Background: Healthcare workers are most at risk and most vulnerable to workplace violence (WPV) when compared to other professions. Despite high rates of exposure to violence, it is highly underreported. Aim: To identify the prevalence rate of WPV and the existing demographic relationship to WPV in the healthcare sector. To check for risk factors and health implications of this type of WPV on victims. Also, this research work intends to highlight the proposed strategies and interventions that can be used to mitigate against this type of WPV. Methods: To achieve this aim, a literature review methodology was employed. The Malmö university library and google scholar search engines were utilized with several inclusion criteria to arrive at a total of 24 articles for this review. Results: Prevalence rate for WPV is high with the prevalence for non-physical violence being higher than physical violence. Age and years of experience showed a significant relationship with being a victim of WPV while gender did not provide a conclusive result. There were few cases of physical injuries but a high percentage of victims of nonphysical violence suffered from psychological trauma such as fear, depression, post-traumatic stress disorder - PTSD, and anxiety. Prevention strategies and interventions have been recommended by victims and researchers of WPV. Conclusion: WPV is an existing phenomenon with adverse effects which reduce the quality of lives and services of workers. There is need for effective preventive methods to reduce WPV such as the implementation of zero-tolerance policy to WPV, the presence of police officers in at-risk health care facilities and involvement of victims in the development of prevention strategies.

Violent video games have been questioned in its influence toward violence and aggressivebehavior in nowadays especially with adolescents and young adults which usually spend theirtime playing games more than other activity. The aim of this research is to find a correlationbetween violent video games exposure, aggressive behavior and self-control in an individual toanswer the question that “Is playing violent video games can lead a person to be more violence,aggressive and lack of self-control more than it should be?” The research will be studied with351 people in the Thailand Gamer Community. An aggressive behavior and impulsive behaviorwill be look into by self-questionnaire: Buss – Perry aggression questionnaire: BPAQ – ShortForm to measure aggressive behavior, the short version of the Self-Control Scale to measure animpulsive behavior and for a violent video games exposure, it will be measured by the time thatparticipants playing video games and how violent it exposure to violent video games andaggressive behavior but the results only show a slightly correlation between these two variables.Nevertheless, the results show no correlation between violent video games exposure andimpulsive behavior. 

Internet technology has paved new diversion in crime and victimization. There is voluminous data related to cyber victimization of adolescents and college students, however there is dearth of research related to cyber victimization of adult women. The purpose of this systematic review was to investigate the prevalence of cyber victimization of adult women other than by intimate partner or ex-partner and to find out their risk factors as well as consequences. Articles were searched between January, 2010 to April, 2020 from ProQuest, PsycInfo, CINAHL, Web of Science, JSTOR, ASSIA and PubMed databases. A total of 2988 studies were extracted, after initial screening, 275 were left for full text review. A total of 14 studies were finally reviewed and qualitatively assessed according to Standard quality assessment criteria for evaluating primary research papers (Kmet et al., 2004). Three were discarded for not meeting the desired quality rating of > .75. Review comprised of multiethnic and multinational sample of 6019 participants, aged between 17 to 68yrs. Results revealed that women are cyber victimized more as compared to males especially sexual victimization is more prevalent among women than men. The important risk factors identified are age, sexual orientation, lack of social support, low self-esteem, control imbalance, opportunity and risky behaviors. Due to cyber victimization emotional distress, pathological ruminations and depression are reported as consequence.

Abstract

Purpose: The study aims to establish a summary of the main characteristics of gender, age, types of crimes and previous criminal records of the offenders sentenced to forensic-psychiatric care in the time period 1995 to 2018 in Sweden and to compare them with offenders sentenced to imprisonment for the same types of crime types in the same time period in Sweden as well as to link different types of crimes to mental illness. Furthermore, the study attempts to find correlations between the group sentenced to forensic-psychiatric care and different types of crimes.

Method: Using official statistical data from BRÅ, serious crimes, age, gender and criminal records for all individuals sentenced to forensic-psychiatric care during 1995 to 2018 are described together. This group was compared to all individuals which were convicted to prison in the same period. Furthermore, correlations between types of crimes and the group of individuals sentenced to forensic-psychiatric care were examined in order to find any statistical difference between the two groups.

Result: A few differences between the groups were found. The individuals in the forensic-psychiatric care group did not differentiate much in age, and also had similar criminal records, unlike the prison- group. Additionally, a meaningfully higher amount of women was prevalent in the forensic psychiatric care-group compared to the prison-group. A small correlation between individuals sentenced to forensic psychiatric treatment and arson were confirmed as well as stronger correlations with offenders sentenced to FPT and crimes of theft, vehicle theft, arson and homicide were found.

Conclusion: These findings provide data for future research as well as potential support for courts to identify more suitable treatment for offenders with a mental illness. Additionally, the findings in this paper presents the health care system and social services with opportunities to analyse and prevent trajectories into more serious offending in particular regards to individuals who are young and/or have a mental disorder.

This thesis has analyzed the relationship between the punitive turn and the crime policies of the Green party (Miljöpartiet de Gröna) and the Sweden democrats (Sverigedemokraterna) to answer the research question; what influence the punitive turn has had on the parties policies. The choice of method has fallen on a quantitative content-analysis with a qualitative complementarity and qualitative facilitation. From an account of the punitive turn has a word-list with recording units been created, of those recording units has a computer-search been made of the two parties most recent official documents which accounts for the parties holistic politics; MP´s Partyprogramme from 2013, and SD´s Principleprogramme from 2011. The result of the qualitative complementarity shows; a greater frequency of recording units for MP than for SD. The analysis of the qualitative facilitation-result shows; a lesser direct influence of the punitive turn for MP than for SD. The result and analysis are discussed regarding whether the research question has been answered, and no such conclusion is considered to be made by the researcher, instead are the result and analysis open for interpretation of the reader.

Background: Police are most at risk, and so are the residents due to the vulnerability in the slum community of WestPoint. Despite the efforts of the government to improve community living standards by encouraging the role of Community policing in crime prevention, there is instead an increase in the crime rate and insecurity in the neighborhoods. Aim: To assess the development and practice of Community policing to understand the challenges and the reasons for the ineffectiveness of policing in WestPoint, Greater Monrovia, Liberia. Methods: A qualitative method was employed using open-ended survey questions. Malmö University library and google scholar search engines were utilized with several inclusion criteria to arrive at 48 articles and books for this review. Results: To be able to implement Community policing, there should be competency among police officers and more trained officers in the force, Police also need to have a good view of their power or authority and administer their duties in the appropriate form and manner, increasing good communication between the Police and the residents.Conclusion: In the light of the restraints, implementation of Community policing in WestPoint has failed due to its inadequacy to collaborate with partners between security agencies and communities; failure to protect volunteers of information among the community resident; failure to provide awareness to WestPoint residents on the importance to uphold the existing laws and procedures of the public safety and security.Keywords: Community policing; Efficacy; Disorganization Neighborhood; Crime prevention.

Over the past few decades, new philosophies and technologies have impacted parole around the world. Most notably, predicting recidivism through risk assessments has altered the way in which clients are perceived, while electronic monitoring technology has granted the possibility of constant supervision. Due to these recent changes, there are concerns that countries with traditionally rehabilitative parole systems will become more punitive and supervisory. A thematic and metasynthetic review of two countries with rehabilitative parole systems, Sweden and Canada, revealed that risk and electronic monitoring have been integrated to serve balanced agendas that both care for and control clients.

According to the law of crime concentration, a certain percentage of crime is predicted to be concentrated at a certain percentage of microgeographic units, and relatively large amounts of crime are predicted to be accounted for by a small percentage of places. Given the lack of research testing the law in a Swedish context and for a whole country, this study set out to examine the concentration of crime at all densely populated areas in Sweden. Analyzing national grid net data, where all densely built-up areas of Sweden were divided into 250 x 250 meter pixels with added police recorded crime data, the study aimed to examine how many percent of the pixels are required to account for 25, 50 and 80% of the crimes in all densely populated areas; how the concentrations differ between small, medium-sized and big cities; how the concentrations differ between violent and property crimes in all of the country; and how an observed crime concentration compares to a counterfactual, randomized concentration. The results indicated a crime concentration that is stronger than the ones observed in most previous studies, with just 0.4, 2.3 and 10.2% of the pixels accounting for 25, 50 and 80% of all crimes in all densely populated areas, respectively. In line with previous research, the results also showed that crime is more strongly concentrated in smaller cities compared to the big ones, that violent crime is more strongly concentrated than property crime, and that the observed concentration of violent crime is considerably stronger than a counterfactual, randomized concentration in the form of a Poisson distribution. Further research on crime concentration in Sweden is requested to build on these findings.

Bruhner, C. It also happens to men! A Quantitative study about myths and norms regarding the sexual violence towards men. Project for a one year master degree in Criminology 15 hp. Malmö University: Faculty of health and society, Department of Criminology, 2013. Men who suffered from sexual violence are a phenomenon which gets extremely little attention in the research of social science. It is unexplored and in an almost desperate need of data, particularly quantitative data. The aim of this study was to test the myths which lay the ground for the norms about the sexual violence against men on a grander sample to see if they are confirmed or rejected. The myths that were tested are based on previous research and resulted in four different myths; definitions of the sexual violence against men – characterized by severe violence, threats and intoxication by a male homosexual perpetrator. The subsequent consequences and sanctions – the victimized men are met with negative social sanctions and strong distrust, do not react strongly to the incident and do not report to the police. Perception of masculinity – men are supposed to be physically and psychically strong, heterosexual and have the ability to defend themselves and can therefore not be raped. Characterisations about the victim in form of a lack of masculinity – a victimized man are physically and psychically weak, homosexual and are often blamed for the rape himself. These myths were tested through a quantitative survey which 160 students replied. The respondents rejected largely all of the myths, particularly the blaming of the victim and the perception of masculinities – the two myths that showed most impact on the attitude towards the subject as a whole. The study showed that if you have a view on masculinity close to the stereotypical norm, you are also more likely to confirm the myths about the sexual violence against men. The study also showed that older individuals, actively religious people and people of other origin than Swedish tend to be more prone to confirm the myths. The results are analysed throughout Bourdieu’s concepts about symbolic capital between dominant and dominated.

This master thesis investigates the causes of female street prostitutes’ high level of violent victimization and based on the findings suggests the possible ways to better protect this group of women in order to reduce the harm they face. I chose a qualitative content analysis as a research method and focused on three main theories within the field of Victimology. Lifestyle model, Routine Activity and Neutralization and Desensitization Theories are the most suitable to explain the specific factors which make female street prostitutes’ one of the most victimized groups of the society. The results of the analysis are the clear example that legalizing street prostitution is the so called basis to plan and develop further protective and preventive strategies. Though, the recommendation includes conducting the future research to compare the violence rate of legalized female street prostitution with an unregulated one.

• Background: Belgium and Sweden differ both in their history and culture in the field of psycho-active drug use. Sweden is evolving away from their positive, Lombroso based penal policy which focusses on treatment to a more punishment oriented policy. Belgium is doing quite the opposite going from a history based on the Classic school which focusses on punishment with treatment as an addition to a more treatment centered penal policy. • Aim: The aim is to compare both countries and to find on which levels Belgium could learn from Sweden and vice versa. To do so a summary is made of the prison based psycho-active drug abuse programs. • Method: The method used is a literature study using scientific literature, governmental websites and websites from the organizations of psycho-active drug abuse treatment programs. • Results: Both Belgium and Sweden have an opiate substitution program. Sweden also offers inmates the opportunity to be released from prison in exchange for undergoing a psycho-active drug abuse program and offers the 12-stegprogrammet, Våga Välja, Prism and Återfallsprevention. Belgium offers a redirection to treatment outside of prison through TANDEM (former CAP’s) and offers prison based programs called B.Leave, D-side, Détenus Contact Santé program, Opération Boules De Neige, CGG and AA. • Conclusion: The study concludes that Belgium organizes a gateway for inmates to outside psycho-active drug abuse treatment rather than organizing treatment inside prison walls like Sweden does. Both Belgium and Sweden have availability issues with many programs only being available in a small proportion of all prisons. Belgium also lacks a theoretical basis in many of its programs whereas Sweden does not. Globally speaking, both countries could learn and are learning from one another. They are evolving towards one another in their penal policy and will eventually meet.

This study identifies factors that fosters and hinders coordination among key agencies operating in One-Stop Centers in Zambia such as the police, health and social welfare that provide coordinated medical, social and legal services to the victims of gender-based violence. This is a primary qualitative study in which data was collected using interviews from participants selected from the key agencies operating from five One-Stop Centers in Lusaka province of the Republic of Zambia. Thematic content analysis was used to generate categories of data with similar meaning based on frequently recurring themes. Findings showed that although there is positive coordination among One-Stop Center agency players, there are a host of coordination challenges among them. The study gathered that information sharing, communication, clearly defined goals and agreed outcome, increased knowledge of inter-disciplinary roles and inter-agency philosophy foster effective inter-agency coordination among key players in One Stop centers . On the other hand, hindering factors such as lack of adequate resources, high attrition of staff, loss of membership interest and commitment, and lack of motivation and heavy reliance on unmotivated volunteers were identified as major setbacks to effective operation of One-Stop Centers in Zambia. The study further found that adequate allocation of resources, joint capacity building trainings and permanent attachment of staff to One-Stop Centers as panacea to the various challenges that encumber effective operation in One-Stop centers in Zambia. Implications and future research direction are discussed.

The scientific focus of criminological research has since long been on criminal and antisocial behaviours. However, a group of individuals reporting that they have never engaged in delinquent behaviour (delinquency abstainers) have consistently been identified and until only recently not rendered much scientific interest. It has by some been proposed that delinquency abstention is a result of individuals being excluded from peer groups due to undesired characteristics (e.g. high sense of moral beliefs), although this notion is contested. Morality has by others instead been perceived as having a direct effect on abstention, which is the hypothesis tested in this study. It does so by comparing delinquency abstainers to low-frequency non-abstainers with regards to moral belief, delinquent peer association, and time spent unsupervised with peers, and furthermore examines the effects across gender. Logistic regressions were run to examine direct and mediating effects using data from the longitudinal project Malmö Individual and Neighbourhood Developmental Study (MINDS). Results indicate that strong moral beliefs have a direct effect on abstention and are not mediated by delinquent peer association. Associating with delinquent peers did in turn predict non-abstention but spending time unsupervised with peers did neither predict abstention nor delinquency. Some gender differences found points towards stronger morality amongst females and that the effect of morality for males depends on peer association. Morality should therefore not be perceived as an undesirable characteristic which excludes individuals from peer groups but rather an important factor in the inhibition of delinquency.

This paper uses Routine Activity Theory to examine online routine activities and individual level guardianship and the impact on online purchase fraud victimization across Europe. The findings suggest differences between the EU member states in online purchase fraud victimization. Moreover, it discovers that several online routine activities rise the victimization rate. However individual level guardianship has no great success in reducing victimization rates.

The existing research on lone wolf terrorism and the use of case study research within this field and criminology is discussed and reviewed. In an attempt to find how an investigated and IS inspired extremist commits an act of lone wolf terrorism without any suspicion of authorities was the key focus. Through the use of a case study utilizing a chronological time-series analysis, Man Haron Monis responsible for the Martin Place Siege in Sydney, Australia in 2014 was examined. The analysis produced eleven significant events contributing to his radicalization. His radicalization process and the causal factors were examined against two radicalization pyramids developed by McCauley and Moskalenko (2014) that placed him at the most dangerous level of a lone wolf about to act. This thesis also indicates the limitations of lone wolf terrorism research and the further steps required in order for authorities to effectively identify and disrupt lone wolf terrorists prior to terrorist acts.

A literature review with the aim of reviewing the research related to the possibility of crime displacement following police operations. Other aims included if crime displacement does occur, what type or types of crime displacement are most common, and could they be predicted and thereby be prevented during police operations. Following the PRISMA guidelines 16 research articles fulfilled the criteria and were included in the review. As most research articles included in the present review only included measures for spatial displacement for violent crimes, conclusions regarding other types of crime displacement could not be made. Regarding spatial displacement, the findings in the present review adhered to the previous finding that spatial displacement does not generally occur following police operations. And finally, a novel displacement pattern was suggested.

Background: The infiltration of the construction industry has been central for the emergence and expansion of organized crime internationally. Sweden is a country in transition, with the sharpest turn towards economic inequality in Western Europe in recent decades. A concern for a society in transition is the emergence of organized crime. Aims and method: This study aims to contribute to the knowledge of the emergence of organized crime, and provides a comprehensive literature review on the function of corruption in the organized crime infiltration of the construction industry. Results: Corruption was identified in the enforcement of cartels and the organization of unregistered labor. Organized crime targeted unions, politicians and administrators in urban planning, as well as the courts, the elections and the military. Conclusions: Organized crime groups were shown to exploit both regulation and its absence to expand their profits and power. Factors related to the emergence of organized crime included structural and cultural incentives for corruption, transition economies, discretionary power, and the question of agency. The findings were compared to the question of organized crime in a Swedish context and its involvement in the construction industry.

Background: Organized crime and the construction industry in relation to prevention and theoretical perspectives are understudied areas. 

Aims and method: This study aims to contribute to the knowledge of organized and financial crime in the Swedish construction industry and map the blind spots for control mechanisms and crime prevention. The purpose is to identify the structure of opportunities for organized crime in the Swedish construction industry through crime script analysis.

Results: Two generalizable scripts following a similar modus operandi emerged, the “corporate looting” script and the “invoice factory” script. The peripheral involvement of organized crime groups indicates that there is a point in distinguishing between the actors and actions. 

Conclusions: Interventions should target intermediaries, earlier stages, and situations where the script enters the legal market. Further integration of macro-level analysis with crime script analysis can contribute to the formulation of effective crime prevention strategies.

Background. Intimate partner violence is a recognized public health issue, in which violence in same-sex relationships is included. Despite intimate partner violence in same-sex relationships being a somewhat growing area of research, we are still lacking knowledge about this problem. Aim. The overall aim was to investigate how Swedish police students perceive intimate partner violence in same-sex relationships. Method. 248 police students (69% males and 31% females) who were currently enrolled in the police education in Växjö read a vignette and answered a questionnaire. The vignettes portrayed an intimate relationship between two people and were available in four versions with the sex of the offender and victim being alternated. The questionnaire consisted of the instrument Opinions of Domestic Violence Scale, and additional questions constructed for this study. Parametric and non-parametric tests were used to make comparisons between groups. Results. Same-sex IPV was perceived as less serious than victimization of a heterosexual female, but the case with a same-sex relationship with a female victim was perceived as more serious than victimization of a heterosexual male. Police intervention was not found to be needed to the same extent in the cases of same-sex IPV as in the case with a heterosexual female victim. Discussion. The perceptions of same-sex IPV as less serious and not in as much need of police intervention as a case involving a heterosexual female victim, may have implications for how these victims are handled by the police. The perceptions of who constitutes a true victim of intimate partner violence may be of importance when decisions are made by police officers.

This essay explores the design, measures and effectiveness of parenting programs for incarcerated parents. There is a growing concern for children who have incarcerated parents. The potential effects of parental incarceration and the intergenerational nature of crime and delinquency is one reason to develop parenting programs. Experiences of parental incarceration are believed to cause mental, physical, emotional and economic hardship for children. Parenting programs might be beneficial for both parents and their children. Results suggest that further efforts need to be made to support incarcerated parents during incarceration as well as after release.

According to the Federal Centre for Health Education, over 50 % of all adolescents and young adults in Germany have experienced non-physical sexualized violence. Although it has been studied, reasons for committing sexual violence are not so obvious and variables such as socioeconomic status have been found not to be valid predictors of this kind of deviant behaviour. Studies show that girls are mainly victimized by men and men are equally victimized by both genders. Furthermore, a cognizance is that nowadays adolescents get their information on how to behave in sexual acts from the internet. Women are mainly using advice pages and consulting offers whereas men in comparison are using internet pages like Wikipedia or watching porn. The aim of the current study is to find some criminological explanatory approaches to attitudes to sexuality and violence among adolescents and young adults. The main findings are that a person who is inclined to violence in general and lives in an environment where sexual violence often occurs is more likely to have the attitude that violence as a component of sexual acts is not considered a boundary violation.  Likewise, the likelihood increases to see violence as part of sexual acts not as a violation of boundaries if the attitude is in favor of consuming pornographic material in groups.

This paper is written in a collaboration with the Swedish Police in Landskrona. Based on their request to know more about the decreasing crime rates in Landskrona the purpose of the study is to highlight and create knowledge about possible explanations for these changes. The study consists of semi-structured interviews with different stakeholders from the Police, Municipality and the County Administrative Board. These individuals’ perceptions are used in order to discover what is happening in Landskrona. During the examined ten-year period it has been possible to distinguish a downward trend in terms of reported crimes in Landskrona. The result shows several possible explanations to this trend but, the most consistent findings are; effective collaboration mainly between the Police and the municipality, various investments toward youths both social and educational and huge investments in urban development. These investments are used as possible explanations for the changes in reported crime in Landskrona and perceived to play a pivotal role when it comes to understand the decreasing crime rates.

This study examines how fear of crime is altered in regards to crime-preventive strategies and programs among individuals within businesses. The study also investigates whether perceived risk, previous victimization, and demographics influence the individuals within the businesses fear of crime against their businesses. Based on a theoretical discussion derived from the Vulnerability Perspective, Indirect and Direct Experience with Crime, Ecological Perspective, and the Situational Crime Prevention perspective, this study assesses how individuals within businesses fear of crime affects the business crime-preventive strategies and programs, and vice versa. Qualitative semi-structured interviews were conducted with high level participants and business owners from different industries. It is concluded that the general fear of crime among the interviewees businesses are considered as none, or very low. Most security measures in regards to these types of crimes are used because of standards, rather than influenced by fear. However, some security measured have had been established and altered because of previous victimization. The most fear inducing crimes among the interviewees were those types of crimes which involved intoxicated offenders, where violent outcomes with regards to the employees were considered to be high. Only the high risk businesses representatives had this type of fear, because of prior direct victimization. In some regards, the security measures used by the businesses provide the business representatives with the feeling of being in control, which causes the levels of fear of crime to be low. Another reason for the low level of fears among the business representatives is that the crimes committed towards their organizations are not seen as a personal victimization; instead it is regarded to be frustrating, as it causes economic damages and more work. It also appears that the more vulnerable the business is to become victimized by crime, the more security measures are applied.

 The absence of the United Nations in the Middle East countries has resulted in the victimization and violation of human rights in prisons. People imprisoned for opposing the government are detained and tortured unlawfully. This study aims to investigate the effects of prisoners’ victimization on their physical and mental health and how it impacts their lives after their release. For this research, I applied a qualitative technique, quantitative analysis using secondary data to understand the versatile topic of prisoners’ victimization and violations of human rights patterns in the Middle East countries where these practices have remained apparent for many years. This research showed how governments in the Middle East countries are using prisons for coercive political purposes. Syria and Iraq are among the nations that appear immune to the consequences of violating human rights. Victimization undermines international law concerning promoting the rule of law and protecting human rights. Many countries in the Middle East are facing the challenge of ensuring that their prisoners are treated humanely. People with different political views from their leaders are wrongfully convicted and handed unfair prison sentences to punish them for being liberal- minded. The conditions in these prisons are also inhumane as they are crowded considering how temperatures rise in these Middle East countries. Prisoners are also neglected medically evident through the number of deaths of prisoners from chronic illnesses. Prisoners are also tortured by the guards who overstep their mandate and punish innocent prisoners. In conclusion, it has been documented those prisons in the Middle East serve as secret centers where governments torture their people to death. 

The cases of rape and other crimes committed against women are reported in media everyday. The fatal gang rape of a 23 year old woman on a moving bus in the National capital of India captured media headlines not only in India but across the world due to the horrific manner in which this crime was committed. The present master thesis attempts to understand the representation of crime against women in media to Delhi gang rape case and also how the people feels about of such incidences in media. The data is collected from three newspapers, BBC News, New York Times and Globalpost. All the news items were read carefully and analysed with a critical discourse analysis. The newspapers are each divided in the analysis, including a theoretical discussion afterwards. The theories that are being used in this master thesis are Victim precipitation theory, Moral panics and Labelling Theory. The final conclusion has been arrived with the help of deeply readings through the newspapers including the help of critical discourse analysis. It can be concluded that media needs to be more sensitive towards coverage of crime against women and general public needs to be more vocal and aware to deal with these cases in more effective manner.

The rise of right-wing extremism crime and the use of manifestos has become more and more prevalent in recent years. Previous research has established the difficulty of identifying the factors which radicalise individuals and how the process of justifying violent and immoral behaviour can vary greatly. The following study was conducted to study to which extent Gresham Sykes’ and David Matzas’ neutralizations techniques and Graham Macklins’ sciences of terror are used to justify extremist, violent behaviour and to radicalise new individuals. A qualitative text analysis was done on manifestos published by right-wing extremists between 2015 – 2019. The text analysis was applied to 3 manifestos written and published by Brenton Tarrant, Dylann Roof, and John Earnest. By coding the manifestos in Nvivo the result showed that between 36,39% and 42,11% of the texts were classified as attempts to either justify or incite violence. The similarities and discrepancies, in the rhetoric and rationalisation used by these individuals, were subsequently discussed and analysed in detail to see how they related to the theoretical framework. It was concluded that techniques of neutralization and sciences of terrors are used to a great extent within the chosen sample and that the use of manifestos should therefore be considered when discussing justification and radicalisation processes in extremist crime.

The following research project thematically analysed in-depth interviews of 5 socially vulnerable Romanian Roma women who support themselves only by means of begging in public spaces of Malmö, Sweden. This paper examined women’s experiences of victimization and their consequences, reasons behind the incidents as well as relationship with the police officers during their time spent in Sweden. The interviews put forward four common themes: frequent harassment during daytime, several grounds for victimisation, negative health consequences and deficient relation with police officers. Women described their experiences of sexual harassment, verbal and physical abuse, feelings of constant stress, paranoia and fear. Interviewed study participants claimed that they are victimized because they are Roma women and thus visible as a result of specific clothing and their activity of begging. Nearly all women reported lack of trust towards justice system. Discussion concludes with several policy suggestions.

Modern Slavery is a complex type of crime. It may take many forms starting from the forced labor, servitude, sexual exploitation, organ harvesting, slavery, to trafficking and others. UK’s Modern Slavery Act, 2015 is undoubtedly an admirable effort to tackle such heinous crimes in the society however the act is criticized as weak regarding the victim support and wellbeing during and after the identification. All potential victims upon consent are referred at first by the first responders to National Referral Mechanism (NRM) process which is a UK framework adopted in 2009 in line with the council of Europe’s directives to identify & support victims of modern slavery. There are two separate guidance’s regarding the NRM process one is for England & Wales and the other is for Scotland & Northern Ireland. The aim of this literature review study is to explore the wellbeing status of the modern slavery victims during the post identification (NRM) period and how does the act support such victims. The study finds that it lacks a needs-based support system for victims that addresses issues like safe housing, advocacy, adequate so called “reflection and recovery” time period of support resulting in poor trust and confidence among the victim groups upon the authorities. Moreover, structural changes like amendments to the labor, immigration laws are required to make a long-term meaningful impact on the lives of the victims. At last the author provides some recommendations about the matters affecting the lives of the victims the most.

There has been serious concerns about the pace at which juvenile criminality is increasing globally(National Academies Press, 2001).Young people are increasingly becoming susceptible to a wide variety of misdemeanors; from substance abuse and addiction to murder (ibid). Studies have empirically described many triggers as the root cause of juvenile delinquency (Archer, 2000).Some criminologists have attributed these types of misdemeanors to the environments to which these adolescents are/have been subjected to (Wikstrom, 2004). On this basis, this research aims to assess the liability, if any, of bystanders/observers and enablers/facilitators of juvenile delinquency. The study employed a qualitative approach in evaluating the role of bystanders and enablers in juvenile delinquency. The outcome revealed that the majority of bystanders and enablers are equally as guilty as the delinquent youth. Three theories were used to rationalize these findings; the anomie-strain theory, situational action theory and self control theory ( Chainey & Ratcliffe, 2005). As a result, the study recommends adequate parental guidance, in-person supervision, parental awareness, governmental inclusion, the provision of social infrastructures as well as equal opportunities, among others.

The main aim of the given thesis is to investigate the impact of gender-based stereotypes and public opinion on intimate partner violence in the South Caucasus and offer the reader recommendations to change the existing alarming situation. As a theoretical background of the study, Patriarchy theory and General Systems theory will be used based on which the influences of stereotypes on the intimate partner violence in the region will be explained. While following study covers 3 countries, the cross-cultural comparison and content analysis will be used as methodological tools. The findings show that in three of the countries -Azerbaijan, Georgia and Armenia traditional gender-based attitudes shape the main behavioral patterns of perpetrators and victims. The intervention of western European states and increasing public awareness seems to be the most appropriate solution of the existing situation.

The correlation of physical environment and crime has been an ever relevant topic in the criminological discourse. This study attempts to unravel whether physical disorder in inner-city urban neighborhoods may be studied through Google Street View as a virtual observational tool. The aims of the study is to examine whether virtually observed and self-reported perceived level of neighborhood disorder measure the same phenomenon, and whether virtually observed physical disorder may explain variations of self-reported victimization of property crimes. By conducting virtual observations of physical disorder in twenty inner-city neighborhoods of Malmö through Google Street View, the results of the study propose that virtually observed and self-reported perceived level of disorder is strongly correlated and thus seems to measure the same phenomenon to a great extent. The results of the study also imply that observed physical disorder through Google Street View also accounts for neighborhood differences in victimization of property crimes. The study concludes that virtual observation through Google Street View is a promising and potentially cost-effective alternative approach when auditing neighborhood physical disorder. The methodology does however suffer by limitations which is highlighted and thoroughly discussed.

Studies indicate that the elderly population is more susceptible to crime than other age group s as they are socially lonely and tend to stick to obvious behavioural patterns. The mental and physical limitations caused by old age further aids to a profile of a potential victim of fraud. The elderly often succumb to various types of crimes; one such crime is fraud. In Sweden elderly fraud only constitutes a minor part of all the fraud that is reported. However, statistics from the Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention indicate that cases have been on the increase since 2017. The present study seeks to explore in more detail the methods used to defraud the elderly and offer possible solutions and recommendations. The study used semi-structured interviews with participants from the Banking Sector and Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention all of whom have a nexus with elderly fraud. The findings show that there are several methods used. However, Social Engineering emerged as the most prominent. Several efforts have been put in place by relevant authorities. Nonetheless, it was suggested that more efforts be channelled into the evaluation of existing programs, conducting research on the matter and sensitising the public about the risk factors, perpetrator warning signs and how they can avoid the many different types of fraud amongst other things.

This paper draws on a literature review which questioned whether meditation interventions in prison populations encourage desistance from crime. The purpose of this paper was to discover possible connections between criminological theories of desistance and the research findings of meditation courses in prison. A brief analysis of the evaluation findings on the presented meditation courses is implemented. This paper concludes that meditation projects in prison populations may not reasonably address desistance; however, there is evidence that the effects of such adjunct interventions can encourage prisoners to progress on the path toward desistance through mindfulness and other pro-social orientation.

Violence and threats of violence is described as a common and relevant issue in various care units. Mental health care workers often feel frustrated and unsatisfied in their work with mentally ill patients. Experienced mental health care workers find that learning how to treat and cope with violent patients is beneficial. The aim of this study was to gain knowledge and understanding of mental health care workers experiences and perspectives on workplace violence. The method used was qualitative semi-structured interviews with mental health care workers ofdifferent care facilities. The results found that the patients’ illness appear to be the source of the violence. The environment can also be a source of violence. Violence was common in caring situations, particularly when mental health careworkers were physically close to their patients. The mental health care workers experienced feelings of anger, humiliation, remorse, and helplessness. The participants expressed that they questioned their own abilities and at times believed that their ability to communicate with patients and relax them was inadequate. Colleagues, relatives, and friends were perceived to be the most supportive, and the most common way of coping with violence in the workplace. Furthermore, the conclusion of the study is that the environment must be adjusted to meet the needs of the mental health care workers in meetings with threatful and violent patients. Mental health care workers need education and guidance on how to proceed as well as encouragement to report violent incidents.

Workplace bullying is endemic in modern workplaces. It is capable of disrupting employeepsychological ill-health which create pathways to substance abuse, in turn exposes individuals tobecome victims or perpetrator of various crimes. The study investigates the extent to whichworkplace bullying determine the experience of psychological distress and also, explored the roleplayed by resilience and social support as possible mediators of the outcome of psychologicaldistress. The study sampled a total number of 259 participants from non-academic staff of theUniversity of Lagos, Nigeria. The participants responded to the Negative Actions QuestionnaireNAQ which was used to measure workplace bullying, Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10)which assessed psychological distress, Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale CD-RISC whichmeasured Resilience, and multidimensional scale of perceived social support (MSPSS) whichmeasured social support. The result showed significant positive correlation between workplacebullying and psychological distress. Workplace bullying explained 32% variance in psychologicaldistress scores. Resilience was negatively related with psychological distress, it explained 11%variance in psychological distress score. Social support was negatively correlated with psychologicaldistress. However, it was not a significant mediator, explaining only 1% of variance in psychologicaldistress score. Workplace bullying has significant impact on the wellbeing of employees.Organizations should do all they can to mitigate its occurrence in their work environment and alsoemployees could also benefit from resilience training aimed at helping them reduce incidences ofvictimization. Social support from both within and outside the workplace can also play a role inreducing the impact of negative events at the workplace.

This thesis investigates whether an association can be established between childhood victimization (CV) and current mental health (MH) among Swedish university students, focusing on the prevalence of anxiety, depression and hazardous alcohol use (HAU) in relation to different forms of CV. The data comes from the World Mental Health International College Student Initiative, a global survey designed to generate data on MH disorders, as well as implement and evaluate web-based interventions aimed at preventing and treating said disorders. The thesis hypothesized that high levels of CV would be positively associated with the prevalence of the aforementioned conditions and that females with a history of CV would have a higher prevalence of these conditions. Using SPSS, 23 variables related to CV were analyzed using an exploratory factor analysis (EFA), which extracted 6 factors. The 23 variables were condensed into 6 additive indexes according to findings from the EFA, as well as one additive index making up all 23 variables to check for general CV. Eight consecutive hierarchical multiple linear regression analyses (OLS) were conducted, two for each of the dependent variables; anxiety, depression, HAU as well as an index combining all three dependent variables to indicate the presence of one or more conditions. Each analysis had gender in the first block and added the CV index or the six factors in the second block. The results show positive associations between four CV factors and depression, and positive associations between anxiety and two CV factors, as well as a positive association between females and anxiety. The results also indicate a positive association between males and HAU. The findings are in line with previous research, but further research is needed to provide stronger evidence of an association between CV and MH/HAU among Swedish university students.

Our drive to achieve economic development and growth is driving our planet to an unprecedented level of ecological destruction. The structural forces of capitalism together with a culture of consumerism is pushing the environment to its limits causing climate change, pollution and threatening the wellbeing of humanity and the ecosystem. This thesis seeks to reach a better understanding of harms and crimes committed against the eco-system. This will be achieved by applying a theoretical framework that incorporates criminology theories and theories from other disciplines on the famous case of BP Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill in the Gulf of Mexico. The paper shows that it is necessary to explore theories outside of traditional criminology to demonstrate how the root cause of environmental crime is inherently linked to capitalism. 

Current research links psychopathic traits in males to a heightened perception of physical vulnerability cues to victimization in other males of the same race. Consequently, there is a correlation between psychopathy and the ability to detect nonverbal vulnerability cues. This thesis aims to examine this correlation by synthesizing key themes from empirical studies that have explored how nonverbal cues exhibited by victims may be related to victimization by a perpetrator with psychopathy. Therefore, this thesis will address the following research questions: (1) How does vulnerable body language attract victimization? (2) How do psychopaths detect vulnerabilities? A thematic analysis approach was used, which resulted in the categorization of the data into two themes that correspond with the research questions. The first main finding suggested that body postures and nonverbal cues that are perceived as vulnerable, in theory, can make one more susceptible to victimization by a perpetrator high in psychopathy. The second main finding indicated that the lack of empathy in psychopaths, paired with the intent to cause harm and seek rewards that serve a utilitarian purpose, might comprise the underlying desire to detect an easy target to victimize. The findings from this thesis may inform the development of interventions to reduce the risk of victimization by individuals high in psychopathy and to improve the personal safety of victims. Additionally, the findings may provide a greater understanding of how psychopaths perceive nonverbal cues and use it to victimize others, pointing to areas of future empirical research. 

This project aimed to test Social Bond Theory and Social Learning perspectives on radical crime. This was done in order to fill a research gap in criminology by studying radical crime, and gaps in radicalization research, by examining the differences between violent and non-violent radicals and using a quantitative approaching. The central research question was “How do social bonds and social learning influence the likelihood of violent radical crime in the United States?” 2148 radical criminals from the Profiles of Individuals Radicalized in the United States (PIRUS) dataset were analyzed using a logistic regression, wherein violence was the dependent variable, and the independent variables corresponded to aspects of social bonds and social learning. The results indicate that Social Bond Theory has little predictive value for violence among radical criminals, and what predictive value it has may be explained by neutralization and other theories, excepting a marginally significant positive effect of marital status on the likelihood of violence. Social learning perspectives were somewhat more predictive, with radical peers having a significant positive effect on the likelihood of radical violence. SES, ideology and criminal history had significant positive effects as well. We conclude by exploring theoretical explanations and further research implications of our results.

The aim with this systematic literature review is to investigate the intervention methods and/or models available to deal with siblings for serious criminal youths. The study also aims to compare the methods pros and cons. The results are produced by using the databases Libsearch and ProQuest. Chosen literature has been read and analysed several times, and two themes was selected to describe the articles focus and connection to the study’s aim and research questions. The chosen themes are 1) intervention methods, and 2) advantages with MST. Despite a small amount of research in the field, the result indicates that the family therapy method Multisystemic Therapy (MST) is a dominant method in the field. Except only focusing on the criminal individual in MST, the sibling is involved and directly or indirectly affected. Unlike individual therapy (IT) involving only the criminal juvenile, the risk of the sibling beginning to commit crimes significantly decreases with MST. Research in this area needs to be expanded and methods and ways of working can be improved.

Intimate partner violence is a global issue that occur in both opposite and same-sex relationships, with both male and female offenders, but also with male and female victims. The police and social services are the two main authorities in Sweden to evaluate the situation of intimate partner violence, identify the offender, examine the probability of future violence, and to provide victim support. The purpose of this paper is to investigate Swedish authorities' perceptions regarding intimate partner violence from a gender perspective, using an experimental vignette technique. The study examines the perception of stereotypical and non-stereotyped gender and gender roles through various constructs and aims to explore how offenders and victims of intimate partner violence is perceived by police employees and social workers. The participants age, gender, education background, and work experience of intimate partner violence is also analysed in combination with variances of perception regarding offender and victim culpability, offender risk and the severity of the incident. The result of the study follows previous literature where male-to-female intimate partner violence is perceived as more severe, and male offenders as more culpable, though the differences are minor. Further does this study indicate only small differences between perceptions of gender between police employees and social workers.

 Although the theory of social disorganisation does emphasise the influences neighbourhood dynamics have on youth, it does not consider if the risk factors of mobility, delinquent friends, ethnicity, and low socioeconomic factors, affect boys and girls in similar ways. The purpose and aim of this study is to contribute with gender-based research to the field of criminology that can be used when developing interventions among juveniles with delinquent behaviour. Delinquent behaviour was in the study delimited to drug use. The study used bivariate analysis, logistic regression and hierarchy regression as the method of analyses. The results showed that there are significant similarities and differences between girls and boys. It was possible to see significant similarities between boys and girls in relation to delinquent friends and drug use. Mobility was an important variable for girls in relation to drug use, but not for boys. Mobility affected girls in the opposite direction of what was expected according to theory of social disorganisation: low amount of mobility increased the risk for drug use significantly among girls.

Crime prevention is taking action early before serious problems arise. Waiting for a problemto arise is costly, inefficient and worse for the individual and society. Nevertheless, much ofthe preventive work today is devoted to intervening in individuals with obvious and numerousrisk factors. The study was carried out in an outpatient care company called Hassela Skåne,the company takes care of exposed high-risk children and youth people who have a highprobability of falling into crime or becoming victims of crime. The purpose of the studies wasto map Hassela Skåne's data to see what differences there are between their child/youthintervention and family intervention regarding risk factors and goal fulfillment, in order tofind possible development paths to a favorable intervention. The material used includes anumber of different static risk factors from the outpatient care company Hassela's database,linked to the individuals who are/are being treated at Hassela. The result showed that therewere no differences between different types of intervention, neither in terms of risk factorsnor goal achievement, but the result is very likely to be influenced by the majority ofbackground factors. Continued research on evaluations within outpatient care in Sweden isrequested, in order to build on favorable interventions that can reduce child and youthdelinquency.

Throughout the years it has been suggested that some places attract crime more than others. Those places are called hot spots of crime and the knowledge of them have contributed to the emergence of hot spot and targeted policing interventions. Hot spot policing is often discussed together with effects such as displacement of crime and diffusion of benefits. Through a systematic review of earlier studies that report or examine a hot spot policing effort or experiment this thesis aims to investigate the circumstances behind diffusion of benefits. No apparent commonalties or correlations are found between the different types of interventions regarding when diffusion of benefits occur. It can be concluded that the phenomenon is very complex. The results are analyzed and understood with the help of routine activity theory and rational choice theory. This thesis adds to the body of evidence that more studies with diffusion of benefits in focus need to be conducted. By understanding when, where and why diffusion of benefits occur the knowledge of crime prevention increases and also increases the knowledge of how to design the interventions to reach the best preventive gains.

Intimate partner violence (IPV) is a problem of global proportions that affect men and women worldwide. It is a problem that occurs in all stages of life where we have intimate partners, starting in adolescence. Previous research show that the prevalence of IPV in adolescence is high, around 30% in most parts of Europe and North America. In Scandinavia the levels are a bit lower with previous research showing rates from approximately 10 to 20%, although the research in the Scandinavian context is scarce. The effects of morality on IPV perpetration is even less studied, with previous research showing that there is a significant correlation between the personal morality regarding IPV (IPV morality) and IPV perpetration. The aim of the present study is to use a Situational action theory perspective to study the prevalence of physical IPV and to investigate if there are significant associations between IPV perpetration, levels of IPV morality and levels of partner conflict in a sample of Swedish adolescence. The study is cross-sectional and based on self-reported data collected in the Malmö Individual Neighborhood Development Study (MINDS) during 2014 when the participants were between 18-19 years old. The results showed an IPV prevalence around 4-7% and that there were significant associations between morality and IPV perpetration and between IPV morality and IPV perpetration. The association between partner conflict and IPV perpetration was not significant. Also, the results revealed that levels of IPV morality may shift depending on the situation and that girls seem to have lower IPV morality than boys. Furthermore, the results showed that IPV perpetration is bidirectional with boys and girls being as likely to commit acts of IPV.

This qualitative study adopts a criminological perspective to investigate how newspaper headlines surrounding western-raised female Foreign Terrorist Fighters (FTFs) are being framed by the British media. This investigation employs a case study approach, to thematically analyse how narratives surrounding a high profile British FTF, Shamima Begum, were framed by headlines of British newspapers once she requested repatriation to the United Kingdom (UK) after four years as a FTF in Syria. When Begum left UK in 2015, aged 15, the media narrative leant towards suggestions of Begum being considered to be a victim. Therefore, this study looks at how the more recent newspaper headlines frame Begums more complex narrative in 2019 when the UK was faced with the conundrum as to how to respond the repatriation request of a British-born female FTF who was also heavily pregnant at the time. Therefore, the focused timeframe of the study is from February 2019, until August 2019. Only the headlines of British newspapers were examined to see how the snapshot of the framed narratives surrounding Begum during this time were presented. The aim was to investigate from a criminological perspective whether the choice of framing was creating a societal perception as to whether the FTF is a perpetrator or victim, according to the societal “trial by media” that newspapers often inspire. Whilst objectivity is always an issue, this study is not designed to make any judgment either way in regards to the Begum case or her agency in her FTF experience but to simply raise awareness as to how narrative around perpetrators or victims can create societal and individual biases and can serve to reduce or increase fear of the “other”. This study demonstrated that the framing chosen by the media increases the level of bias with the focus on the security risk and punishment aspects of the discussion surrounding Begums situation. This is important to be aware of as this in turn significantly contributes to greater racial, ethnic or religious tension within society. Unless we address how perpetrators and victims are discussed, then we increase the risk of greater racial, ethnic or religious tension within society which can create a multitude of other societal and criminological issues.

Aggressive behaviour seems to be an extensive and severe problem negatively affecting both the victims and the offenders. Many factors affect aggression. In this study, one factor was examined: self-identity, in relation to societal strain and emotions. The study aims to explore the relations between self-identity (what do we think we are) societal strain and emotions with aggression. A theoretical exploration of the importance of self-identity in relation to aggressiveness and more specifically, explore the significance of additional concepts as a potential marker for the predisposition to aggressiveness. Also, verifying if these concepts are a stronger contributor than obstructor to aggressiveness. Evidence from interdisciplinary literature is used to answer the questions in this degree project. This thesis is based on a set of relevant scientific papers. Two theories, General Strain theory and Self-Control/bond theory, contrasted with the idea of self-identity. Findings - Self-identity influences the performance of an individual in everyday scenarios. Not being able to obtain a goal and improve our social status, can result in a higher probability of looking for illegal options. Further, there is a difference in the way emotions affect aggressive conduct and the way this conduct is expressed between genders. Finally, one's self-identity seems to be a relevant marker for the predisposition to aggressiveness. This thesis provides insights to some of the most important markers for the predisposition to aggressiveness in society.

Mc-clubs are marked as mysterious with dangerous motorcycles and deviant. Research has noticed both the illegal and legal clubs, but few have performed a comparison. The paper describes the similarities, differences, and the characteristics among legal and illegal mc-clubs. The comparison is done by looking at the structure, symbols, brotherhood, and criminal involvement. The depiction of the clubs is done by the help of Edwin M. Lemert’s terms primary and secondary deviance and Lewis Yablonsky’s definition of the social, delinquent, and violent gang. A content analysis based on 28 previous and current articles has been used to find the specific themes the clubs have in common and what characterizes and separates them. The clubs were shown to have similar structure, symbols and brotherhood, the difference lying in the intensity of the three components. The major difference is the criminal involvement. The illegal clubs reject the conventional society where the deviance is a form of identity, sharing it with like-minded in a violent setting. The legal clubs, however, conform and simultaneously deviate and have their own community with values and beliefs. Implications and future research is discussed.

The subject for this thesis project is human agency, or motivation to desist from crime, as a turning point in criminal careers. Human agency will be defined as motivation to make pro-social decisions to achieve one’s goals over the lifecourse, based on an overall belief that crime is not a valuable action alternative. Human agency or motivation will be assessed through concepts of positive criminology, which emphasize positive experiences and processes that are thought to be factors for desistance. The concepts for this thesis are regarding the development of a positive self-identity and meaning of life. The aim of this paper is to discover different thought processes that can contribute and get an understanding on how human agency can appear and be conceived, rather than to measure different factors quantitively. This question will be studied through semi-structured interviewing with around ten individuals that have previously been convicted and that have had active periods of their lives where crime was a big part. It will be a qualitative project, with a phenomenological approach. The method for analysis will be Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA), which is a method for assessing individual stories and meanings as a part of the identities of the interviewees. The narratives derived from the interviews are categorized by the three main themes social-, self- and spiritual integration. The findings from the paper’s interviews suggest a structure which may be useful for future research on criminal careers and the reasons for why people stop committing crime. An agency towards desistance alongside social structures of the everyday life are theorized to be central for criminal careers to end.