenser av låga förväntningar på elever med begränsad tillgång till undervisningsspråket, vilket uttrycks i en förenkling av det språk som används, kontextualisering av ämnesinnehållet till vardagliga erfarenheter som kanske inte delas av alla elever, samt komplexiteten att översätta och transformera det naturvetenskapliga ämnesinnehållet från ett språk till ett annat (arabiska och svenska) och mellan en vardaglig och en mer akademisk diskurs. Studien bidrar till fältet genom att illustrera vikten av att stödja varje elevs tillgång till de språkliga verktyg som konstituerar det naturvetenskapliga ämnesinnehållet, samt främja användningen av alla tillgängliga resurser, såsom första- och andraspråket, för att relatera det naturvetenskapliga ämnesinnehållet till tidigare erfarenhet och därmed skapa ett kontinuerligt lärande i flerspråkiga NO-klassrum.

Historically, changes in preschool policy have been legitimized in relation to ideas about the preschool child and the various problems that the education of this child is supposed to be able to “solve”. From an early age, children have been considered the most effective tool for dealing with a variety of social, economic or environmental issues of central importance for maintaining and developing society. Against this background, the purpose of this thesis is to examine representations of the preschool child in different policy texts (textbooks, research- and educational policy) related to changing requirements and targets affecting contemporary Swedish preschools. Discursive constructions of the preschool child are considered as important central aspects, used to legitimize political reforms in accordance with pedagogical ideas and prevailing social contexts. The thesis focuses on the tensions within contemporary constructions of the preschool child in the so-called “knowledge economy”: i.e. the tensions between a competent child, who is both able and willing to take advantage of education, and a “newcomer” – the vulnerable child – in need of obtaining the benefits of education in order to be able to cope with the future. The simultaneously competent and vulnerable preschool child is thus an efficiently designed target for the interests of economic transnational organizations viewing education mainly in terms of human capital development, as well as an important factor for economic competitiveness. In the thesis’ final analysis, I study how the OECD, EU and IEA are developing methods for measuring and evaluating the results of preschool education, with the intention of being able to "streamline" it by finding universally successful concepts that are both cost-effective and high quality. The construction of the preschool child as simultaneously competent and vulnerable is used to legitimize shifts in power over the definition of the Swedish preschool agenda, the fundamental ideas of what preschool is about, what its aims are, and for whom it is intended. As these ideas are disguised as being the result of supposedly "objective" forces far from the ideological contradictions of the political sphere, a critical discussion concerning the goals and aims of early childhood education becomes almost impossible to achieve.

This thesis is an expedition into and beyond students’ mathematics talk in classrooms framed by migration as a matter of dichotomization betweennamed languages and (in)formal aspects of one fixed mathematics. It is an attempt to make sense of how students grapple with and move about thedivides that those dichotomizations shapes. I ask; How do students in a Grade 5 classroom framed by migration navigate language andepistemological divides when talking about mathematics? and What theoretical conceptualization of epistemological dimensions of languagediversity can be used to frame the students’ navigation of the divides?‘Navigation’ and ‘navigate’ are the metaphors I use for finding one’s way in spaces that do not have established paths to follow. In this thesisepistemological divides articulate difference when individuals and/or cultures take and treat something as mathematical knowledge. They emergewhen people do and talk about mathematics. My focus is not primarily on how students learn mathematics through their navigation, but rather onhow the students inhabit the learn-ing space together—how they relate to each other—as they navigate.To grapple with the research questionsabove, to learn about multiple relational aspects of how students navigate language and epistemological divides when they talk about schoolmathematics, I have used a flexible research design in a multilingual, yet ‘Swedish-only’ Grade 5 (students aged 11) classroom in the south ofSweden. Theoretically I bring together a) linguistic inferentialism as an alternative to the representation paradigm, b) social interaction andecological approaches on knowledge to frame the relationship between language and c) mathematics in students’ talk in a classroom with a complexdiversity of languages and socio-economic backgrounds.Results show that when students in the Grade 5 class navigated language and epistemological divides they demonstrated solidarity andsometimes perform aggressive actions towards each other in their encounters with mathematical knowledge and language diversity. Theseperformances were theoretically conceptualized as meta-understanding of multilingualism (MULD) or lack of MULD. The performances areunderstood as connected to the mathematics based discursive spaces (MBDS) that emerged when the students discoursed.The present thesis contributes to the field by taking an ecology-based relational approach towards language and epistemology in order to providetools for considering students’ responsive translanguaging in multilingual classrooms with no shared languages (except the language of instruction).In addition, this thesis is the first to use inferentialism for ecology-based approaches on social epistemological issues of multilingualism inmathematics education research.

Computed tomography has been used in dentistry as a complement to two-dimensional (2D) imaging since the 1980s. The advent of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT), a more modern computed tomog-raphy technique, meant a revolution in dento-maxillofacial imaging due to sharper images, with less radiation and at a lower cost than with mul-ti-slice computed tomography (MSCT), i.e., conventional medical com-puted tomography. However, CBCT still uses higher radiation doses and is more expensive for the patient than conventional 2D methods. CBCT is generally reported as more accurate than intra-oral radiographs to diagnose pathologies orconditions of interest in endodontics. The diagnostic process is, nevertheless, not only about radiographs and it is not certain that the use of CBCT will provide a different chain of actions, and ultimately result in a health benefit for the patient. There is thus a need to establish whether the added information of computed tomography has an impact on diagnosis and therapy choice in endodontics. Guidelines based on the best available evidence have been issued to as-sist clinicians in how to use CBCT. However, little is known about the decision process that drives dentists to request computed tomography and there is a need for more insight into this process. The aims of this thesis were to assess the influence of CBCT in diagno-ses and treatments choices and to gain insight into dentists’ decision process when requesting CBCT examinations. Study I Cases used were of a fictive standardised clinical history of asympto-matic root-filled maxillary molars from 34 consecutively included pa-tients in which MSCT and intra-oral radiographs taken simultaneously. All cases were analysed by five decision makers. Before and after MSCT assessments were 1-3 months apart. The results showed that MSCT does not improve therapy planning agreement among decision makers but it influences therapy changes within each decision maker, often to more aggressive therapies (e.g. more teeth extractions) Studies II and III The studies were prospective observational studies. The cases were au-thentic clinical scenarios presented to the decision makers who also were the actual caregivers. The same cases were used in both studies II and III involving 53 consecutive patients referred for CBCT using the the evidence based European Commission (EC) guidelines. Seven deci-sion makers in two different clinics participated and made before and after CBCT assessments during normal clinical praxis. The results showed that CBCT significantly influenced changes in diagnoses and therapy plans. The changes in therapies were often towards more ag-gressive therapies and are strongly correlated with changes in diagnoses. CBCT also improved statistically decision makers’ confidence in the assessments. The decision makers felt that CBCT had a positive impact on the patient’s health in a large number of patients, but this could not be controlled, and the assessment was not blinded. Study IV Fourteen strategically selected dentists (informants) that use CBCT for endodontic purposes were interviewed. The interviews were semi-structured. The informants narrated on their last three self-reported CBCT cases. The interviews’ transcripts were analysed by qualitative content analysis. The interpretation of the phenomenon of the decision of using CBCT examinations for endodontic purposes was made at two different levels: the explicit and the implicit content. The explicit con-tent revealed three categories as follows: “visualization as a desire”, “fa-cilitating tough decisions” and “allocation of responsibility”. The im-plict content was interpreted as: dentists working in Sweden seemed to have a clinical common sense that compensates for the unfamiliarity of the guidelines. On the other hand, a “safer than sorry” attitude counter-balanced (e.g when tackling difficult patients) the restriction induced by the common sense approach. There was a belief that the national regula-tory system worked as a gate-keeper for over usage.

Behandling med käkbensförankrade tandimplantat är en vanlig metod för att ersätta förlorade tänder hos helt och partiellt tandlösa patienter. Trots att implantatbehandling uppvisar en långsiktigt hög lyckande- och överlevnadsfrekvens (90–95% efter 10 år) så förekommer implantatförluster och marginal benförlust kring implantaten under det första året efter insättning och/eller belastning, vilket kan försämra det estetiska resultatet.För att förhindra tidiga implantatförluster och/eller den marginala benremodelleringen görs olika modifieringar av de topografiska, fysikaliska och kemiska egenskaperna hos implantatytorna i syfte att påskynda och öka benbildningen i kontakt med implantatet (bone-to-implant contact [BIC]). Till exempel uppvisar en hydrofil yta med moderat råhet (höjdavvikelser på omkring 1.5 µm) en snabbare beläggning av blod jämfört med en hydrofob yta, vilket i sin tur påverkar den tidiga läkningen genom migrering och differentiering av benbildande osteoblaster. En annan metod som föreslagits för att förbättra osseointegrationen (beninläkningen) och den marginala bennivån kring implantaten är att öka primärtstabiliteten, d.v.s. den initiala mekaniska fixeringen i käkbenet. Implantatets primärstabilitet påverkas av bentätheten, implantatets design (d.v.s. utformning och gängdesign) och det använda borrprotokollet vid preparation av implantatsätet. Standardborrprotokollen innebär att ostetomien (borrhålet) är mindre än implantatets diameter (”relative implant-final drill discrepancy” [IDD]; 0.2 – 0.5 mm). Studier har visat att en underdimensionerad osteotomi, d.v.s. (IDD > 0.5 mm), kan förbättra osseointegrationen. Samtidigt har överdriven kompression av marginalt ben med hög täthet visat sig orsaka marginal bennekros, vilket ökar benresorptionen och risken för tidig implantatförlust. I gengäld har ”överdimensionering” av osteotomien, antingen med exakt samma dimension som implantatet eller med IDD ≤ –0.1 mm större än implantatet uppvisat kontroversiella resultat. Det primära syftet med avhandlingen var att utvärdera olika aspekter av nuvarande oralimplantatteknologi och dess effekter på osseointegrationen.I delarbete I och II utvärderades hos djur den biologiska responsen (BIC och relativ bendensitet [BD], studie I) och de biomekaniska egenskaperna (maximala momentvärdena vid implantatinsättning [RTV], borttagningsenergi och implantatanslutnings-styvhet, studie II]) på. Resultaten visade att BIC, BD, RTV och borttagningsenergin ökade med tiden i både hydrofoba- och hydrofila-ytor. Emellertid observerades inga signifikanta skillnader mellan de två grupperna avseende de utvärderade parametrarna vid någon av observationstidpunkterna.I delarbete III utvärderades påverkan av implantatsgängans design och ytvätbarhet på osteoklasternas differentiering, aktivering och överlevnad in vitro. Titandiskar framställdes med hydrofoba- och hydrofila-ytor och med gängor bestående av kvadratiska, trapezoid- och stödgeometri (progressiv gänggeometri) eller dubbel-triangulära geometri. Med molekylära analyser mättes osteoklasternas differentiering och livskraft, vidhäftning och morfologi samt expressionsnivåer av olika relaterade gener. Hydrofila ytor modulerade negativt makrofag/osteoklast livskraft. Specifikt ökar hydrofila ytor med dubbel-triangulära gängdesign den cellulära proinflammatoriska responsen, medan hydrofoba ytor och implantatsgängans design inte verkar ha någon tydlig inverkan på osteoklasternas differentiering, aktivering eller överlevnad.I delarbete IV utvärderades de biomekaniska och biologiska effekterna av överdimensionerad, standard och underdimensionerad osteotomi genom en systematisk litteraturöversikt. Utfallet av ITV, RTV, BIC och BD vid olika läkningsperioder testades statistiskt för att upptäcka signifikanta skillnader. Resultat från 12 studier tyder på att överdimensionerade osteotomi verkar minska den marginala benresorptionen, kännetecknad av snabbare och ökad benbildning i de ihåliga utrymmena. Emellertid uppvisar överdimensionerade osteotomier inte vid någon observationstidpunkt några ytterligare fördelar av de mätta osseointegrationsparametrarna jämfört med standardtillvägagångssättet eller underdimensionerade osteotomier.I delarbete V utvärderades, hos djur, den biologiska responsen (BIC och relativ bendensitet [BD]) och MBL av överdimensionerad osteotomi (OD) på avsmalnande implantat med en progressiv gänggeometri i jämförelse med det standard tillvägagångssättet (SD) efter en läkningsperiod på 12 veckor. SD inkluderade ett borrprotokoll med 3-stegsserie av borrar, medan OD omfattade en 5-stegsserie. Även om OD gav ett lågt ITV vid avsmalnande implantat med hydrofil yta så förbättrades osseointegrationen och bendensiteten och MBL bevarades bättre.Sammanfattningsvis indikerar denna avhandling:•Att hydrofila och hydrofoba implantat med en moderat ytråhet uppvisar likartad potential för framgångsrik osseointegration med starka biomekaniska egenskaper.•Att hydrofilicitet modulerar negativ makrofag/osteoklast livskraft, men varken vätbarhet eller gängdesign verkar ha en distinkt påverkan på osteoklast differentiering, aktivering och överlevnad in vitro. •Att överdimensionerad osteotomi uppvisar en stor heterogenicitet och kontrovers när det gäller dess eventuellt positiva effekter på osseointegrationen jämfört med en standard osteotomi, men vid tillfällen av tätt och tjockt marginalt ben förbättrade överdimensionerade osteotomier osseointegrationen och bentätheten jämfört med standardtillvägagångssättet, samt bevarade bättre den marginala bennivån.

Unilateral posterior crossbite (UPC) with functional shift is one ofthe most common malocclusions in mixed dentition. Left untreated,it may cause long-term effects on the growth and development of thejaws and teeth. Early orthodontic intervention is usually undertakento correct the condition at the primary or mixed dentition stage.Quad-helix (QH) or removable expansion plates (EP) are commontreatment alternatives to correct crossbites and treatment ofcrossbite may consume a relatively large part of the total resourcesin orthodontic care. In Sweden the treatment can be performed eitherin specialist orthodontic clinics or in general dentistry. The role ofthe orthodontist in general dental care is essential in diagnostics andtreatment planning, whereas general dentists may often provide apart of the treatment after consultation with, or under the supervisionof, an orthodontist. Economic evaluations have become an integral component of healthservices. The main reason is that resources within the health sector(personnel, time, facilities, equipment, and knowledge) are limited.Nevertheless, studies comparing the costs of orthodontic treatmentsperformed in general versus specialist dentistry are virtuallynon-existent.To date there are no studies evaluating the oral health related qualityof life (OHRQoL) in children with unilateral posterior crossbite. Itis thus important to analyse and compare the OHRQoL betweenchildren with and without malocclusions (children with normalocclusion). When treatment effects of unilateral crossbite correction have beenassessed, most studies have used two-dimensional evaluations suchas linear measurements. However, orthodontic treatment effectsincluding crossbite correction may, if possible, be described in allthree planes. There are no studies in the literature that have explicitlyinvestigated the three-dimensional treatment effects of unilateralcrossbite correction between different appliances and, in this context,related the treatment changes to growth changes associated withuntreated subjects with unilateral posterior crossbite as well as insubjects with normal occlusion and with no or mild orthodontictreatment need. The research questions addressed in this thesis originate fromidentified knowledge gaps and clinical needs in orthodontic care,and to provide as high clinical evidence as possible a multi-centrerandomised control trial (RCT) has been performed as well as acontrolled trial regarding comparisons and the impact differentmalocclusions may have on OHRQoL.The results are expected to be beneficial for the patients who willbe offered the most widely accepted and effective treatment, which isof importance for the dentists for decisions as to which treatment willgive the best outcome, and beneficial for both dental care providersand society in care planning and the allocation of resources.Therefore, this thesis was based on four studies: Paper I: a systematic literature review was undertaken to answer thefollowing questions:• Are there any articles regarding health economics in orthodonticsand is it possible to make any conclusions from thearticles?The literature search spanned from January 1966 to September2014 and was later supplemented and extended to April 2019.Paper II: the aims were to investigate:• The OHRQoL using the Child Perceptions Questionnaire(CPQ8-10) in 93 children with unilateral posterior crossbite,71 children with excessive overjet and 65 children with normalocclusion with no or mild orthodontic treatment need. Paper III and IV: these two papers originated from a multi-centreRCT. The aims were to investigate:• Clinical effectiveness and cost-analysis in specialist and generaldentistry (Paper III)• Three-dimensional evaluations of crossbite correction (PaperIV)Key findings in Paper I and the supplementary search:• Few orthodontic studies have presented both economic andclinical outcomes. There is currently insufficient evidence availableabout the health economics of orthodontic interventions.• Further studies are still warranted and preferably using thesame clinical outcomes. Key findings in Paper II• Children with excessive overjet reported significantly lowerOHRQoL compared to children with unilateral posteriorcrossbite or normal occlusion.• The children generally reported low CPQ scores that imply anoverall fairly good OHRQoL.Key findings in Paper III• Treatment of unilateral posterior crossbite in mixed dentitionis recommended to be performed by a specialist orthodontistusing the quad-helix appliance since the quad-helix treatmentperformed in specialist orthodontic clinics had the highest costeffectiveness. Key findings in Paper IV• Crossbite children had, before treatment, significantly smallerpalatal surface and volume than normal control children.• After treatment, there were no significant differences betweenthe treatment groups and the normal group, which impliesthat the palatal surface and projection area together with thepalatal shell volume for the treatment groups and the normalgroup were equivalent. Conclusions and clinical implications:With a superior success rate and cost-effectiveness, it is concludedthat treatment of unilateral posterior crossbite in mixed dentition isrecommended to be performed by specialist orthodontists using thequad-helix appliance.The unilateral posterior crossbite correction resulted in a normalisationof the occlusion, palatal area and volume.

Background. Periodontitis is a chronic inflammatory disease with a microbiologicaletiology affecting the supporting tissues of the tooth. The diseaseaffects approximately 50% of the adult population. The prevalenceof periodontitis increases with age. The complex bacterialinfection, as well as an exaggerated host inflammatory reaction,may trigger subclinical atherosclerosis. Aims. The overall aim of the present thesis was to study the associationsbetween periodontitis, cardiovascular diseases and mortality. Thespecific aims were: I) to evaluate the use and value of panoramicradiographs in assessing carotid calcifications in relation to otherused methods (gold standards) and to assess the literature on carotidcalcifications defined from panoramic radiographs and concurrentdiagnosis of stroke and periodontitis, II) to evaluate if periodontitisis associated with the presence of carotid arterial calcificationsdiagnosed on panoramic radiographs in an elderly population,III) to assess if carotid calcifications detected on panoramicradiographs are associated with future events of stroke, and/or ischemicheart diseases over 10–13 years in individuals between 60and 96 years, IV) to assess if individuals ≥ 60 years of age with periodontitisare more likely to develop stroke or ischemic heart diseasesor are at higher risk of death over a period of 17 years. Methods: A literature review based on peer-reviewed studies was performedevaluating the use of panoramic radiographs in assessing carotidcalcifications compared to other methods. In study II, III, IV olderindividuals, 60 years and older participating in the Swedish NationalStudy of Aging and Care (SNAC) were included in the studies.A dental hygienist performed a dental clinical and radiographicexamination. Probing depths (PD) and bleeding on probing (BOP)was registered. From radiographic panoramic images, the distancesbetween the alveolar bone level and the cement enamel junction(CEJ) were measured. In study II, a diagnosis of periodontitis wasdeclared, using a composite definition; if a distance between the alveolarbone level and the CEJ ≥5 mm on panoramic radiographs at>10% of sites and PD ≥5 mm at one or more teeth and with BOP>20% of teeth. In study IV, an indicator of a history of periodontaldisease was declared if a distance between the alveolar bone leveland the CEJ ≥5 mm on panoramic radiographs at ≥30% of sites. Evidence of a radiopaque nodular mass in the intervertebral spaceat or below the vertebrae C3-C4 was identified as carotid calcification.In addition, a medical research team performed the medicalexaminations, and a medical doctor (JB) reviewed all medical recordsfor information about events of stroke and ischemic heart diseases.Stroke and ischemic heart diseases were registered accordingto the ICD 10 codes: ICD 60-69 for stroke and ICD: 20-25 for ischemicheart diseases. Study I was a review of the literature, instudy II, a cross-sectional study design was employed. In studies IIIand IV, a longitudinal prospective study design was used. Results: On the use of panoramic radiographs in assessing carotid calcificationsin relation to other used methods, the sensitivity and specificityvaried between studies published. Furthermore, only a smallnumber of studies were found concerning carotid calcifications andstroke. These studies were primarily retrospective. Four studieswere found on the association between periodontitis and carotidcalcification. Study II identified that older individuals with periodontitis had asignificantly higher prevalence of carotid calcifications than individualswho did not have a diagnosis of periodontitis. In study III,a significant association was found between carotid calcificationson panoramic radiographs and 13- year incidence of stroke using alogistic regression analysis adjusted for confounders (BMI, diabetestype 2, hypertension) in the 60-72 years. A statistically significantcrude association between radiographic evidence of carotid calcificationsand incidence of ischemic heart diseases was found in individualsbetween 60-72 years. Such an association was, however,not identified among individuals older than 72 years. In study IV, Cox regression analysis was used, adjusted for confounders(age group, BMI >30, diabetes type 2, gender, hypertension,history of AMI, history of stroke, periodontitis, smoking) andwith a definition of periodontitis as having a distance between thealveolar bone level and the CEJ ≥5 mm in panoramic radiographsat ≥ 30% of sites. Periodontitis increased the risk for ischemic heartdiseases in all individuals, in women and in the 78-96 years agegroup (OO). Associations between periodontitis, and mortalitywere found in all individuals, in men and in the 60-72 years agegroup (YO) in the long term follow-up. Conclusions: 1. 1.Study I identified that there are studies which have assessed thevalue of panoramic radiographs in relation to other used methods(gold standards). The sensitivity and the specificity varied, with thespecificity being more often higher. Few studies have consideredthe relationship between radiographic evidence of carotid calcificationsand stroke. Four studies identified a relationship between adiagnosis of periodontitis and carotid calcifications on panoramicradiographs. 2.Study II identified a significant association between periodontitisand carotid calcification in individuals 60-96 years. 3.Study III identified that signs of carotid calcifications assessed frompanoramic radiographs from the 60-96-year-old individuals wereconsistent with an incident of stroke and/or ischemic heart diseasesover 13 years follow-up.4.Study IV identified that periodontitis was associated with futureischemic heart diseases in all individuals, in women and in the 78-96 years age group. Periodontitis was associated with mortality inall indviduals, in men and in the 60-72 years age group.

Aim. The present licentiate thesis investigated the prevalence of TMDpainand related factors, the prevalence and severity of tooth wear, andthe etiology and factors related to tooth wear in adults in southern Sweden.Methods. The methods used included a questionnaire, history, clinical examination,intraoral photographs, and saliva sample. In Paper I, twoscreening questions for TMD pain were used to query a study samplecomprising 6123 questionnaire participants about their pain experience.In Paper II, a clinical examination and intraoral photographs helped determinethe presence and severity of tooth wear. Information from a questionnaire,patient histories, and participant saliva samples were analyzedregarding tooth wear-related factors. The study sample comprised 831 individuals.Results. Paper I found a prevalence of TMD pain once a week or moreoften in 11% of the study sample. Related factors were female gender,subjects under 50 years of age, weekly headache, self-reports of poor generalhealth, impaired oral health-related quality of life, and tooth wear.Paper II showed tooth wear in all individuals. Attrition, the most commontooth wear, was found in over 90% of the study sample. Signs of erosionwere found in almost 80% of the individuals. Men had more tooth wearthan women, but none of the factors that were investigated as related factorsdiffered between the genders. Only some of the individuals, includingthe group with severe tooth wear reported having received information about tooth wear from their clinician. Participants reported receiving informationabout tooth wear due to extensive tooth brushing more thanabout erosion.Conclusions. Paper I found a prevalence of TMD pain in 11% of the studysample. In Paper II, attrition was found in over 90% of the study sample.Almost 80% of the individuals exhibited signs of erosion. Only a few reportedhaving received information about tooth wear due to erosion fromtheir clinician.

The thesis consists of two papers which are based on a researchproject called ‘Considerations on Swedish Dental Care’. The aimsof the project were to analyse the characteristics of leadership in thepublic dental service (PDS) in Sweden (Paper I) and to study anddescribe patients’ opinions of dental care provided by the PDS andin private dentistry (Paper II).The aim of the first study was to investigate how experienced chiefdental officers (CDOs) in the PDS managed to maintain a marketposition at a time of social change and increased competition froma changing private sector. The CDOs, who have held a leading positionfor at least five years, were asked to participate in the study. Anempirical study with a qualitative design was conducted. Data from16 CDOs were collected in September-October 2014, with a 75%response rate. The aim of the second study was to investigate adults’ experiencesand opinions of the dental care they have received over time frombeing 50 years old to 70 years old. Patients’ dental visiting patterns,satisfaction with care and oral health measured as numbers of teethwere compared between the two care-provision sectors, public andprivate. In addition, a follow-up was conducted among those whoclaimed to have visited only the public sector or the private sectorand those who claimed to have used both sectors during the wholestudy period. Both studies may be of wider interest when examining Swedishdentistry:a) there are no studies of the characteristics of the top leadershipin the Swedish PDS. The PDS in Sweden differs a great dealfrom the PDS in other countries, as it covers much more of themarket and accounts for almost 45% of the total oral healthcaremarket in Sweden;b) there are no previous studies in Sweden, where a comparison ofpatients’ opinions of care in the two sectors of care providers inSweden is made in this way. The findings in Paper I underscore the fact that CDOs in the PDSexert a great deal of effort to consolidate the actual market position.The PDS is also “open” to patients of all kinds, not only to children,adolescents and special needs groups, and it also offers specialist care,which is unusual in many other countries.Paper II shows that patients who visited the PDS had a slightly poorerdental status, compared with the private patients. Both groups lostteeth during a 20-year period and almost at the same level. AlthoughCDOs in the first study focused on maintaining a strong marketposition, the patients in the second study reported greater satisfactionand a more frequent visiting pattern in private dental care comparedwith the PDS. To summarise, this thesis aims to illustrate the spirit of the top managementin the Swedish PDS and to explore adult patients’ opinionsand experience of care in the two provider sectors in Swedish oralhealth care.

The antiresorptive drugs bisphosphonates and denosumab arewidely used to preserve bone strength by inhibiting osteoclast mediatedbone resorption. High dose intravenous bisphosphonatesand high dose denosumab are mainly used to treat skeletal relatedevents in patients with metastatic bone disease such as metastaticbreast cancer and metastatic prostate cancer or in patients withmultiple myeloma. In patients with osteoporosis, oral bisphosphonatesare mostly used. Medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaw(MRONJ) is a serious side effect associated both with bisphosphonatesand denosumab treatment. The first report on MRONJ waspublished in 2003. At first, the condition was believed to be a newdisease, but it was later proved to be the same disease, which existedmore than 100 years ago in match factory workers, and phosphateminers, in whom the disease was recognized as phossy jaw. The overall aim of this thesis was to study the occurrence, risk factors,pathogenesis and treatment of MRONJ.Study I describes prevalence, trigger factors and treatment outcomesof MRONJ retrospectively between the years 2003-2010 inRegion Skåne. During this time, 55 patients had been diagnosedwith MRONJ. Of these patients, 31 patients with a malignant diseasewere treated with high dose intravenous bisphosphonates and24 patients with osteoporosis were treated with oral bisphosphonates.The prevalence of MRONJ was estimated to be 0.024% forpatient on oral bisphosphonates and 2.8% for patients on high dose intravenous bisphosphonates. Tooth extraction was the mostcommon trigger factor. After treatment of MRONJ, healing occurredmore frequently in patients with osteoporosis treated withoral bisphosphonates than in patients with a malignant diseasetreated with high dose intravenous bisphosphonates.Study II investigated the association between microflora andMRONJ by using 16S rRNA pyrosequencing technique for the detectionof bacteria in necrotic bone lesions. Included were 18 consecutivepatients with MRONJ, ten with osteoporosis and eightwith metastatic disease. Bone biopsies were retrieved with two separate3 mm sterile trepan burrs from the centre of the necroticbone and from visible healthy bone. The necrotic bone lesions containedmainly anaerobic bacteria, representative for periodontalmicroflora, suggesting that a periodontal infection in combinationwith antiresorptive treatment could initiate the osteonecrosis. Study III is a prospective cohort study where the prevalence andinitiating factors of MRONJ and the outcome of surgical therapywere analysed. All new cases of MRONJ between 2012 and 2015in Region Skåne were included. Fifty-five patients with MRONJwere identified. The prevalence of MRONJ for patients on oralbisphosphonates was 0.043%, on high dose intravenous bisphosphonates1.03% and on high dose denosumab 3.64%. Periodontaldisease preceded development of MRONJ in 41 patients. Fifty patientswere treated surgically and followed up for at least 2months. Lesions progressed to remission or healing in 80.0% ofpatients treated with sequestrectomy and in 92.5% of patientstreated with block resection. In study IV, the aim was to prospectively determine the incidenceand define risk factors for MRONJ in patients with metastaticbreast cancer treated with zoledronic acid and/or denosumab.Breast cancer patients diagnosed between 2012 and 2015 in the regionof Skåne with one or several bone metastases and treated withzoledronic acid or denosumab were included. Systemic risk factors(age, zoledronic acid or denosumab use, treatment time, chemo-therapy or corticosteroid use, diabetes and smoking habits) wererecorded. Sixteen patients of 242 (6.6%) developed MRONJ duringthe 77 months study period (from 1st of January 2012 to 31stof May 2018). The incidence of MRONJ in patients treated withhigh dose zoledronic acid was 4.1%, and for patients with highdose denosumab 13.6%. The risk of developing MRONJ in patientson denosumab was significantly higher compared to patientstreated with zoledronic acid. Corticosteroid use was associatedwith a significant decreased risk of MRONJ and diabetes was associatedwith a significantly increased risk of MRONJ. Chemotherapyor smoking was not associated with a significant increasedrisk of MRONJ. In conclusion, the incidence of MRONJ is more than three timeshigher in breast cancer patients treated with denosumab comparedto breast cancer patients treated with zoledronic acid. The prevalencein patients with osteoporosis on oral bisphosphonates is low,< 0.05%. Corticosteroid use decreases the risk of developingMRONJ whilst diabetes increases the risk. The most common localrisk factor is a periodontal disease. Periodontal bacteria play a centralrole in the pathogenesis and development of MRONJ. Thetreatment outcome of MRONJ demonstrates healing in most patientstreated surgically.

As a result of ongoing demographic transitions, populationsthroughout the world are ageing. Cognitive decline is a leadingcontributor to dependence and disability among older adults. Declinein cognitive abilities can also influence lifestyle factors associatedwith oral health. Increasing evidence suggest that more teethare retained throughout life and therefore an increasing number ofteeth are at risk of oral diseases.Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease affecting the supportivetissues of the teeth resulting in alveolar bone loss and eventuallytooth loss. Associations between periodontitis and systemic diseaseswith an inflammatory profile have been reported.The overall aim of the present thesis was to evaluate a potentialassociation between tooth loss, periodontitis, and cognitive declineand to describe changes in oral health-related parameters amongolder adults in a twelve-year follow-up.In Paper I the impact of tooth loss on the risk for lower cognitivetest score was evaluated in 1147 older adults. An examination includingclinical and radiographic registration of number of teethpresent was performed. Cognitive functioning was evaluated usingMini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) (cut-off <25) and Clocktest(CT) (cut-off <8). Number of teeth was categorised into edentulous,1-19 and ≥20 teeth. The risk for low cognitive test scorewas statistically related to number of teeth. Results from the multiplelogistic regression after adjustments for age and educationdemonstrated a statistically significant impact of being edentulous on cognitive functions. In addition, having 1 to 19 teeth had a significantimpact on the risk for Clock-test

The aim of this dissertation is to explore how two teachers communicate content knowledge and metalinguistic knowledge in the teaching of young second language learners. As a qualitative classroom study, it examines how two widely advocated forms of metaknowledge are used in instruction: metalinguistic knowledge, in particular genre knowledge, and reading strategies. Bernstein’s sociology of education theory is synthesized with systemic-function linguistic theory to explore how the participant teachers scaffold and place varying demands on the students. The central concept is pedagogic communication, which is defined as the way in which the teachers use language to communicate instructional content, build and uphold relations and organize information flows in teaching. The materials for the study have been generated through audio recordings, observations and collected teaching materials in school years 1 and 6. The school has a high percentage of second language learners and implements genre-based instruction. The empirical chapters focus on preparations for reading assignments, weekly instances of “sharing time” and a genre-based curriculum area about stories in school year one and a curriculum area about maps and population which integrates geography and Swedish as a second language in school year 6. An important finding is that strongly controlled classroom discourse was associated with introducing and reminding students of abstract concepts in the studied interaction, including metalinguistic and subject-related concepts. Conversely, weaker control tended to promote negotiation of everyday knowledge rather than disciplinary knowledge while also placing implicit demands on students’ participation in the discourse. The study also attends to less-researched features of classroom discourse and scaffolding, such as how the teachers showed solidarity and built engagement through interpersonal resources and managed the information flow through textual ones. A final important finding is that the explicit attention to metaknowledge, such as genre knowledge and knowledge about reading strategies, seemed to come at the expense of encounters with meaningful texts. Therefore, it is argued that such domains of metaknowledge should not become the main instructional content.

Den här avhandlingen – som jag valt att ge den svenska titeln Fri att röra sig, förvisad att röra sig: Rörlighetskontrollens urbanisering – Fallet med romska EU-medborgare i Malmö – behandlar den lokala politik som utvecklades i Malmö under åren 2014–2016 i förhållande till närvaron av så kallade utsatta EU-medborgare, och utvecklar ett teoretiskt resonemang om hur exkluderande gränser tar plats och blir till i städer. ”Utsatta EU-medborgare” är ett begrepp som används av svenska myndigheter för att beteckna medborgare från andra EU länder som vistas i Sverige utan en fast uppehållsrätt och som befinner sig i situationer präglade av extrem fattigdom och marginalisering. Medparten av dem som klassas som ”utsatta EU-medborgare” är romer med ursprung i Bulgarien eller Rumänien. I avhandlingen konstateras att gruppen i den allmänna debatten i mycket hög utsträckning omskrivs som oönskade migranter. Med detta som utgångspunkt ställs således frågan hur kommunala och andra lokala myndigheter i Malmö agerar för att hantera närvaron av ”utsatta EU-medborgare”, och hur detta i sin tur påverkar deras möjligheter att utöva sin ”fria rörlighet”. Avhandlingen gör en ansats att utveckla ett teoretiskt resonemang kring urbana gränspraktiker inom EU. Särskilt undersöks de mekanismer som utgör grunden för urban rörlighetskontroll: hur de fungerar, vilka effekter de medför och vad detta i sin tur innebär för den som blir måltavla för sådana praktiker. Avhandlingen är uppbyggd kring en fallstudie av konflikterna kring det så kallade Sorgenfri-lägret – en provisoriskt byggd bosättning som utgjorde ett hem för en stor andel av Malmös ”utsatta EU-medborgare” under åren 2014–2015. Sorgenfri-lägret revs efter en invecklad och mycket omtvistad process genom ett beslut i Malmö stads miljönämnd. Dessförinnan kom bosättningen som omnämnts som ”Sveriges största slum” att stå i centrum för heta politiska debatter gällande frågan om olovliga bosättningar. Med utgångspunkt i fallet med Sorgenfri-lägret undersöker avhandlingen hur myndigheterna i och bortom Malmö resonerar kring och agerar i förhållande till de juridiska gråzoner, moraliska-politiska dilemman och sociala konflikter som omgärdar just denna fråga. Särskilt behandlas fallet med Sorgenfri-lägret som ett nyckel-exempel på hur ”utsatta EU-medborgare” och deras bosättningar framställs och hanteras som en sanitär olägenhet och görs till föremål för ordningspolitiska insatser. Analysen präglas av en poststrukturalistisk ansats och för samman två huvudsakliga forskningsfält: kritiska migrations-studier och rättsgeografisk forskning kring social och rumslig kontroll. Därtill utgör teorier om det som inom forskningen kallas för skalpolitik en viktig referenspunkt. Analysen behandlar den diskursiva framställningen av Sorgenfrilägret de som bodde där som en sanitär olägenhet och undersöker vilka effekter denna framställning fick för den juridiska process som i slutändan ledde till att lägret utrymdes och revs. Avhandlingen som helhet pekar på staden som en arena där komplexa förhandlingar kring uppehållsrättslig status, rättigheter och tillhörighet utspelar sig. Ett bärande argument är att lokala myndigheter i Malmö har kommit att hantera frågan om ”utsatta EU-medborgare” på ett sätt som sammantaget kraftigt inskränker gruppens tillgång till stadens rum, och som därför kan beskrivas som en slags exkluderande gränspolitik på den urbana skalnivån. Detta bidrar i sin tur (i praktiken) till att omforma och inskränka villkoren för den fria rörligheten.

The focal aim of this dissertation project centers on understanding the importance of some of the underlying factors responsible for the socialization of achievement motivation in youth sport and its affective outcomes. Furthermore, this dissertation project focuses on the specializing stage of development, more specifically, student-athletes (N = 78) attending a compulsory school with a sports profile.This dissertation project was guided by the theoretical frameworks provided by achievement goal theory (Nicholls, 1984, 1989), implicit theories of ability (Dweck, 2000), Ames’ (1992a, 1992b) motivational climate, Big-Fish-Little-Pond Effect (Marsh, 1984; Marsh & Parker, 1984) athletic burnout (Raedeke & Smith, 2001), and gender as a social institution (Lorber, 1994).In the first study, the aim was to analyze and problematize athletic ability longitudinally and with a gender perspective as it is perceived, discussed, and valued by student-athletes. A mixed method approach was used in this study consisting of quantitative analysis (multilevel modeling) of a three-year, six-wave data collection (N = 78). Furthermore, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 27 of the student-athletes. The two main results of this study were that entity beliefs increased, and incremental beliefs decreased during the three-year period, and that gender added a further understanding of the beliefs of student-athletes regarding athletic ability.The second study aimed to examine achievement goals in youth sport longitudinally and the within-person effects of perceived motivational climates by coaches, peers, and parents on achievement goal orientations. The student-athletes (N = 78) completed a multi-section questionnaire, six times over a three-year period, assessing the study variables and the multilevel modeling analysis revealed that both the task orientation and the ego orientation decreased for this age group over the threeyear period. Furthermore, the perceived task involving peer climate was significantly and positively related to task orientation, and perceived ego-involving coaching climate was significantly and positively related to ego orientation.In the third study, the aim was to examine the developmental trajectories of student-athlete burnout perceptions and the within-person relationship between achievement goals and burnout perceptions. The participants (N = 78), time frame, and measurement points were the same in this study, as in studies I and II. The results from the multilevel growth models revealed that burnout perceptions increased for this age group over the three-year period. Furthermore, task orientation was significantly and negatively related to a reduced sense of accomplishment and sport devaluation.The findings from this dissertation project highlight some of the complexity of achievement motivation in youth sport; the relationships between this type of motivation and the context, in this case, a school with a sports profile, and organized sports, and significant others such as coaches, peers, and parents. Furthermore, the results from this dissertation project underline the advantage of considering a specific developmental stage when studying achievement motivation in youth sport longitudinally.

The aim of this study is to contribute with knowledge about the conditions of a group of social and Health Communicators (HC) for changing the form of health information for newly arrived refugees. Focus is 011 how the HC's awamess evolves during their efforts to introduce physical activity as a health promotion strategy. The study also aims at making visible whether the action research process leads to any changes in the longer perspective. By applying Kemmis and Grootenboers' Theory of Practice Architectures the analysis takes its starting point in practice. The theory is based on the assurntion that a practice is constituted by different conditions or arrangements that shape the conversations, actions and activities taking place within a specific practice. The theory includes useful concepts here used as tools to describe and analyse the social context under study. To understand the working conditions for public administrators and the HCs in particulary, Lipsky's concept street-level bureaucrats is used. Using a critical action research approach, the study is based on empirical material gathered via work group meetings, focus group discussions, study visits and participation in the field. The tools employed comprise participatory observations, sound recording and documentation in the form of field notes and logg book writing. This study shows that fixed practice architectures govern the civic and heallh information practice. Initially this makes it difficult for the HCs to see how physical activity could be part of the content. The result shows that the arrangements shaping the practice within the project, differ from those that form the workday practice. A joint meeting practice was set up during the project and worked as a communicative space for collegial dialog and the ex.change of experiences. In accordance with action research methods, the HCs' had the authority over the working process which in tum led to forming and testing of new activities with participants from the target group. This paved the way for a more pronounced interest in health issues and physical activities among the newly arrived. Two years after the conclusion of the action research project, a follow-up study was conducted. The outcome illustrates that the current practice architecture constrains the implementation of physical activity as a part of the organisation. The only remains of the changes accomplished during the project, that can be trace, d are the indiviual experiences adopted by the communicators that come to the fore in their sayings The former action research project has raised the group's awareness of what is required to motivate participants to take responsibility for their own !earing , in this case regarding physical activity. Despite the somewhat daunting picture, it is still possible to discern that the action research practice contributed by building up local knowledge and awareness of what is necessary for achieving sustainable results. This is an area over which the Communicatiors currently lack any real influence.

The overall aim of this thesis was to study the following aspects ofdirect and indirect coronal restoration, primarily of root-filled teeth, withspecial reference to:• periapical health• the natural course of root-filled teeth, particularly furtherclinical intervention• the dentist´s decision-making process for root-filled teeth.The aims of coronal restoration are to restore the function and aestheticsof the tooth, with a tight marginal seal as protection from microbialleakage. A coronal restoration may be either direct, i.e. a direct chairsidecomposite or amalgam filling, or indirect, whereby the restoration,ceramic or a combination of metal and ceramic, is fabricated in alaboratory and then permanently cemented. For the root-filled tooth, acoronal restoration of adequate quality is an important factor for asuccessful outcome of the endodontic treatment, in terms of periapicalstatus. While indirect restoration is often advocated as the treatment of choice for a root-filled tooth, the procedure is nevertheless more timeconsumingand 3 – 4 times more expensive than a direct restoration. InSweden, composite is the predominant material for direct restorationand the majority of root-filled teeth are directly restored. However,some reports suggest an association between composite restoration andan increased risk of periapical disease. In terms of tooth survival, thereare also reports of less favorable endodontic treatment outcomes forteeth with direct restorations than for those with indirect restorations.In Studies I and II clinical and radiographic examinations wereundertaken in a random sample of 440 subjects, living in the county of Skåne, Sweden. No association was disclosed between apicalperiodontitis (AP) and direct composite restorations. In non root-filledteeth, a relationship was found between the type of restoration and AP.Those restored with direct restoration by both composite and amalgamcombined, and indirect restoration were associated with increased riskof AP, indicating that the extent of tooth substance removal rather thanthe type or material of the restoration, was an important factor ofinfluence on periapical status. For root-filled teeth, however, the qualityof the restoration and of the root-filling was more important toperiapical health than the type or material used for the coronalrestoration. In Study III, data from the Swedish Social InsuranceAgency on dental treatments were analyzed. Only minor differences inthe frequency of additional endodontic treatment for root-filled teethrestored with direct versus indirect restoration was disclosed. Theindirectly restored teeth also had a more favorable natural course duringthe 5-year follow-up period. In comparison, teeth restored with directrestorations required further clinical intervention (nonsurgical retreatment, extraction and additional restorations) significantly morefrequently.In Study IV, in-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted withgeneral dental practitioners. Data from 14 interviews were analyzed byQualitative Content Analysis. Study IV revealed that dentists´ decisionmakingprocess underlying the choice of coronal restoration for a rootfilledtooth, was based not only on clinical factors; contextual factorsand patient´s views, if in conflict, were decisive. Thus, despite theindications for an indirect restoration, a direct restoration wasoccasionally chosen. Accordingly, the context in which the dentistmakes decisions may be a factor influencing the fate of the root-filledtooth.It is concluded that concerns that composite restoration poses a riskfor periapical disease are not supported clinically, i.e. the use ofcomposite seems to be safe. While in non root-filled teeth, AP tended tobe associated with extensive restorations, in root-filled teeth the type ofrestoration was not an important factor of periapical health. For teethdirectly restored after root canal treatment, further clinical interventionsmay be expected, especially for restorative failures. This may beattributable in part to the dentist´s decision-making process with respectto the choice of coronal restoration.

This dissertation investigates the relationship between art and archive at the turn of the twenty-first century. The object of study is the phenomenon of archive art, understood as a combination of theories of the archive, artworks, and different kinds of texts (catalogues, scholarly articles, critical essays, etc.) delineating the art here called archive art. The study has been conducted by cross-reading the different elements that make up the phenomenon of archive art with various discourses and developments both within and outside the artworld. It investigates how the archive became a ubiquitous reference in art discourse and the functions and implications the notion has within an art context.

Each of the dissertation’s six chapters adds to and builds on the previous, thereby examining an increasingly thickening web of conceptual relations. Chapter I examines five texts about archive art written between 1995 and 2008. Chapter II outlines writings about archives from other disciplines frequently referenced in art discourse, and shows how this “archive theory” (including works by Foucault, Derrida and others) overlaps in many ways with the Institutional Theory of Art. Chapter III analyses the archive art phenomenon by juxtaposing three different aspects of the tension between materiality and immateriality: the artwork as object or idea; connotations of analogue and digital technology; and different notions of traditional and poststructural forms of history writing. Chapter IV is concerned with the role of the artist as historian, archivist and researcher, and examines how the discourse around studio-based research overlaps with the different modes of historical truth-claims outlined in the previous chapter. This chapter also analyses references to research as process and form in archive art discourse. Chapter V examines different kinds of critique of institutions and shows how the archive art phenomenon intersects with a critical paradigm in the academy and beyond. Chapter VI ties together many results of the previous discussions by analysing the archive art phenomenon within a broader historical context. The chapter shows that history, the presumed subject of much archive art, can also be considered indicative of a shift away from a grounding of the art object within a teleological art history, toward an institutionally defined concept of art as an archival structure. In that sense the archive art phenomenon is analysed both as a resistance to, and a symptom of, what some have called the presentism of the current era.  

The archive is an example of what Mieke Bal terms a “travelling concept”, as it moves between and within disciplines and contexts. The ubiquity of the concept in art discourse is part of a broader “turn” to the archive, however, this study shows that the archive takes on meaning specific to the contemporary artworld. The notion of the archive here functions as a short-cut for theorizing artists’ interest in the material traces of the past (the concrete, “dusty” archive) as well as their critical investigation of the post-1960s artworld (the archive as metaphor and structure). What may seem like a mere trend within contemporary art discourse, is thus shown to have functions and implications that interlock with the conceptual grounding of contemporary art.

This thesis explores immigrant students’ opportunities to learn mathematics. The research is concerned with issues of social justice and adopts a socio-political approach. Immigrant students are often described as students who do poorly in school because they lack “Swedishness” and have insufficient Swedish language skills. This deficit discourse is used when explaining immigrant students’ failure in mathematics, which this thesis aims to critique. Also, by adopting two theoretical frameworks, one that draws on the work of Skovsmose (1994, 2014) and one on the work of Foucault (2000, 2002), it aims at exploring possible understandings of immigrant students’ opportunities to learn mathematics.

The research questions are addressed in a preamble and four articles. They address immigrant students’ perceptions of their opportunities to learn mathematics and how these perceptions come into existence, and the different contributions of using the theoretical frameworks.

Data emanates from interviews, with immigrant students aged 15 to 16 years old and policy texts regarding schooling for newly arrived. Skovsmose’s notion of foreground is used when analysing immigrant students’ perceptions of their opportunities to learn mathematics. A Foucauldian perspective is used for exploring immigrant students’ identity formations as mathematical learners in a context of a forced school transition. The notions of fabrication and abjection (Popkewitz, 2012, 2013) are used as analytical tools when exploring how the newly arrived student as a mathematical learner is fabricated in policy texts.

The findings show how conditions concerning future plans, otherness, Swedishness, perceiving their parents as deficit in relation to Swedish parents, segregation, feelings of exclusion and rowdy mathematics classrooms constitute their foregrounds, and affect their perceptions of their opportunities to learn mathematics. It was also shown how students’ identity formations as learners of mathematics are dynamic and enabled by discourse. For example, discourses operating in two different school contexts enabled the transitioning students to form identities as un-engaged and respectively engaged mathematics students. It was shown how students’ perceptions were influenced by public discourses, and thus how categorisations of them as immigrant students with deficiencies had looped into their lives. By exploring fabrication of the newly arrived student as a mathematical learner and the process of abjection information on how students may be ordered in relation to what degree they have come to master for example the Swedish language were provided. This may generate feelings of in(ex)clusion, which refers to the inseparability of inclusion and exclusion: any move to include brings with it potential exclusions.

A conclusion is that to be able to understand immigrant students’ opportunities to learn mathematics and explain achievement in mathematics, deficiency explanations are not sufficient. Instead, it is of importance to try to understand the students’ perspectives and explore the role of discourse and power since it allows for explanations that ground students’ opportunities to learn mathematics in the socio-political conditions in which they emerge. This enables for learning more about what constitutes immigrant students’ perceptions and how they come into existence and thus allows for addressing processes of in(ex)clusion and critique deficiency explanations.

The overall aim of this thesis is to enhance knowledge regarding engagement among children with and without need of special support due to behavior difficulties. The influence of social interaction as well as the provision of special support in Swedish preschool were investigated. Specifically, the aim was to explore children’s engagement at the nodal point between environmental factors, children’s behavior and characteristics, peer-to-child interaction and teacher responsiveness, both in a cross-sectional perspective and over time. In addition, predictive factors for special support were explored.

A prospective longitudinal survey design with three data points was used, with both quantitative and qualitative data. The sample consisted of 829 children, 425 boys and 394 girls (10 missing) from 92 preschool units in six municipalities in Sweden. The children participated in at least one wave of data collection. The preschool staff rated the children’s engagement, behavior difficulties, and the provision of special support. Both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses were conducted. For the cross-sectional analyses 663 children participated, and for the longitudinal analyses, 203 children participated. For the cross-sectional analyses logistics regression and content analyses as well as mediation analyses were used, meanwhile, structural equation models were used for longitudinal analyses, that is, growth curve model with multivariate analyses as well as autoregressive, cross-lagged panel analyses.

Overall, children with high levels of hyperactive behavior were less engaged in everyday activities in preschool. In addition, the peer-to-child interaction and teacher responsiveness were rated lower for these children, both in current time and longitudinally. Children’s hyperactive behavior had more negative influence on their core engagement (e.g. attentional behavior and persistence behavior), compared to their developmental engagement, (e.g.problem solving, involvement in complex rule-based play, more common for older preschoolers). The levels of social interaction explained a large percent of the negative effect between hyperactive behavior and engagement. Peer-to-child interaction explained between 56-78 percent, whereas teacher responsiveness explained between 33-34 percent.

Over time, the level of hyperactive behavior decreased more dramatically for girls than for boys. However, boys who became more engaged, showed less hyperactive behavior over time. The majority (63%) of the children displaying behavior difficulties (BD) did not receive special support on top of what was provided to all children in the classroom. No support was related to children being a second language learner in Swedish (EL2) or BDs that did not disturb the peer group or the teachers. Children more often received special support if the staff perceived the child’s behavior difficulties as disruptive in preschool activities or among peers. The most common type of support, mentioned by the staff, was paying attention to the child’s negative behavior, achieved by at least one member of the staff staying close to the child. Other examples of attention to the child’s negative behavior involved the preschool staff providing special support by paying attention to critical situations, by teacher’s proximity to the children, or by distracting the child from situations that could trigger negative behavior. Distractions were used more often for children with high engagement and BD.

Concerning directional and transactional paths, children’s core engagement was a significant predictor for both peer-to-child interaction and teacher responsiveness. That is, high levels of core engagement at T1 predicted both types of social interaction at T2, which in turn predicted children’s levels of core engagement at T3. Children’s hyperactive behavior did not predict lower ratings in social interactions in preschool over time, whereas, high ratings in peer-to-child interactions and teacher responsiveness were significant predictors for decreased hyperactive behavior over time. Once again, social interactions were important factors for promoting a decrease in children’s hyperactive behavior. Children with high levels of core engagement were more likely to be met by teacher responsiveness and positive peer-to-child interactions over time.

Several statistical relations exist between children’s engagement, BD, social interactions and special support in preschool settings. This thesis shows that perceived negative behaviors such as BD can co-exist with more positively perceived behaviors or characteristics, such as engagement. However, this research shows that well-functioning peer-to-child interaction and teacher interactions improve child engagement for children with hyperactive behavior, special support is not always provided and seldom focused on improving children’s engagement. In order to improve engagement among children in need of special support due to BD, it is necessary to consider both hyperactive behavior and engagement as well as the influence of social interactions. Teacher responsiveness and peer-to-child interaction may work as supportive factors for children with hyperactive behavior to help sustain attention and stay actively engaged in the activities. Preschool teachers need to self-reflect on their organization, planning ofeveryday activities and how to design special support that consider individual children’s needs for improving their engagement.

I den här avhandlingen studeras styrning av välfärdssamverkan, med focus på betydelsen av kunskap i styrning. I offentlig verksamhet – och i välfärd i synnerhet – är samverkan mellan myndigheter, kommunala förvaltningar och välfärdsprofessionella ett återkommande sätt att hantera olika problem som de traditionella offentliga institutionerna anses oförmögna att lösa. Genom att studera ett specifikt fall av välfärdssamverkan, med fokus på barn och unga, är syftet med den här avhandlingen att utforska hur samverkan styrs. Med en explorativ ansats – baserad på etnografisk metodologi och en Foucauldiansk syn på styrning – fokuserar studien på styrningspraktiker bortom formella styrinstrument och relationer. Avhandlingen skildrar praktiker som styr genom olika typer av kunskap och för att beskriva den här formen av styrning används begreppet kunskapsregimer. Utifrån en fallstudie bestående av huvudsakligen observationer och intervjuer visas hur olika typer av kunskaper kommer till uttryck inom samverkan. Genom en regim baserad på expertkunskap involveras forskare – som utvärderare och föreläsare – för att delge sin vetenskapliga kunskap. Genom en regim baserad på standardiserad kunskap tillämpas icke-personbunden och universell kunskap, såsom evidensbaserade verktyg och managementmodeller. Genom en regim baserad på lokal kunskap så tillämpas icke-artikulerad kunskap som olika professionella grupper besitter – en kunskap som ofta framstår som avvikande gentemot mer etablerade kunskapstyper. Olika typer av kunskap styr välfärdssamverkan genom de praktiker där de gestaltas och kommer till uttryck. En viktig slutsats och argument i avhandlingen är att mångfalden av kunskap och relationerna mellan olika typer av kunskap behöver beaktas i studier av välfärdssamverkan och inom offentlig sektor mer generellt. Studien visar hur olika kunskapsregimer existerar samtidigt och att olika kunskapstyper förekommer sida vid sida inom en och samma organisation och även inom samma samverkansprojekt. Genom att beskriva och analysera betydelsen av kunskap i styrningen av välfärdssamverkan innebär studien ett bidrag till forskning om välfärd och hur välfärden organiseras och styrs. Avhandlingen är också ett bidrag till forskning om relationen mellan kunskap och politik och betydelsen av kunskap i offentlig förvaltning i bred bemärkelse.

In public discourse on migration, people who migrate are often portrayed as deviating from the rest of the population. This is especially true for the group categorised as ‘unaccompanied’ children who are portrayed as homogeneous and not seldom with a common history. Such simplifications create a ‘single story’ that reduces people who migrate and their complex lives to stereotypes. This dissertation derives from a willingness to contest this single story through multiple stories by multiple storytellers. This is done by seeking to comprehend what borders do in the lives of eight youth with experience of migrating. The aim is thus to study what borders do and how the participants navigate, experience and challenge those borders at different stages of their lives. This study is based on ethnography among eight youth, who at some point have been categorised as ‘unaccompanied’ children in Sweden and other countries. The fieldwork was carried out during a period between 2013 and 2017 involving interviews and conversations with the participants. Borders are analysed from a multiperspectival standpoint, which means that borders are seen as practices of both material and symbolic divisions performed by different actors constituting control. Borders not only hinder or stop some while granting passage to others; they also construct people differently. Those who are repeatedly crossed by borders eventually become inhabitants of the borderlands. Influenced by feminist and postcolonial scholarship, this study calls for epistemic plurality by acknowledging different sources of knowledge which are placed in dialogue with the stories of the youth. Aspects of their lives before moving from their homes are considered equally important for their experience of borders as their lives in Europe. The central themes of the analysis are time, love, intimacy, hope and resistance. The multiple stories of the participants are contextualised in a broader narrative, where the individual acts and experiences are identified as closely interwoven with collective experiences. Furthermore, the multiplicity of borders is discussed in terms of where and how they are manifested and who they affect. In conclusion, the analysis contributes to deepening the understanding of migration, borders and agencies in the borderlands, and in so doing restores the complexities and humanities of the youth by challenging the single story.

The field of hate crime studies is a young one and as such it is characterized by a high proportion of explorative and inductive studies. This methodological approach is well founded when a field is unfolding as they often generate theoretical conclusions or assumptions. Since I began working with the present dissertation in 2013, I have observed an increased tendency towards deductive studies testing the conclusions and assumptions made by field pioneers. The present dissertation is part of this branch and has two primary aims; 1) to test field assumptions and 2) develop present theoretical frameworks on causes and consequences of hate crime.In Article 1, me and my co-author examine the assumption that hate crime victimization result in higher levels of fear in comparison to non-bias crime. The assumption is tested by comparing fear of crime, behavioral adaptations and place-based worry among students with an immigrant and/or national minority background. The results show that hate crime victims reported significantly higher levels of fear of crime in comparison to non-victims and non-bias victims. However, there were few significant differences in behavioral adaptations and place-based worry. From interviews with hate crime victims we learned that place-based worry is not primarily associated with the physical characteristics of a certain area, but geographical concentrations of racist attitudes. Moreover, the behavioral adaptations that the interview participants used to avoid future victimization were often based upon de-identification. From these results we can conclude that traditional measures of place-based worry and behavioral adaptations does not adequately capture consequences of hate crime.In Article 2, me and my co-authors examine the assumption that police reporting is lower among victims of hate crime that target more than one of their identity categories. Contrarily to the assumption, we find that victims of hate crime with multiple motives report their experiences to the police to a higher extent in comparison to victims of hate crime with single motives. We also found that participants with several intersecting group identities endowed with stigma were more likely to be targets of hate crime with multiple motives, but not more likely to experience repeat victimization. These results support the branch of intersectional theory holding that group belongings primarily influence the expressions of violence rather than the risk of being subjected to violence.In Article 3, me and my co-authors examine the assumption that hate targets the identity of the victim and thereby attack the core of the victim’s self. We found that hate crime targets a negative stereotype associated with the perceived identity of the victim. Consequently, interview participants did not regard hate crime as a direct attack on their selves as they did not identify with the negative stereotype. However, hate crime remain a violation of the self as it denies the victims self-representation. The results also showed that the meaning-making regarding hate crime victimization is reflexive as the participants used earlier experiences when assigning meaning to incidents. This process was also recursive as new incidents lead to re-interpretations of previous experiences. In sum, the participants developed and negotiated their experiences of hate crime over time.In Article 4, me and my co-authors examine the assumption that vicarious victims respond in similar ways as direct victims since hate crime signal the presence of threat beyond the initial victim, sometimes referred to as the in terrorem effect. We examine the in terrorem effect by comparing fear of crime between non-victims, vicarious victims of hate crime, and direct victims of hate crime in three communities; women, Muslims and sexual minorities. The results showed that direct victims were generally more afraid of crime in comparison to non-victims in all communities. Though not all differences were significant, the reaction pattern among non-victims, vicarious victims and direct victims in the studies commu-nities showed the pattern of a stair, with the lowest rates among non-victims and the highest rates among direct victims. These results thereby contradict the proposed pattern of the in terrorem effect in which vicarious victims and direct victims are held to react in similar ways.In sum, the results of the present dissertation call for a more complex understanding of both individual and community effects of hate crime. The theoretical development and integration in Chapter 3 along with the results of Articles 1-4 results in hypotheses for future research on causes and consequences of hate crime in Chapter 6.

A new paradigm is slowly making its way into society, affecting our material practice as designers. Materials selection in design and product development has for a long time been dominated by a purely technical approach, mainly focusing on properties and performance. With the increasing evidence of climate change, waste and pollution, environmental effects, we are slowly realizing that unsustainable consumption of materials is no longer an alternative. Previous studies of material practices, both within design educations and the design profession, has primarily dealt with the development of material related methods. This thesis has focused on gaining an in-depth understanding of material practices within design processes, in order to develop a pedagogical framework that facilitates the development of reflective material practices in design education. There are four primary aims of the research presented in this licentiate thesis: (1) ascertain obstacles in the traditional ways of teaching materials to design students, (2) to bridge the differences in language, research culture and pedagogic approaches in design education, (3) to investigate current professional material practices in industrial design, and (4) to develop a new material framework for teaching reflective material practices for design students. During the project, the material framework has been tested and evaluated in two mandatory material courses with first and second year bachelor students from Product Design education over a period of four academic years. A comparative case study was conducted with five design consultancies. The qualitative interviews were transcribed and analysed using category zooming. The outcomes of this research are: (1) a new pedagogic framework for teaching materials to Product Design students in higher education, and (2) insights into professional practices of selecting and designing with materials. The pedagogic model A Material Framework for Product Design is designed to facilitate the development of reflective material practices in design education. The Framework consist of four levels: (1) a pedagogical foundation based on Experiential Learning theory that provide a framework for how to approach teaching and learning, (2) designing and structuring learning activities, (3) creating learning environments that facilitate learning activities, and (4) defining learning objectives, assessment of learning outcomes and detecting signs of learning. The main insights from the study of professional practices suggest: (1) that risk management has a major influence on the material selection process, (2) that negotiations of project boundaries in the ‘fuzzy’ pre-design phase has crucial influence on the risk management aspect of the material criteria activities, and (3) a lack of awareness, that design briefs usually outline material criteria expressed as sensorial characteristics, which are later translated by engineering into final material criteria used for the material selection process. The findings implies that design students would benefit from developing reflective material practices in design education.

Portabel medicinteknisk utrustning framträder alltmer som en av de mest lovande metoderna för vårdövervakning och personlig behandling. Förebyggande vård och hantering av kroniska sjukdomar är resurskrävande och en överföring av det konventionella sjukhuscentrerade sjukvårdssystemet till ett individcentrerat vårdsystem skulle vara samhällsekonomiskt gynnsam. I ett sådant scenario representerar bärbara mätenheter en teknik för övervakning av patienter på ett icke-invasivt och lättanvänt sätt. Denna teknik har möjlighet att tillhandahålla långsiktiga hälsostatusövervakningar och förmedla realtidsdata som läkare kan analysera för att ge patienterna återkoppling utan att behöva träffa patienterna lika ofta. Dessutom är många utan kroniska sjukdomar också intresserade av att övervaka kroppens hälsotillstånd för att förhindra sjukdomar och uppnå en högre livskvalitet. Dagens bärbara enheter integrerar elektronik med låg strömförbrukning och trådlös teknik, s.k. ”low power wireless technology”, för att överföra information från enheten till en mottagare. Elektronik behöver tillförlitliga strömkällor för att säkerställa funktionen, och biologiska kraftkällor är särskilt lämpliga alternativ att använda i bärbara enheter, eftersom de har hög prestanda när de används under fysiologiska förhållanden. Olika biologiska kraftkällor har tillverkats och testats i denna avhandling. Materialen som används för att tillverka dem är transparenta och flexibla. Dessa två egenskaper bidrar starkt till användarvänligheten och ökar därmed benägenheten att använda sådana kraftkällor. De biologiska kraftkällorna omvandlar kemisk energi till elektrisk energi genom att oxidera glukos och reducera syre under förhållanden som liknar dem som föreligger i mänsklig tårvätska. Detta arbete bidrar till att öka kunskapen om flexibla, transparenta och nanostrukturerade material som används för tillverkning av biologiska kraftkällor.

This thesis focuses on women diagnosed with breast cancer and their familymembers. Since a breast cancer diagnosis and its subsequent treatment are astrenuous experience not only for the woman afflicted but also for her familymembers, this thesis aimed to explore the experiences of everyday life duringradiation therapy from the perspectives of the woman with breast cancer andher family, as well as exploring families’ experiences of participating in shortfamily health conversations (SFamHC).All included studies were interview studies (Papers I, II, III & IV), where 30women (20 in Paper I and 10 in Paper II) with breast cancer, 19 family membersincluding the women with breast cancer (Paper III) and 9 families (PaperIV) were interviewed. The data from the interviews was analysed using qualitativecontent analysis (Papers I & II), a hermeneutical phenomenologicalmethod (Paper III) and thematic analysis (Paper IV). The women’s experiences of breathing adapted radiation therapy (BART)(Paper I) were identified in an overall theme, The breath of life, as the womenexperienced the breathing as a way to influence their treatment andthus their survival. The overall theme could be divided into one main category:Participating in one’s treatment, for good or ill, with four subcategories:Knowing one has done something good, Getting an extra bonus –healthwise, The experience of being in control and Being in a hightechnologyenvironment.Women born in Iraq and the former Yugoslavia, diagnosed with breast cancerand living in Sweden, experienced their everyday life during radiation therapyas a narrow and challenging treatment road to survival (Paper II). Theirexperiences were structured into three categories: Strategies for survival, Keepingup appearances and Staying in control. More focus should be on acknowledgingthe woman behind the diagnosis, regardless of her origin, in order to develop individualised support programmes to help women cope with everydaylife during radiation therapy.The families’ lived experience when a family member is diagnosed withbreast cancer (Paper III) was described as a challenging endeavour to regain anordinary, safe life, hoping to reach a safe haven. The families felt that life as theyknew it had disappeared and they were fumbling in the dark and pursuing balanceby struggling to keep the family together and by maintaining a positive attitude.They were also struggling with guilt and inadequacy, due to their difficultiesin communicating emotional distress and to feeling abandoned by thehealth care professionals.Families’ experiences of participating in short family health conversations(SFamHC) (Paper IV) were identified in four key themes: Bringing everythingout in the open, Being confirmed as an individual and as a family, Gaining anunexpected insight and Timing and context matter. The findings from this thesis can deepen the understanding of what livingwith breast cancer is like, from the perspectives of the women with breast cancerand their families, as well as increasing the understanding of their needs.Their experiences could be described as a journey for survival, a journey thatstarts at the time of diagnosis and that they are still partaking in when concludingtheir radiation therapy treatment. The journey for survival sends themoff into the unknown, where they strive to regain control, balancing betweenhope and despair, experiencing their life as divided into an outer and innerworld and needing support from each other as well as from health care professionals.A possible way to support the women and their family members couldbe to offer them participation in short family health conversations (SFamHC),since these conversations provide them with an opportunity to verbalise andshare their feelings and thoughts. Those participants (Paper IV) who took partin SFamHC felt that their participation in the SFamHC helped them to moveforward and beyond the breast cancer diagnosis.

In a time when the pursuit of equivalent quality is high on the Swedish ECEC (Early Childhood Education and Care) policyagenda, teachers’ responsibilities for evaluating educational practice, based on documentations of individual children’sdevelopment and learning, is emphasised. To aid teachers in this work, the Swedish National Agency of Education published anddistributed a support material promoting ‘pedagogical documentation’ as a tool and a method for documentation and evaluation,framed within a so called postconstructionist/posthumanist theoretical framework. In the support material, the (social)constructionist approach, previously associated with the tool pedagogical documentation, is criticised for having an excessive focuson interpersonal interaction and the constitutive power of language. Instead, an understanding of the world that acknowledges theforce and impact of nonhuman subjects and material objects on children’s subjectification and knowledge construction is called for.The theoretical ideas that are expressed in the support material corresponds to what broadly has been explained as a “material” turnin the humanities and social sciences. Against the backdrop of the alleged material turn, not only is the superior position oflanguage being questioned, but also the unique and ontologically superior position of the human mind. The theoretical stance takenby the National Agency of Education can be considered unique and raises questions concerning the meaning and aim of theoreticalintervention through research and policy, and of its subsequent consequences.The overall aim of the dissertation is to critically examine the figuration of the posthuman child in both a Swedish and internationalcontext of early childhood education. Part of this work involves investigating how posthumanist concepts and ideas travel,how they are picked up in policy and how posthumanist theory is being translated to fit the framework of early education. Thisinquiry concerns fundamental questions about the making of the preschool child in the intersection between educational research,educational policy and pedagogical practice. In the different studies of the dissertation, Claudia Castañeda's (2003; 2014)interpretation of the concept "figuration" is being used as an analytical tool for “unpacking” the practices, knowledge and meanings,that are built into the posthuman child as figure.

The Swedish Police Authority conducts violence risk assessments in cases of intimate partner violence (IPV) using specific assessment tools. Such assessments are conducted in order to identify high-risk offenders and thereafter implement suitable interventions to prevent repeat IPV. In this thesis, two different risk assessment tools have been evaluated: The Police Screening Tool for Violent Crimes (PST-VC) and the Brief Spousal Assault Form for the Evaluation of Risk (B-SAFER, Kropp, Hart, & Belfrage, 2005; 2010). The overall aim has been to contribute to improving the knowledge on police employees’ violence risk assessment and management, specifically with regard to the predictive validity and inter-rater reliability of such assessments. In the first study, we evaluated whether the PST-VC can be used by police employees to identify high-risk cases of repeat IPV. In addition, the preventive effects of the recommended crime preventive and victim protective actions were discussed and also whether these create a confounding problem with respect to predictive validity. The results showed that the predictive accuracy of the tool was fairly weak. Further, the assessors recommended a higher level of interventions in high-risk cases, but these did not reduce the rate of repeat IPV. Study II aimed to examine the inter-rater reliability of the PST-VC and the BSAFER. Police employees conducted pairwise assessments of IPV cases using one of these tools. The tools were evaluated separately and the cases used for the assessments were different for each tool. This means that the consistency of the assessments could not be compared head-to-head across the tools. The results were nonetheless rather similar for both tools; the inter-rater reliability for the individual items was low for most of the individual factors, but was relatively high for the global risk assessments. A suggested explanation for this was that the assessors may have used their tacit knowledge, rather than the individual items, in their global risk assessments and that they shared this tacit knowledge, at least to some extent. The third study focused on the B-SAFER tool, and on the predictive accuracy of the individual items and the global risk assessments in relation to repeat IPV. The study also aimed to examine to what extent the recommended crime preventive and victim protective actions were implemented and whether these interventions had a preventive effect on repeat IPV. The predictive accuracy of the individual B-SAFER items and the global risk assessments was low overall. The majority of the recommended interventions were not implemented, and they did not prevent repeat IPV. The final study (IV) took the form of a systematic literature study with the aimof evaluating the predictive accuracy of IPV risk assessments conducted bypractitioners in different settings, with IPV recidivism as the outcome measure.The number of studies that fulfilled the inclusion criteria was small (N= 11).One of these studies was conducted in a treatment setting, while all the otherswere conducted in criminal justice settings. The predictive accuracy for theglobal risk assessments ranged from low to medium, and the role of treatmentor other interventions to prevent repeat IPV had been analyzed in one way orthe other in eight of the studies. However, there was no consistency withregard to the importance of the interventions for repeat IPV.In summary, the predictive accuracy of the police employees’ IPV riskassessments was rather low, and the same applied to the inter-rater reliabilityfor most of the individual items included in the tools. The level of consistencywas higher, however, for the global risk assessments. The IPV preventiveinterventions were not effective in preventing repeat IPV. The predictivevalidity of IPV risk assessments conducted in other settings was found to besimilar, but results regarding the potential mediating role of interventions weremixed.

The transition from prison to society is a challenging period for offenders released from prison. Recidivism rates are high, and the offender’s situation can change rapidly. Advances in technology in recent decades have provided new ways for correctional agencies to provide the level of supervision and immediacy needed to help prisoners to successfully re-enter society. One such area of advance is the widespread use of mobile phones and related developments in communication technologies, such as Interactive Voice Response (IVR), an automated telephony system. The overall aim of this thesis is to investigate the feasibility of using IVR to assess and intervene on everyday stress-related acute risk factors for crime among prisoners on parole. Paroled offenders (N=108) performed daily assessment during their first 30 days after leaving prison. Before release, they also completed a baseline assessment of stable risk factors, including personality, substance use problems, and mental health problems. Data on criminal recidivism one year following parole was collected from the Swedish Prison and Parole Service. After release, all subjects were called daily and answered assessment questions. Based on the content of their daily assessments, subjects in the intervention group received immediate feedback and a recommendation by automated telephony, and their probation officers also received a daily report by email. Although the intervention had no effect on criminal recidivism, the intervention group showed greater improvement than the control group on several of the acute dynamic risk factors studied. Several of these factors could predict criminal recidivism with marginal accuracy, and could provide incremental predictive validity beyond the baseline risk level of stable risk factors, i.e. problematic drug use and impulsiveness trait. In conclusion, IVR may be a feasible way to assess and intervene on daily stress-related acute dynamic risk factors among prisoners on parole.

The land of the Magical Maya is a mythical region in the south of Mexico where there are enigmatic creatures such as cosmic Indios, vultures, ghosts, white elephants, pineapples, swallows, and flamingos; and wondrous places like cenotes, pyramids, blue moons, old frontiers, new frontiers, and paradise-Zones. In the 1980s, henequen, the agro-based industry that had sustained Yucatán since the 19th century, was close to collapsing. With a sense of urgency, the state government looked for alternatives to diversify the economy in an attempt to prevent the effects of mass unemployment. Almost by chance, but with the help of state intervention, the maquiladora industry filled the gap left by the old system and boomed between 1990 and 2001, followed by a bust, and then a decline. Drawing on fieldwork, and with an analysis that starts with abstractions and zooms in to the level of the everyday, this thesis tells a tale at different scales. This is the story of how people in the city of Motul experienced the rise and decline of Montgomery Industries, the most important maquiladora in the state. There are glimpses into how people’s lives changed and how their city transformed; how the state built infrastructural veins to support the maquiladora industry; and how the government attempted to sell the idea of Yucatán as an exotic, maquiladora paradise where Magical Mayas await. This is also a bigger tale about the relationship between colonial legacies, urbanization, and global capitalism. Through instances of magic, capitalism exists in tension between its tendency to homogenize and its propensity to thrive in differentiation. Capitalism in Yucatán is articulated via the Imperial South through processes of racialization and colonization. Urbanization unfolds in tension between invisibility and visibility. This work contributes to the third wave of Lefebvrian thought, offers insights to the continuous debate of the urban question, advances the project of postcolonial urban studies, and adds to the body of maquiladora studies.

This thesis is concerned with how the governing of unemployment and social exclusion is accomplished through labor market projects that are initiated, tailored, and co- financed by the European Social Fund. The aim is to map and problematize how such projects, as examples of neoliberal programs of government that promote social cohesion and combat unemployment amongst identified “ethnic others,” become operational and legitimized in the Swedish context through multiple acts of translation. By scrutinizing the discursive, calculative, and visual practices that constitute them, the thesis also considers some of the consequences of this way of governing as well as the larger political landscapes in which they function. Ultimately, the political problem that is addressed concerns how certain “truths” about unemployed “ethnic others” in Sweden are facilitated within and co- produced by the European Social Fund and the projects it sets in motion. It thereby calls into question practices that are legitimized in the name of diversity, inclusion, and tolerance. The analysis includes discussions about the multivalent relationship between colonial and neoliberal rationalities of government, as well as how compassion and pity function to legitimize certain practices of inclusion.

En stor del av den forskning som görs på idrottslärare utgår ifrån styrdokumenten (t ex Ekberg, 2009; Londos, 2010; Svennberg m fl, 2017). Idrottslärarnas utsagor och praktik sätts i jämförelse med de tolkningar som forskarna gör av styrdokumenten och visar ofta att idrottslärarna gör ”fel”. Forskarnas tolkningar av styrdokumenten kan ses som ett facit och eventuella avsteg från dem anses vara problematiskt. I denna uppsats undersöks idrottslärarnas yrkesutövande från ett annat perspektiv än det som till stor del finns i tidigare forskning. Syftet med denna studie är därmed att skapa en förståelse för idrottslärarens yrkesroll byggd på deras egna berättelser om sin vardag och hur de hanterar den. Empiriinsamling har skett genom djupintervjuer med idrottslärare, där intervjuguiden skapats med hjälp av Michael Lipskys (2010) teori om gräsrotsbyråkrater och Yeheskel Hasenfelds (2010) teori om service-organisationer. Idrottslärarnas utsagor har sedan analyserats utifrån dessa teorier. Resultatet visar att idrottslärarna tar sig tre olika roller; problemlösaren, trygghetsskaparen samt organisatören. I rollen som problemlösare arbetar idrottslärarna dels med problem som uppstår här och nu, t ex oväntade situationer som uppstår i mötet med elever och som måste lösas, och dels med mer långsiktiga problem. Rollen som trygghetsskapare behövs då idrottsämnets synlighet enligt idrottslärarna kräver trygghet hos eleverna för att de ska kunna prestera inför varandra. För att skapa trygghet arbetar idrottslärarna bland annat med att försöka se varje elev, anpassa aktiviteter så att det passar den specifika gruppen och skapa rörelseglädje. För att klara av att anpassa undervisningen i enlighet med rollerna som problemlösare och trygghetsskapare krävs att idrottslärarna är organisatörer. Detta då de måste planera lektionerna för att nå alternativa mål (t ex trygghet, ha roligt och att hitta en aktivitet att utöva på fritiden) och organisera undervisningen med utgångspunkt i för få resurser, men också för att se varje elev. Bilden av idrottsläraren som problemlösare, trygghetsskapare och organisatör stämmer troligtvis inte med bilden av hur en idrottslärare bör vara. Men om idrottslärarrollen ser ut såhär, hur ska den framtida idrottsundervisningen i Sverige se ut? Kanske måste kraven och förväntningarna på ämnet idrott och hälsa och på dess lärare förändras i grunden för att på så sätt mötas halvvägs med denna studies tre rollbeskrivningar av idrottsläraren.

Reviewing previous studies on using computational models for analyzing the effect of transport policies on transportation systems shows that agentbased models have not been used much in spite of their great potential for simulating dynamic aspects of policy instruments and travel behavior. The main reason can be the need for a lot of input data which is hard to prepare for the modeler. This has led to limited use of agent-based models in previous studies and even in those studies the scope of simulation is limited to only particular scenarios. In this thesis, I proposed a general-purpose agent-based simulation model for urban transportation that supports simulation of a wide range of policy instruments. The proposed model is designed in a way that a large part of the input data can be generated automatically using online web-services. The thesis also reports an empirical study on using our proposed generalpurpose model together with on-line travel planners in agent-based simulation for predicting the effect of different policy instruments on travel behavior. The results from our empirical study showed that our generalpurpose agent-based model predicts 72% of the real travel decisions correctly. Furthermore, the results of the simulation for various scenarios and combination of them seem to be acceptable. Finally, we found out that the use of on-line services for data collection increases the speed and flexibility of the system for defining and running new scenarios. However, the scalability of using on-line services in simulation is constrained by limitations of online service providers. The main contributions of this thesis are a general-purpose agentbased simulation model for urban transportation and a novel approach to automatically generate input data to the simulation using online travel planners and other web-services. This novel approach mitigates the challenge of agent-based simulation as a data-intensive method. This can lead to more widespread use for agent-based simulation in solving complex and realistic transportation scenarios. Another contribution of this thesis is on visualization of simulation output. One of the main challenges of using simulation systems by transport planners and decision makers as end-users is to understand the complex output of the simulation. In this thesis, I empirically demonstrated how the usability of a freight transport simulation system is improved by adding a visualization module that illustrates the results of the simulation for the end-users.

Accurately learning what customers value is critical for the success of every company. Despite the extensive research on identifying customer preferences, only a handful of software companies succeed in becoming truly data-driven at scale. Benefiting from novel approaches such as experimentation in addition to the traditional feedback collection is challenging, yet tremendously impactful when performed correctly. In this thesis, we explore how software companies evolve from data-collectors with ad-hoc benefits, to trustworthy data-driven decision makers at scale. We base our work on a 3.5-year longitudinal multiple-case study research with companies working in both embedded systems domain (e.g. engineering connected vehicles, surveillance systems, etc.) as well as in the online domain (e.g. developing search engines, mobile applications, etc.). The contribution of this thesis is three-fold. First, we present how software companies use data to learn from customers. Second, we show how to adopt and evolve controlled experimentation to become more accurate in learning what customers value. Finally, we provide detailed guidelines that can be used by companies to improve their experimentation capabilities. With our work, we aim to empower software companies to become truly data-driven at scale through trustworthy experimentation. Ultimately this should lead to better software products and services.

Recommender systems have become an integral part of virtually every e-commerce application on the web. These systems enable users to quickly discover relevant products, at the same time increasing business value. Over the past decades, recommender systems have been modeled using numerous machine learning techniques. However, the adoptability of these models by commercial applications remains unclear. We assess the receptiveness of the industrial sector to algorithmic contributions of the research community by surveying more than 30 e-commerce platforms, and experimenting with various recommenders on proprietary e-commerce datasets. Another overlooked but important factor that complicates the design and use of recommender systems is their ethical implications. We identify and summarize these issues in our ethical recommendation framework, which also enables users to control sensitive moral aspects of recommendations via the proposed “ethical toolbox”. The feasibility of this tool is supported by the results of our user study. Because of moral implications associated with user profiling, we investigate algorithms capable of generating user-agnostic recommendations. We propose an ensemble learning scheme based on Thompson Sampling bandit policy, which models arms as base recommendation functions. We show how to adapt this algorithm to realistic situations when neither arm availability nor reward stationarity is guaranteed.

The Internet of Things (IoT) is a fast-spreading technology that enables new types of services in several domains, such as transportation, health, and building automation. To exploit the potential of the IoT effectively, several challenges have to be tackled including the following ones. First, the proposed IoT visions provide a fragmented picture, leading to a lack of consensus about IoT systems and their constituents. A second set of challenges concerns the environment of IoT systems that is often dynamic and uncertain, e.g. devices can appear and be discovered at runtime as well as become suddenly unavailable. Additionally, the in- volvement of human users complicates the scene as people’s activities are not always predictable . The majority of existing approaches to en- gineer IoT systems rely on predefined processes to achieve users’ goals. Consequently, such systems have significant shortcomings in coping with dynamic and uncertain environments. To piece together the fragmented picture of IoT systems, we sys- tematically identified their characteristics by analyzing and synthesizing existing taxonomies. To address the challenges related to the IoT envir- onment and the involvement of human users, we used the concept of Emergent Configurations (ECs) to engineer IoT systems. An EC consists of a dynamic set of devices that cooperate temporarily to achieve a user goal. To realize this vision, we proposed novel approaches that enable users to achieve their goals by supporting the automated formation, en- actment, and self-adaptation of IoT systems.

The growth and presence of heterogeneous connected devices inside the home have the potential to provide increased efficiency and quality of life to the residents. Simultaneously, these devices tend to be Internet-connected and continuously monitor, collect, and transmit data about the residents and their daily lifestyle activities. Such data can be of a sensitive nature, such as camera feeds, voice commands, physiological data, and more. This data allows for the implementation of services, personalization support, and benefits offered by smart home technologies. Alas, there has been a rift of security and privacy attacks on connected home devices that compromise the security, safety, and privacy of the occupants. In this thesis, we provide a comprehensive description of the smart connected home ecosystem in terms of its assets, architecture, functionality, and capabilities. Especially, we focus on the data being collected by smart home devices. Such description and organization are necessary as a precursor to perform a rigorous security and privacy analysis of the smart home. Additionally, we seek to identify threat agents, risks, challenges, and propose some mitigation approaches suitable for home environments. Identifying these is core to characterize what is at stake, and to gain insights into what is required to build more robust, resilient, secure, and privacy-preserving smart home systems. Overall, we propose new concepts, models, and methods serving as a foundation for conducting deeper research work in particular linked to smart connected homes. In particular, we propose a taxonomy of devices; classification of data collected by smart connected homes; threat agent model for the smart connected home; and identify challenges, risks, and propose some mitigation approaches.

Platform Design is a study of different viewpoints on the creation of digital systems, and how they converge in platforms designed, built, and managed by communities. As sociotechnical constructs in which features emerge through the interaction of different stakeholders, platforms are understood as both means and outcomes—the ‘things’ or boundary objects in a design process—generating the spaces where communities of practice can form. Utilizing two strongly interwoven timelines in education and research (both in academia and industry), the thesis shifts the centre of balance in actor–networks by iteratively recalibrating from a techno-deterministic analysis towards a community-driven one. The theoretical background in the fields of cybernetics, critical theory, design, and the sociology of technology frames the empirical work, which consists of academic publications, design reports, and the publicly available documentation of realized projects. In the space between theory and praxis, a methodological toolbox is developed, a posteriori revisiting experiences gathered over a decade Drawing on a series of functional concepts, the thesis proposes an alternative co-design framework, termed inclusive multiple prototyping. Meant to augment new sensibilities that are pertinent to the design process of platforms, this framework addresses the inherent complexity of actor–networks and human–machine communities. In practical terms, the thesis describes a series of projects, some of which can be considered platforms, while others would be better categorized as tools, toolboxes, kits, or infrastructure. These include co-creating the Arduino community, repurposing kitchen appliances for connection to the cloud, designing a modular prototyping platform involving programming and electronics, deploying an indoor location system, creating educational kits for upper secondary school teachers, and inventing new haptic interactive interfaces. Some of the projects required the long-term involvement of the researcher in intimate communities of practice; others were temporal interventions, yet reached thousands of users. Practice-based and transdisciplinary, the thesis contributes to the field of interaction design by bringing in elements of a sociotechnical discourse, while problematizing notions such as democracy and governance, openness of tools and outcomes, modularity, generalizability, and transferability—the three latter terms further fuelling the research questions. The research shows that these are properties that enable the creation of platforms, although the question remains whether there is such a thing as a standardized platform. While this thesis touches upon the potentials of state-of-the-art platform technology, it also points to the fact that there is work to be done, socially, ethically, and politically, when considering the augmentation of platforms for everyday use as pervasive and artificial intelligence agents.

Housing has a special place in the Swedish welfare state. Ever since Gustav Möller, Minister for Social Affairs, in 1945 was handed the result of Bostadssociala utredningen, a state investigation on housing from a social perspective, housing has been a bearing pillar in the Swedish ‘Folkhem’. Since the post-war period, Swedish housing policy has been universal in the sense that housing consumers have not been categorized by income or living conditions. Instead, the policy has had the aim of ‘good housing for all’. The main instrument for achieving this goal—the figurehead of the universal housing policy—has been allmännyttan, the national model of public housing, constituted by municipal housing companies with the task of offering rental housing of high quality, for the benefit of everyone. This PhD thesis analyzes allmännyttan based on the observation that the contemporary housing situation is largely characterized by inequality. The housing consumer is to a lesser extent independent from inherited conditions: Access to housing and the characteristics of housing are increasingly dependent on economic resources. The dissertation highlights the role of public housing in this development. The municipal housing companies and the context they exist in have changed over the past decades through gradual political reforms and alignment with European competition law. Such a development might influence the ability of allmännyttan to contribute to keeping housing inequality at bay. The purpose of the thesis is thus to study the potential and actual significance of allmännyttan for housing inequality in Swedish cities. The thesis is grounded in critical realist ontology and analyzes how and why (or why not) allmännyttan’s latent mechanisms to counteract inequality are actualized. Through studies of municipal housing companies throughout Sweden, including eleven in-depth case studies, the thesis seeks to answer whether the contemporary allmännytta counteracts housing inequality, or if it rather contributes to a more unequal housing provision. The dissertation consists of three peer-reviewed papers. Together with the framing chapter of the dissertation, the papers highlight how housing inequality could be understood from a national context and in terms of multidimensionality; how events triggered by allmännyttan counteracts or contributes to housing inequality; and how allmännyttan’s discretion to counteract housing inequality is identified and used by the municipal housing companies. The results indicate that, despite a gradual shift towards businesslike conditions and demands on return on investment, allmännyttan still has a latent and potential ability to counteract housing inequality. The core of universalism consists, so do the expectations of social benefit. However, the contextual conditions have changed: The state-organized housing provision has gone from state-financed to financialized, i.e., dependent on financial motives, institutions, tools and financial capital. Allmännyttan exists in a state of financialized universalism. In spite of this development, the thesis identifies ample discretion for municipal housing companies to actualize underlying mechanisms which contribute to counteracting housing inequality. However, how this discretion is perceived and used varies from city to city. The discretion is interpreted—consciously or unconsciously— in different ways, depending on the local political governance, but also on the local institutional path-dependence, i.e., its past decisions, its culture and traditions. How the discretion is identified has implications on the events that affect housing inequality. The conclusion is that public housing is more than ever locally diversified. An imaginary of financialized economy has been adopted by many municipal housing companies, but this imaginary is challenged and negotiated by other companies. Given this variation, allmännyttan simultaneously—and contradictory—contributes to both reduced and increased housing inequality. The character of the ambiguous allmännytta is thus determined at local scale, a conclusion which stands in contrast with national objectives of a state-organized housing provision based on good housing, for the benefit of everyone.

This thesis explores the everyday life of a group of teenage girls living in the city of Malmö. The analytical focus is on how the girls’ encounter, negotiate with, reproduce and embody unequal socio-spatial gender structures, class relations and processes of racialization in their every day lives’. The partaking girls are positioned in different ways in relation to class and race. As well as live in different areas of the town of Malmö. This enables the thesis to explore how these differences affect the every day lives of the girls in various ways. Focus groups, individual semi-structured interviews and interviews in pairs where conducted between 2012 and 2013. The girls were recruited from upper secondary schools and youth projects within the Municipality of Malmö. In total 22 girls from an age range of 16-19 years old partook in the study. The narratives show that the partaking girls live under different everyday conditions but how they are also faced with similar power structures. The girls’ bodily orientations are in different ways affected by structural boundaries that regulate the girls’ social and spatial everyday movement. Unequal gender structures materialises for example by means of boys controlling spaces, by the dispersal of degrading rumours and by the girls' negotiations with gendered norms. By exploring the girls’ economic positions, material differences are revealed. Girls with families who have strong financial positions are able to finance their everyday life, but they can also afford extra treats, for example: trips abroad, luxury goods, clothes or savings accounts. The analysis also shows how consumption practices of the girls, and their families, are influenced by ideals driven by social status and class. Consumer practices, taste and style of clothes as well as different spatial settings are used as classed distinction markers. Encounters of everyday racism are tightly interwoven with normative constructions of Swedishness and need to be understood in relation to a hierarchical process of racialization where whiteness is constructed as a norm. In the girls’ narratives encounters of everyday racism on the one hand appear unpredictable; on the other hand, racist encounters appear as expected in some rooms and environments. The girls’ narratives often confirm patterns of segregation in Malmö described in previous research. However, the narratives also present nuances. The girls’ experience of different spatial settings seems to be ambivalent and paradoxical. The girls seem aware of power structures and boundaries and develop their agency to challenge them. They in different ways renegotiate ideals, create alternatives and practice resistance towards categorizations, social ideals and power-bearing norms. The thesis has especially focused on the exploration of means of collective resistance as well as collective alternative orientations. These acts of collective agency for instance takes place through the means of narrating (talk back), sometimes they appear as alternative ways of being and sometimes as a way of creating collective friendly (home) spaces.

Artificial designs and features usually control production workflowsin the industry. The operator has the freedom to adapt designs toachieve the desired function; when the operator is satisfied, massproduction of the two objects is possible. The production workflowfor prosthetic restorations in dentistry is a fairly complicatedprocedure that requires several well-controlled processes, and eachunit is individually adapted to one unique situation. The aim of thefinal restoration is to replace damaged or missing soft and hard tissue,and to restore function, phonetics and aesthetics. The restoration hashigh material property requirements in order to withstand high forces,thermal changes, aging and humidity. If the fit of the reconstructionis insufficient there is a high probability for clinical failures rangingfrom inflammatory processes to reconstruction fractures. Thegrading of perfect, sufficient and insufficient fit is unknown althoughthe definition clinically acceptable fit has been used to describe andcontrol a reconstruction that is well seated and controllable by the clinician. Study I in this thesis focuses on the clearance (play) betweendifferent implant components in order to achieve a threshold value forhow accurate the production in dentistry needs to be. We found thatmetallic components on external hex connections have a clearanceof approximately 50 μm.Not only is every case individually designed and manufactured,but the receiving intraoral part also needs to be replicated into anextraoral part ahead of production, a procedure that has been possiblewith different impression materials. Subsequently, the production goes through a series of controlled compensations to fit the intraoralsituation. The conventional workflow starts by the selection of animpression tray, ranging from custom-made trays to plastic stocktrays. The ideal trays are rigid, thereby minimising flexure during theimpression taking. There are several types of impression materialswith different properties regarding setting time, volume changes andmechanical properties. The next step in the conventional workflowis the casting of the impression. There are various types of gypsumproducts utilised in dentistry, and they require different amounts ofwater. The differences depend on the shape and compactness of thecrystals. Type IV dental stone gypsum is often used in reconstructivedentistry with a typical setting expansion of 0.10%. For the partialdigital workflow the same volume changes can be seen for theconventional impression, the stone model production and the dieprocessing. In order to design the intended construction digitallyinstead of using wax, the model needs to be digitised in an extraoral scanner, also known as desktop scanner.The fully digital workflow consists of a direct digitisation of the oralcavity utilising intraoral scanning devices. All intraoral scanners havethe same goal, to digitise the size, shape and surface of a physicalobject into a geometrical virtual shape. This acquisition needs to berepeatable, reproducible and accurate. The IOS manufacturers tryto achieve these goals with different hardware and software setups.Study IV focuses on the acquisition accuracy of five different intraoralscanners for the digitisation of edentulous and dentated models. Theresults suggest that the devices had lower accuracy for the digitisationof the edentulous models when compared to the dentated model.Furthermore, Study IV presented observations suggesting that fullarchscans had lower accuracy when compared to shorter arch scanson both models. For the cross-arch measurements on the edentulousscans, the trueness values ranged from 6 μm to 193 μm, and, for the shorter arch measurements, the results ranged from 2 μm to 103 μm.For the dentated cast, the cross-arch trueness values ranged from6 μm to 150 μm, and, for the shorter arch measurements, the resultsranged from 4 μm to -56 μm.The digitised file is then utilised as a virtual model by a computeraideddesigner in order to virtually design the intended reconstruction.The designed file is then manufactured utilising computer-aidedmanufacturing, which can be performed either by a subtractivemachine (milling) or by additive systems (3D printing). Study II andStudy III explore the production tolerances for producing polymericand metallic objects from additive systems. Study III also containeda subtractive group. The results from these two studies suggest thatall tested additive systems for producing polymeric objects were, onaverage, 500 μm to