Existing research involving terrorism has largely focused on group-based terrorism. The rise in number of lone wolf terrorist attacks has created the need to explore lone wolf terrorism further. Although research has failed to provide a profile for group-based terrorism, there is a possibility for the identification of specific characteristics for lone wolf terrorists. The purpose of this thesis was to create a deeper understanding of the radicalisation process of an individual that engaged in lone wolf terrorist attack, by creating a case study on Anders Behring Breivik. A chronological time series analysis was performed and identified nine key events that contributed to Breivik’s radicalisation. The radicalisation process and causal factors identified were examined against two radicalisation pyramids developed by McCauley & Moskalenko (2014). Results identified that Breivik was at the highest levels of a lone wolf pre-attack, and that he displayed many common characteristics identified in lone wolf attacks. Further case studies such as this are necessary in order to develop a greater understanding of the underlying processes involved in lone wolf terrorism.

Rwanda is at the frontline in the battle against domestic violence. Despite efforts fostering, supporting gender equality, and strategies established towards domestic violence against women, this wickedness remains a tragic reality. Many studies conducted on domestic violence against women and gender-based violence have focused on analyzing perpetrator factors that contribute to the risk of domestic violence. To this effect little is known about the female victims-related factors influence the risk of domestic violence. This study aims to identify related factors that may influence the risk of being victims of domestic violence and determine the existing reasons for revictimization. Therein, six individual interviews and three focus group discussions were conducted to accumulate data. The content analysis was used to analyze the individual interviews and focus group discussion transcripts. The results showed some factors related to victims that influence the risk of domestic violence and determine the existing reasons for revictimization in Rwanda. Findings show that even though women are more victims of domestic violence, there are some factors demonstrated by victims that make them more prone to victimization. The findings also revealed some of the reasons that result in the decision of the domestic violence victim not to report an instance of domestic violence despite the potential for re-victimization. The author of this study underlines that to mitigate domestic violence, preventative agents must focus simultaneously on the role of both perpetrator and victim.

The national drug policies of the Netherlands and Sweden are divergent. The Netherlands is known to have a liberal policy with a focus on harm reduction, while Sweden has a restrictive approach focusing on use reduction. Current research on the effectiveness of both policies is lacking and should, therefore, be studied to properly fight drug-related issues. Furthermore, in a time of rapid globalization, a comparison between the Netherlands and Sweden regarding drug issues is essential to analyse. This paper aims to study how the countries have converged in the period 2005-2020, dividing the research question into three categories: (1) prevention, (2) treatment and harm reduction and (3) control. Using a Comparative Policy Analysis (CPA), data will be collected using documents and articles on the developments of the countries as well as statistics showing implementation of the policies, provided by European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). The results present some form of convergence in some categories, mostly regarding (2) treatment and harm reduction, with more harm reduction implemented in Swedish interventions, and (3) control, where The Netherlands has become more strict towards some parts in the fight against drug supply and criminality, while also implementing harm reductive interventions. Both countries have implemented parts of the other's policy while following their traditional views regarding (1) prevention. Further research should continue to analyse the effectiveness of the policies and compare since cooperation between effective drug policies can successfully maintain the fight against global drug issues.

As popularity of online banking services has grown exceedingly among Finnish consumers, it has become necessary for banks to provide their customers with safety advice against the emerging threat of card-not-present fraud (CNP) in order to protect them from monetary losses. However, it is unclear how effective this advice is and how well it is filling its purpose. This study aims to fill this gap and examines the advice provided by Finnish banks in order to protect their customers from CNP-frauds by applying an economical approach to the criminological field. A multilayered approach including a literature review, a web page quality assessment and a qualitative interview was used for this purpose. Contributing to existing literature on the enabling and constraining influences within the financial industry, this study increases the understanding of why Finnish banks’ are homogenously tilting the balance towards their own private interests rather than public good.

Acts of violence towards staff committed by people with intellectual disabilities in residential care settings are common. In the Swedish legal system, the requirement for criminal intent is the same for everyone over 15 years. This creates a gap between the law and the perceived ability to take criminal responsibility in this group since the consequences of the intellectual disability can be functioning on a lower level than your chronological age.

This study aims to explore the factors in reasoning about controllability, responsibility and police reporting in violent situations, with a focus on staff members working in residential care settings for people with intellectual disabilities.

The method for this was 7 semi-structured interviews with staff members working in care settings where violence and threats were occurring.

The thematic analysis of the interviews revealed that experience of violence was common and that communication problems are perceived as a common cause. Responsibility in violent situations was perceived as something that needs to be shared between the person displaying it and the staff involved. The reasoning around police reporting of violence shows that staff takes both the person’s ability to take responsibility and level of understanding into account and in most cases this reasoning led to the decision not to file a police report. Another factor considered in staff reasoning is the legal process and the consequences of entering it for a person with intellectual disability. This implies that staff is trying to take responsibility in practice for the gap between the law and their perception of responsibility in the person they support.

The study concludes that there is a need for addressing this on a governmental level as well as on a practical level in care settings, to improve the work environment and strengthen the legal certainty for people with intellectual disabilities.

Drug vendors on darknet cryptomarkets are notoriously elusive. When cryptomarkets are subjectedto law enforcement crackdowns or other types of closures, rather than being deterred vendorsmigrate to other cryptomarkets. However, knowledge is lacking on why vendors migrate in thedirection that they do. A Swedish cryptomarket vendor community, whose primary cryptomarket”Flugsvamp 3.0” was suddenly closed in October of 2021, reappeared on a new cryptomarketcalled ”Archetyp Market” shortly after. With this thesis, I attempt to explore how the vendors ofthis community might have coordinated their migration to Archetyp Market. Building upon recenttheoretical contributions of vendor decision-making, I propose two ideal types of vendors inmigration. The first type is vendors with high reputation who have a greater economic incentive tore-establish themselves quickly, to minimize loss. Vendors with lower reputation will not have thesame need to move quickly. As their primary concern is to reach new customers, they will look tocryptomarkets with a high level of general trust. Cryptomarkets that have received an influx ofhigh reputation vendors will thereby have reached an attractive level of general trust, causing aninflux of lower reputable vendors. I tested this hypothesis by collecting cross-sectional data fromArchetyp Market and measured the covariation between when the Swedish vendors joined the siteand their reputational status. Using a standard linear regression analysis, I found a moderatepositive covariation between two reputationally related variables and the number of days sincejoining Archetyp Market. The vendors with high reputations joined Archetyp Market earlier thanthose with less. This finding thereby provides us with insight into how vendor reputation is not justeffective in influencing buyers, but also other vendors. Additionally, I proposed how thesereputational values could be developed into early indicators of the direction of vendors duringcryptomarket closure.

It is of importance to direct resources to prevention since crime is costly both for the offender, possible victims and of society and its citizens at large. In general, prevention programs and the types of interventions are not well understood. It is therefore of necessity to find and study potential causal mechanisms that could aid and enable better preventive measures. This study investigates such mechanisms by testing one of the key aspects of the Situational Action Theory: the perception-choice process. This study relies on data gathered within the frames of Malmö Individual and Neighbourhood Development study (MINDS). Through scenario research and self-reported crime data the correspondence between criminal intentions and actual criminal behaviours are investigated. Relevant personal and situational characteristics are examined in order to provide insights about crime propensity and the role of motivation and controls in intended and actual action outcomes. The result show that Swedish adolescents’ criminal intentions correspond with self-reported actual criminal behaviours to a large extent. The result further indicates clear tendencies of correspondence between level of propensity and prevalence of criminal intentions and actual criminal behaviours.

Interest in crime victim issues has grown stronger in Sweden in recent decades. The social services have the statutory responsibility to offer victims of crime the help and support they need. Recent indications suggest that there are major shortcomings in the social services for crime victim support. Based on these shortcomings this study investigates two primary issues: (1) why has it been so difficult for the social services to fulfill their statutory responsibilities towards victims of crime and (2) what would be needed for the social services for crime victim support to work better than it does today? No similar study has been conducted in this area before. Through the execution of eight key informant interviews these issues were investigated by the use of a designed model constituted of various factors including the concept of ability. This concept has been a central point for the mapping of the social services’ ability to support victims of crime. The key informants consisted of representatives in key positions in operations that work with different crime victim issues. The results show that there is a great uncertainty around these issues. It was also found that a majority of those interviewed believe that the biggest problem regarding these issues is that the will and the necessary prioritization of crime victim matters are relatively low. These alarming findings show an even greater need of more studies performed in this field. Thus remains the important question; why is it so difficult for the social services to fulfill its statutory responsibility towards victims of crime? Further research should be directed at finding out where the real problem lies. Further on, suggestions for improvement should be investigated.

The common perception of intimate partner violence against women (IPV-W) is as of today still dominated by the physical violence. One form that has been known for several years by practitioners, but only in recent years been identified as a separate form by researchers, is economic abuse (EA). EA can be seen as a deliberate pattern of coercive control in which the man interferes with the woman’s ability to acquire, use, and maintain economic resources. The digital technology increases the surveillance possibilities for the abuser where online money transactions can be traced. This leads to focus on the unique position of Sweden as world leading in the context of a cashless society where every transaction will soon be online, maybe already in 2023. This study aims to explore if EA is common and recognized form of abuse among practitioners, how it is expressed and the possible impact of a cashless society. The study has been conducted through 12 semi-structured interviews with practitioners working in the field of IPV-W. The thematic analysis revealed that economic abuse is common, and forced debt using bankID as well as controlling money are the most common strategies for control. A cashless society would lead to negative consequences for women experiencing EA, removing cash as strategy to escape control. The result needs to be considered for the ongoing Government investigation to keep cash as a legal means of payment as well as acknowledging EA in the current gender equality policy. 

Violence against women (VAW) is the most prevalent human rights violation of our time, rooted in women’s unequal status in society. Aim: The present study investigated women´s awareness of preventative and protective legislation on domestic violence and women´s awareness of campaigns against VAW across the EU. Further, it explored how EU state members´ political efforts to combat VAW might affect women´s awareness. It also examined the correlation between gender equality within EU state members and women´s awareness. In addition, the relationship between socio-demographic factors and women´s awareness was examined, including possible affects correlated with states members’ political efforts. Method: A secondary data analysis was conducted with data drawn from the 2012 FRA-VAW Survey, carried out in all 28 EU member states. Results: Results indicated that women across the EU were more aware of protective legislation than preventative regarding domestic violence, and that almost 1 in 2 women were unaware of recent campaigns against VAW in their country of residence. Results indicated that defined legislation and higher levels of gender equality within EU member states were associated with higher levels of awareness among women. Results further suggested that women with socio-demographic characteristics previously associated with inter-partner violence had particularly low awareness. Conclusion: As political and legal norms are required for VAW to be perceived as a crime, an increased emphasis on clear definitions of VAW is essential. Legal definitions of VAW and awareness of legislation are undervalued key factors in societies’ attempts to fulfil the goal of total eradication of VAW.

This thesis aims to describe how the police work with residential burglary prevention in police area Middle Scania. Since burglary has become a problem in this area in the past decade, it is interesting to know what measures the police take to reduce and prevent it. The results show that the police in Middle Scania treat domestic burglary as a serious issue and implement both specific prevention measures, such as a specialised intervention, and day-to-day prevention measures, e.g. spreading the information or mapping and patrolling certain areas. Most of the used prevention measures are based on Routine Activity Theory, implicitly or explicitly. Neighbourhood watch is recommended by the police, as well as simply getting to know one’s neighbours. Interestingly enough repeat victimisation does not appear to be a problem in Middle Scania. Not much is known about the type of the offender that commits domestic burglary. Both short term and long term measures should be applied in order for prevention to have a greater impact.

The paper focuses on investigating the relationship between lifestyle and crime in vulnerable neighborhoods. To be more specific, the project will look at how football has an influence on people who live near a criminogenic environment. In addition, other factors from everyday life are also considered to evaluate the social bond of individuals.

In the project, an online survey will be conducted. The survey will ask about participant’s experiences at the football club, educational institution and/or workplace, home, weekends, and the streets. Additionally, questions about crime within the participant’s whereabouts will be inquired in the survey. Thereafter, the participants (N=84) will be divided in two groups – participants living in/near vulnerable neighborhoods and those who do not.

A quantitative analysis will examine the commitment, attachment, involvement, and belief of individuals and if structured activities are developing a resilience towards criminal environments, behaviors, and ideals. In result, the project discovers that a risky lifestyle is associated with peer relationship, parental bond, alcohol use and the belief and importance of work.