As the City.Risks project has proceeded with developing technological solutions for avoiding and mitigating safety issues in urban environments, new questions have risen that call for attention within criminological research. Although research on safety and fear of crime indicates that situational circumstances are of great importance for understanding these phenomena, studies of perceptions of safety in relation to situational circumstances often lack proper operationalisations of what is being studied (i.e. situations). One of the most suitable approaches for studying situational phenomena is the experience sampling method (ESM). In short, ESM examines individuals’ perceptions and emotions as they occur in a particular situation (i.e. ‘here and now’). However, ESM has rarely been employed in studies of safety and fear of crime despite its potential to provide important information on situational aspects of safety that in turn may assist in developing safety increasing interventions. The lack of ESM studies in criminology, as revealed in the development of the City.Risks project, therefore called for action. Yet, while acknowledging the importance of ESM studies, it was not evident on how to proceed with a solution within the City.Risks framework. With assistance from the Department of Computer Science at Malmö University, a project idea emerged that could run in parallel with City.Risks to both benefit from and provide knowledge to City.Risks. In the project, two groups of students in computer science (N=15) were assigned to develop a prototype of a research instrument that could examine perceptions of safety using an ESM approach. As identified by other researchers (e.g. Solymosi et al, 2016), a smart phone application would be the optimal framework in which a short ESM inspired self-administered questionnaire could be developed. The students were provided with the requirements for the research instrument which were mainly related to basic principles of what constitutes a situation. Somewhat simplified, these principles include e.g. the possibility to record when, where, and with whom an individual takes part of a situation, in addition to what is happening in that specific situation, and the ability to correlate this information with the perception of safety. In a collaborative process between the authors and the students, and by employing a SCRUM approach, the two groups developed two diverse prototypes that to various extent tapped into the requirements of an ESM instrument for studying perceptions of safety and fear of crime. Although the instruments are only prototypes, they illustrate how experiences from City.Risks evoke advancements in social science by highlighting the need to further develop criminological research. Moreover, with more knowledge on experiences and emotions in relation to particular situations, law enforcement agencies, practitioners and policy makers may better address the highly difficult task of increasing citizens’ perceptions of safety as well as reducing fear of crime. Finally, by employing students, the project also highlights the potential for Horizon 2020 projects to stimulate participation and interest in cross scientific research (e.g. the diverse disciplines of criminology and computer science).

Situational data have become more frequently used in research on offending and victimization. However, one outcome that has received less attention is fear of crime. The current study uses situational data collected through a smartphone application (STUNDA) to examine fear of crime as it is experienced in daily life among a sample of university students. Roughly 1200 situations reported by 129 students were analysed using generalized estimating equations. The results indicate that experiential fear of crime, in the form of worrying about victimization, is related to features of the immediate settings. More specifically, the odds ratio for experiencing fear of crime is significantly higher in places away from home and after dark, whereas social activities are associated with a significantly lower odds ratio, net of individual-level controls (gender, age, previous victimization and fear propensity). Yet, fear propensity, measured here using items that refer to an individual’s general worry about victimization, has an independent significant effect on fear of crime. As a result of the study’s convenience sample, the generalizability of the findings is limited, but a more general theoretical conclusion can nonetheless be drawn; features of settings and individual characteristics are both of importance. Further, the use of experience methods via a smartphone application provided detailed and unique situational data, which suggests that future research should further employ these methods to study situational phenomena such as fear of crime.

With few exceptions, the situational dimension of fear of crime has been paid insufficient attention in criminological research. Departing from a theoretical framework of situational mechanisms, we argue that fear of crime should be studied as an experience following a person-setting interaction. Gathering data on situational circumstances, however, is not an easy task as it requires information regarding not only individuals but also time, place and content of a specific setting. However, following the innovative approach by Solymosi etal. (Legal Criminol Psych 20:193–211, 2015), we argue that technological advancements have allowed researchers to utilise the Experience Sampling Method through smartphone applications. This novel approach enables researchers to gather situational data in order to analyse fear of crime as a situational experience. The concluding discussion emphasises the potential practical implications of this knowledge and methods for further research that may contribute to increased knowledge on safety issues in urban communities.

There is a growing body of literature examining the situational dimensions of offending and victimization. However, less is known about the situational dimensions of fear of crime. By considering fear of crime as an event, i.e. a transitory phenomenon experienced in certain situations, more knowledge regarding these specific fear-inducing situations is warranted. In the present research project “STUNDA: Examining experiences of situational fear of crime through smartphone applications among young adults in Malmö”, we have developed a smartphone application (STUNDA) specified to survey situational dimensions of fear of crime. More specifically, participants are asked to answer a number of short surveys each day during a trial period. The surveys aim to capture situational dimensions, including where the participant is, what the participant is doing and with whom the participant is doing it, in addition to questions regarding fear of crime. This presentation will provide insights on the situational dimension of fear of crime based on data from a small student population (N=191) at Malmö University.

Drawing on a lifestyle-routine activity framework, this study explores associations between lifestyle/routine activities and worry about personal victimisation across months, days and moments. A bespoke smartphone application employing both traditional questionnaires and an Experience Sampling Method design was used by a convenience sample of students who responded to surveys regarding worry about victimisation. Lifestyle/routine activity measures showed varying associations with worry. The most consistent finding was that spending time with friends in the city-centre was significantly and negatively associated with worry across months and moments, but just failed to reach the level of significance for daily worry. Overall, the somewhat varying results indicate that worry cannot be assumed to be equally associated with lifestyle/routine activities across months, days and moments. These findings also imply more generally that research on worry about victimisation and other similar phenomena needs to consider how the outcome is measured in terms of reference periods and unit of analysis. Future research using more representative samples is needed to confirm the findings from this exploratory study.

Collective efficacy, the combination of mutual trust and shared expectations for action, has been linked to crime in several studies worldwide. In the present study, it is argued that collective efficacy should be particularly relevant in relation to public environment crimes. Using data from a community survey (N = 4,051) conducted in 2012, the association between collective efficacy and police recorded public environment violent crime is studied across 96 neighbourhoods in the city of Malmö, Sweden. Besides including controls for concentrated disadvantage, ethnic heterogeneity and residential stability, the present study adds additional controls for city-centre effects in the form of alcohol outlet permits and nodes of public transportation. Results show that collective efficacy is strongly associated with violent crime in public environments.

This study adds to knowledge on place-based fear of crime. First, by proposing a method to coordinate and code unsafe locations from an open-ended question in a random sample survey among residents of Uppsala, Sweden. The method is performed through an automated script in R with manual work steps. Second, by identifying types of functional locations, e.g. traffic centres, city parks, green spaces etc., reported by residents as unsafe. Third, by examining whether these unsafe locations spatially cluster. Fourth, by examining whether unsafe locations or clusters of unsafe locations also tend to overlap with hotspots of crime. Fifth, by examining to what extent living conditions are related to the occurrence of unsafe locations and their potential spatial clustering.

Denna rapport är den fjärde ur en serie rapporter som på olika sätt beskrivit Sofielundsområdena med fokus på brottslighet och otrygghet. Syftet med föreliggande rapport är att undersöka utvecklingen av bland annat brottslighet och otrygghet i Sofielundsområdena sedan fastighetsägarorganisationen BID Sofielund initierades. Ambitionen är att rapporten ska bidra med kunskap och lärdomar om BID-inspirerade samarbeten och vilka potentiella effekter ett sådant samarbete kan ha på utvecklingen av bland annat brott och otrygghet i lokalområdet.

Objectives: To explore how locations perceived as unsafe by city inhabitants are associated with spatial risk factors, neighbourhood collective efficacy and neighbourhood disorder. Methods: Information on unsafe locations is obtained from two open-ended items in a random sample community survey. Reported unsafe locations in the respondents’ own neighbourhood (Q18) and in other partsof the city (Q19) are geocoded and merged with a 200 by 200-metre grid-cellnetwork. The data are analysed using multilevel models with grid-cells nested in neighbourhoods. Results: A number of spatial risk factors are correlated with unsafe locations, but these associations seem to vary between unsafe locations in one’s own neighbourhood and in other parts in the city respectively. While the results indicate that there is substantial between-neighbourhood variance inunsafe locations, the association between neighbourhood-level collective efficacy and disorder is generally weak and non-significant, although this differs depending on the outcome. Conclusions: Using a place-based approach to the fear of crime, this study contributes to the current body of research by studying specific unsafe locations and their characteristics. The findings may guide practitioners to better understand why some micro-level places are perceived as unsafe and how public perceptions of safety may be improved.

Much previous research on the fear of crime has focused on why some individuals, with certain characteristics, experience more or less fear of crime than others. However, there is also a growing body of research examining the role that the neighbourhood context in which individuals reside plays in shaping such feelings and perceptions. At the same time, less research has been directed at understanding why certain small-scale micro-places evoke feelings of unsafety and fear of crime.

The aim of this dissertation is to contribute to improving the current state ofthe research focused on place, the fear of crime, and related methodological issues. The dissertation includes four original empirical research papers. Study I is based on a case study evaluating the impact of camera surveillance and examines what role the operationalization of place may play for the results and interpretation of a given study.

The findings show that different operationalizations may indeed produce different results, and that the choice of operationalization must be carefully considered in the context of study design. Study II uses responses to an open-ended survey question from three waves of the Malmö Community Survey (2012, 2015, 2018) to chart the spatial concentration and temporal stability of unsafe locations.

The findings show that locations perceived as unsafe by city inhabitants are concentrated to a very small proportion of the urban space, and that there is a temporal stability in unsafe locations over time. Study III further explores unsafe locations by examining the spatial risk factors associated with these unsafe locations and the role played by neighbourhood collective efficacy and disorder. The results show that a number of spatial risk factors are correlated with the outcome, suggesting that the physical environment has a role to play in shaping people’s perceptions of unsafety at a given location. The findings also show that there are major between neighbourhood variations in unsafe locations, but that neighbourhood collective efficacy and disorder play only a limited role in the explanation of this variance. The final paper, Study IV, is a methodological study focused on the feasibility of using an alternative approach to studying fear of crime, as a momentary event, and uses an experience research framework implemented using a smart phone application (STUNDA). The general conclusion is that it is feasible to conduct research on the fear of crime using a smartphone application, but that emerging methods may also involve new methodological issues and challenges.

The four studies have both methodological and theoretical implications, suggesting that the way place is defined and operationalized may have important impacts on the results and interpretations of research studies. In addition, the findings suggest that there is more to be learned about the fear of crime as a context-specific experience that is dependent on the immediate environment, and that alternative methodological approaches focused on surveying momentary experiences of fear of crime using smartphone applications seem to be feasible. A place-based approach to the fear of crime, supported by alternative measures and methods, may also be important in developing a broader understanding of how perceptions of fear of crime and unsafety are shaped. Such an understanding may in turn assist policymakers and practitioners to design knowledge-based interventions to reduce fear of crime and feelings of unsafety.

Objectives: To explore the extent to which unsafe locations are concentrated to micro-places within the city of Malmö, Sweden, and whether there is a temporal stability in these micro-places over time.

Methods: Information on unsafe locations is obtained from an open-ended item across three waves of a random sample community survey. Reported unsafe locations are geocoded as polygon, polyline, and point features and merged with a 200 by 200-m grid-cell network using both unadjusted and weighted counts.

Results: The results suggest that unsafe locations are concentrated to a small share of grid-cells using different metrics. There are also signs of spatial clustering and a temporal stability of unsafe locations over time.

Conclusions: As unsafe locations are concentrated to a small share of micro-places the results have important implications for both theory and practice. However, further research exploring unsafety and fear of crime at micro-places is highly warranted.

Objectives: To examine the extent to which different operationalizations of target, displacement, and comparison sites affect the interpretation of a CCTV impact evaluation. Methods: Different operationalizations are used to examine change in property and violent crime before and after CCTV was introduced in a residential neighbourhood in Malmö, Sweden, using paired t tests, odds ratio effect sizes and weighted displacement quotients. Results: Despite most results being non-significant as a result of low statistical power, different operationalizations appear to produce varying results. This issue is most prominent for target sites and property crime while it is less so for catchment and comparison sites, and violent crime outcomes. Conclusion: Valid operationalizations of research areas are highly important for CCTV impact evaluations and may affect the study outcome. Future research with access to larger data sets is encouraged to elaborate on these findings and further analyse the impact of measurement choices on experimental outcomes.

Neighborhood level of disorder has recurrently been identified as a strong predictor of neighborhood level of crime rates and residential fear of crime. However, as scholars have emphasized, it begs to question whether neighborhood disorder have been measured in a reliable way and with adequate tools. The main aim of this study is to evaluate to what extent virtual systematic social observations (SSO) through Google Street View (GSV) may reliably audit neighborhood physical disorder in comparison to self-reported levels of neighborhood disorder. Further, the study also intends to chart whether virtual SSO through GSV is a valid instrument by testing a fundamental notion of the Broken Windows theory. The study consists of two sets of data, i.e. virtual SSO through GSV of 21 census neighborhoods in the city of Malmö (Sweden) and self-reported data of respondents living in the particular neighborhoods of interest. The correlations between the methodological diverse constructs of neighborhood disorder are subsequently examined, as well as the correlation between virtually observed physical disorder and victimization of property crimes. The results suggests that virtually observed neighborhood physical disorder through GSV is significantly correlated to self-reported neighborhood level of disorder as well as to victimization of property crimes. Virtual SSO through GSV thus appears to be a reliable and somewhat valid alternative towards auditing neighborhood level of disorder, comparable to data gathered through a community survey. Virtual observations through GSV do however struggle with several limitations.

The aim of the current study is to estimate whether spatial data on place features from OpenStreetMap (OSM) produce results similar to those when employing register data to predict future violent crime in public across three Swedish cities of varying sizes. Using violent crime in public as an outcome, four models for each city are produced using a Risk Terrain Modeling approach. One using spatial data on place features from register data and one from OSM, one model with prior violent crime excluded and one with prior crime included. The results show that several place features are significantly associated with violent crime in public independent of using register or OSM data as input. While models using register data seem to produce more accurate and efficient predictions than OSM data for the two smaller cities, the difference for the largest city is negligible indicating that the models provide similar results. As such, OSM place feature data may be of value when predicting the spatial distribution of future violent crime in public and provide results similar to those when using register data, at least when employed in larger compared to smaller cities. Possibilities, limitations, and avenues for future research when using OSM data in place-based criminological research are discussed.

The introduction of experience research using smartphone applications has enabled researchers to explore previously uncharted territories within the social science landscape. The use of experience research methodologies may both avoid some of the biases associated with conventional survey methods and enable researchers to gather information on situational dimensions of different outcomes. While existing smartphone-based experience research is found in several scientific disciplines, one outcome that has rarely been studied using this approach is fear of crime. Although fear of crime here only serves as an example of an outcome that may benefit from being examined in situ, the main focus of this article is directed at assessing the feasibility of gathering momentary and daily assessments on fear of crime using an experience sampling research design. A sample of 191 university students participated in a non-incentivized research study by downloading the smartphone application STUNDA, completing a baseline survey and repeatedly answering signal-contingent surveys, event-contingent surveys, and daily assessments across a self-defined study period. The results indicate that it is feasible to conduct research on fear of crime using a smartphone application. However, variations in participation across groups indicate that the methodology is perhaps best suited to dedicated groups of participants with a special interest in the studied outcome. Methodological considerations and implications for future research are discussed.

A situational dimension is often discussed in the fear of crime research but most studies rarely adopt a genuine situational data collection methodology. However, recent technological developments and increased smartphone usage have contributed to innovative methods and better opportunities to collect adequate situational data. Drawing upon the inventive approach by Solymosi, Bowers and Fujiyama (2015) this presentation will give insight into an ongoing research project where the feasibility of collecting information about experiences of fear of crime by using a smartphone application among young adults in Malmö (Sweden) is examined. The smartphone application, STUNDA, aims to collect traditional survey data but is also designed to gather situational data through Experience Sampling Method (ESM). ESM research encourages study participants to answer questions related to experiences and feelings as they occur in a specific point in time and the methodology is well-suited for integration in a smartphone application. The participants are requested to report their experiences of fear of crime at the specific moment as they receive a push notification but they can also report experiences retrospectively. By collecting data about experiences of fear of crime and provide these with a spatiotemporal stamp, this situational research may contribute with new knowledge of relevance for fear of crime research.

Kapitelbeskrivning av Harju & Sjölander: "Karl Kronkvist och Alexander Engström presenterar en konkret och ny metod för att kartlägga och undersöka unga personers otrygga miljöer. I bidraget diskuteras inledningsvis ett par tillkortakommanden med konventionella metoder inom kvantitativ kriminologisk trygghetsforskning och hur dessa medför begränsad kunskap om otrygghet, inte minst bland unga personer. Med utgångspunkt i en lokal studie ges förslag på hur kunskap om otrygghet bland unga i Malmö kan utökas genom att samla in data med en egenutvecklad mobilapplikation (STUNDA). Kapitlet fokuserar på de erfarenheter som framkommit under pilotstudien, både i termer av metodologiska överväganden och i relation till den omedelbara miljöns inverkan på otryggheten."

Although a situational dimension is often discussed in the fear of crime literature, this notion is, with few exceptions, empirically understudied. This lack of research is in part due to practical challenges in collecting valid and reliable situational data. However, as the smartphone has become an integrated part of most people’s everyday life, it also constitutes a potentially feasible tool for researchers to collect relevant situational data on, for instance, fear of crime. In the present research project “STUNDA: Examining experiences of situational fear of crime through smartphone applications among young adults in Malmö”, we have developed a smartphone application designed to collect situational data on experiences of fear of crime as they occur in specific situations, based on the Experience Sampling Method (ESM). The application, STUNDA, was implemented in a student population (N=191) during late 2018 and this presentation will focus on methodological aspects of using a smartphone application as a tool in surveying data on situational fear of crime. This includes recruitment to and participation in the study in addition to future directions of the utilization of smartphone applications in fear of crime research.

The business improvement district (BID) model has spread rapidly worldwide and has recently caught the eye of Swedish politicians and practitioners as a feasible approach to reduce crime in urban neighbourhoods. Research on the crime-preventive effects of BIDs is, however, limited to a handful of US studies, and there is a lack of research from European contexts. The aim of the present study is to fill gaps in knowledge by examining the crime-preventive effects of a BID-inspired property owner collaboration (BID-Malmö) implemented in a residential neighbourhood in Malmö, Sweden. Based on the use of a difference-in-difference estimator and weighted displacement quotients, our results demonstrate a significant reduction in crimes reported to the police in the intervention neighbourhood relative to control areas, with signs of spatial diffusion of benefits rather than displacement of crime to adjacent areas. This result is, however, mainly driven by a decrease in reported incidents of vandalism, while no effect is observed in regard to violent crime in public places. Implications of the findings and further research are discussed.

Although urbanization and population density predict levels of crime and disorder quite well, the amount of crime and disorder is not evenly distributed in urban environments. Rather, crime and disorder are concentrated to certain areas, places, and neighborhoods within these urban settings. Crime preventive efforts in these high-crime areas are thus of utter importance to reduce the overall amount of crime as well as fear of crime among the residents. The study at hand aims to evaluate the effects of such a crime preventive effort in high-crime, vulnerable urban neighborhoods in the city of Malmö, Sweden, through a community crime prevention program – Business Improvement District (BID, in Swedish Boende, Integration och Delaktighet). In this study, the BID-concept represents a collaboration among local property owners in conjunction with local agencies (e.g. city offices, the police, the fire and rescue service, etc.) acting under the motto“clean and safe” neighborhoods. Internationally, BID has been implemented world-wide with positive effects on crime and feelings of insecurity Sweden, showed positive effects on fear of crime among residents during a pre-post evaluation design, although the reported level of crime remained more or less unchanged. In this study, an extensive evaluation design is implemented where several sources of information (e.g. reported crimes, calls for emergency service, and neighborhood surveys) are applied to evaluate the effect of BID in treated areas, compared to matched control areas, using a pre-post equivalent area comparison design. The results of the study will provide local, as well as national, policy makers and practitioners with knowledge and evidence about community crime prevention efforts in urban vulnerable residential areas

Det finns ett stort behov av att utveckla det brottsförebyggande och trygghetsskapande arbetet, att hitta nya former för samverkan samt nya aktörer som kan involveras i arbetet. Samtidigt är det viktigt att de insatser, strategier och åtgärder som genomförs utvärderas för att undersöka om arbetet får önskad effekt. I den här rapporten utvärderas ett lokalt fastighetsägarinitiativ där fastighetsägarna i ett par bostadsområden i Malmö gått samman och bildat en förening, Fastighetsägare Sofielund, för att tillsammans arbeta för att göra Sofielund till ett attraktivt och tryggt bostadsområde. Utvärderingen bygger på information från ett flertal olika informationskällor så som uppgifter om anmälda brott, fastighetsägaroch boendeenkäter samt intervjuer med fastighetsägare och andra med insyn i föreningens arbete. Utifrån dessa informationskällor analyseras utvecklingen avseende bland annat brottslighet, upplevd trygghet och lokal problemnivå under en fyraårsperiod. I de fall där data funnits tillgängliga har utvecklingen i Sofielundsområdena jämförts med utvecklingen i två kontrollområden. Det övergripande syftet med utvärderingen är att bidra till kunskap om brottsförebyggande och trygghetsskapande arbete i stadsmiljö med ett särskilt fokus på särskilt utsatta bostadsområden.

Likt många andra delar av såväl näringslivet som samhället i stort står den svenska byggbranschen inför stora utmaningar gällande brottslighet och dess konsekvenser. Även om brottsligheten kan uttrycka sig i olika former och med varierande skadeverkan ligger huvudsakligt fokus i föreliggande rapport vid tillgreppsbrott i form av stöld och inbrott vid svenska byggarbetsplatser. Vad som gör just tillgreppsbrott vid byggarbetsplatser till en större samhällelig och politisk fråga framför ett isolerat problem för byggbranschen i sig är hur dess (in)direkta konsekvenser potentiellt kan ha en långtgående skadeverkan. Såväl internationell forskning som nationella kartläggningar antyder hur enorma belopp inom byggindustrin årligen går förlorade i brottsligt svinn, summor som på ett eller annat sätt drabbar slutkonsumenten genom exempelvis högre entreprenadkostnader. Att kostnaderna läggs på slutkonsumenten gör att potentiellt färre uppdrag åläggs byggherrarna vilket i sin tur, och på längre sikt, riskerar bidra till bland annat färre bostäder på en redan eftersläntrad bostadsmarknad. Syftet med rapporten är att ge en beskrivning av tillgreppsbrottslighetens omfattning och utveckling över tid men även att undersöka brottslighetens ekonomiska skadeverkan. Rapporten syftar även till att undersöka om det finns några faktorer som ökar risken för en byggarbetsplats utsatthet för tillgreppsbrott. Rapporten förväntas fungera som ett kunskapsunderlag vid förebyggande arbete gentemot stöld och inbrott vid byggarbetsplatser.

Fokus för denna rapport är den polisiära kamerabevakning som i juni 2015 implementerades längs med ett par gatustråk i Seved/Södra Sofielund. Det aktuella området är enligt Polisen (2017) ett så kallat särskilt utsatt område i Malmö. Den huvudsakliga brottsproblematiken i området har under flera år varit den öppna narkotikahandeln (Ivert & Kronkvist, 2014). Syftet med denna rapport är att undersöka uppfattningar, erfarenheter och effekter av den polisiära kamerabevakningen i relation till frågor som rör brott och (o)trygghet. Rapporten bygger på information över anmälda brott, intervjuer med poliser, material från en årlig trygghetsmätning bland boende samt kompletterande intervjuer med boende, fastighetsägare och näringsidkare i området. Den generella bild som framträder i denna studie är att flera indikatorer pekar på en förbättring i området. Även om anmälda egendomsbrott ligger på en stabil nivå över tid så går det att identifiera en viss nedgång i anmälda våldsbrott i offentlig miljö samt en markant ökning i antalet anmälda narkotikabrott, även relativt till matchade jämförelseområden. Att antalet anmälda narkotikabrott har ökat indikerar dock snarare att polisen lagt mer resurser och fått ökade möjligheter att såväl identifiera som beivra denna brottstyp än att den faktiska narkotikabrottsligheten har ökat. Resultaten från intervjuerna pekar på att den öppna handeln med narkotika har minskat i det kamerabevakade området samtidigt som andra problem förefaller ha minskat. Dock finns det flera tecken på att narkotikahandeln har omfördelats dels från öppna till mer dolda platser i området och dels till andra närliggande områden. I relation till otrygghet och oro för brott visar trygghetsmätningen bland boende hur vissa dimensioner av trygghet har förbättrats över tid, före respektive efter kamerabevakningen installerades. Intervjupersonerna från polisen framhåller att kamerabevakningen är ett viktigt verktyg i deras dagliga arbete, från ingripandeverksamhet till utredning och lagföring. Likaså framhålls hur kamerabevakningen kan ha betydelse för polisens arbetsmiljö i området. Genom intervjuerna framgår dock att det systematiska arbetet med kamerabevakningen kan utvecklas, vilket i viss mån är en resurs och bemanningsfråga. Även intervjuerna med boende och verksamma i området indikerar att polisen upplevs ha blivit mer träffsäkra i sina ingripanden och mer effektiva i sitt arbete. Likaså framhålls hur vissa problem i området har minskat över tid. Samtidigt lyfter flera intervjupersoner att det inte nödvändigtvis är ett direkt resultat av kamerabevakningen utan snarare till följd av andra åtgärder i området. Här bör även påpekas att fastighetsägare och näringsidkare generellt sett är mer positivt inställda till kamerabevakningen än boende, inte minst när det kommer till uppfattningar om intrång på personlig integritet. Sammanfattningsvis går det mot bakgrund av studiens resultat att konstatera att kamerabevakningen med största sannolikhet har haft en störande effekt på den öppna handeln och bruket av narkotika i området. Genom att polisen har lyckats störa denna verksamhet har även den lokala problembilden generellt sett förändrats till det bättre. Även om narkotikabrottsligheten har dämpats har den inte försvunnit och det kvarstår fortfarande flera utmaningar i området. I rapportens diskussion ges en samlad bedömning utifrån studiens informationskällor. Här ställs även studiens resultat i relation till tidigare forskning och visar att det föreligger problem i att generalisera resultat från olika studier p.g.a. kontextuella och situationella förutsättningar. I rapportens sista kapitel lyfts praktiska implikationer av studien med ett antal konkreta förslag för det fortsatta arbetet kring polisiär kamerabevakning. Avslutningsvis lyfts även vikten av vidare forskning och mer ambitiösa studier på kamerabevakningens effekter på brott och otrygghet ur ett nationellt perspektiv Den generella bild som framträder i denna studie är att flera indikatorer pekar på en förbättring i området. Även om anmälda egendomsbrott ligger på en stabil nivå över tid så går det att identifiera en viss nedgång i anmälda våldsbrott i offentlig miljö samt en markant ökning i antalet anmälda narkotikabrott, även relativt till matchade jämförelseområden. Att antalet anmälda narkotikabrott har ökat indikerar dock snarare att polisen lagt mer resurser och fått ökade möjligheter att såväl identifiera som beivra denna brottstyp än att den faktiska narkotikabrottsligheten har ökat. Resultaten från intervjuerna pekar på att den öppna handeln med narkotika har minskat i det kamerabevakade området samtidigt som andra problem förefaller ha minskat. Dock finns det flera tecken på att narkotikahandeln har omfördelats dels från öppna till mer dolda platser i området och dels till andra närliggande områden. I relation till otrygghet och oro för brott visar trygghetsmätningen bland boende hur vissa dimensioner av trygghet har förbättrats över tid, före respektive efter kamerabevakningen installerades. Intervjupersonerna från polisen framhåller att kamerabevakningen är ett viktigt verktyg i deras dagliga arbete, från ingripandeverksamhet till utredning och lagföring. Likaså framhålls hur kamerabevakningen kan ha betydelse för polisens arbetsmiljö i området. Genom intervjuerna framgår dock att det systematiska arbetet med kamerabevakningen kan utvecklas, vilket i viss mån är en resurs och bemanningsfråga. Även intervjuerna med boende och verksamma i området indikerar att polisen upplevs ha blivit mer träffsäkra i sina ingripanden och mer effektiva i sitt arbete. Likaså framhålls hur vissa problem i området har minskat över tid. Samtidigt lyfter flera intervjupersoner att det inte nödvändigtvis är ett direkt resultat av kamerabevakningen utan snarare till följd av andra åtgärder i området. Här bör även påpekas att fastighetsägare och näringsidkare generellt sett är mer positivt inställda till kamerabevakningen än boende, inte minst när det kommer till uppfattningar om intrång på personlig integritet. Sammanfattningsvis går det mot bakgrund av studiens resultat att konstatera att kamerabevakningen med största sannolikhet har haft en störande effekt på den öppna handeln och bruket av narkotika i området. Genom att polisen har lyckats störa denna verksamhet har även den lokala problembilden generellt sett förändrats till det bättre. Även om narkotikabrottsligheten har dämpats har den inte försvunnit och det kvarstår fortfarande flera utmaningar iområdet. I rapportens diskussion ges en samlad bedömning utifrån studiensinformationskällor. Här ställs även studiens resultat i relation till tidigare forskning och visar att det föreligger problem i att generalisera resultat från olika studier p.g.a. kontextuella och situationella förutsättningar. I rapportens sista kapitel lyfts praktiska implikationer av studien med ett antal konkreta förslag för det fortsatta arbetet kring polisiär kamerabevakning. Avslutningsvis lyfts även vikten av vidare forskning och mer ambitiösa studier på kamerabevakningens effekter på brott och otrygghet ur ett nationellt perspektiv.

BACKGROUND: Several studies have examined the effect of community interventions on youth alcohol consumption, and the results have often been mixed. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of a community intervention known as the Öckerö Method on adolescent alcohol consumption and perceived parental attitudes towards adolescent drinking.

METHOD: The study is based on a quasi-experimental design, using matched controls. Self-report studies were conducted among adolescents in grades 7-9 of compulsory education in four control and four intervention communities in the south of Sweden in 2016-2018. Baseline measures were collected in autumn 2016 before the intervention was implemented in the intervention communities. Outcomes were the adolescents' alcohol consumption, past-year drunkenness, past-month drunkenness and perceived parental attitudes towards alcohol.

RESULTS: Estimating Difference-in-Difference models using Linear Probability Models, we found no empirical evidence that the intervention has any effect on adolescents' drinking habits, or on their perceptions of their parents' attitudes towards adolescent drinking.

CONCLUSION: This is the first evaluation of this method, and we found no evidence that the intervention had any effect on the level of either young people's alcohol consumption or their past-year or past-month drunkenness, nor on their parents' perceived attitudes toward adolescent drinking. A further improvement would be to employ a follow-up period that is longer than the three-year period employed in this study.

TRIAL REGISTRATION: ISRCTN registry: Study ID: 51635778 , 31th March 2021 (Retrospectively registered).