The purpose of this paper is to explore themes and challenges in developing environmentally sustainable logistical activities. The approach is explorative with a cross sectional design that takes advantage of ten case studies out of selected logistics service providers (LSPs) operating primarily in the Scandinavian countries The findings illustrate the major themes by analyzing current and future activities in developing environmentally sustainable logistical activities. In addition, four categories of challenges are identified: customer priorities, managerial complexity, network imbalance, and technological and legislative uncertainties. It is concluded that there is a great need for a holistic perspective where LSPs and product owners together analyze and design future logistical setups The suggested holistic and integrative model, building on a three-dimensional concurrent engineering framework, provides new opportunities for research. Further research is needed to improve the interrelationship between LSPs and their customers in the development of sustainable logistical solutions This paper puts forward recommendations for the sustainable development of logistics by combining the results from the case studies with a review of related literature. This will be beneficial for managers and policy makers when they approach sustainable logistical challenges. The emergence and synthesis of themes and challenges are critical for a sustainable society. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved

In this paper, it will be discussed if there is a “team dimension” connected to legitimacy/trust in manufacturing companies. The “improvement teams” in the truck producing company Scania, that also are the basic organisational unit in production, can be described as “open micro systems”, with external relations and links between the teams and the organisation as a whole (Sederblad, 2011b). Our interpretation is that the result of continuous improvement activities in the improvement teams is dependent on blue collar workers believe that they will, at least indirectly and in a long time perspective, benefit from involvement in developing the production system. We will introduce the concept “conditional trust” to analyse the relations in production (Sederblad, 2011a; see also page 5 in this paper). This concept will also be used to understand the negotiation system on the company level and we will especially focus on the role of the unions. In the final section of the paper we will analyse how the production system and negotiation system are linked to each other. We will discuss and analyse the following questions: 1. How is the “improvement teams” organised in the company Scania and how do they work with “continuous improvement”? 2. How is conditional trust established in production and in improvement activities (among supervisors, team-leaders and workers)? 3. How is conditional trust established in the negotiations in the company (management, unions and workers)? 4. How is trust in production linked to trust in the negotiation system, and how functions the system at the workplace as a whole?

The chapter deals with ethical and existential implications of early intervention activites for disabled children, based on experiences from the Sida financed project Development and implementation of standard procedures of Early Intervention in Russia and Byelorussia, which was carried out between 2004 and 2009.

Malmö is a city undergoing rapid change: growing, modernizing and gaining in attractiveness. It is a city with an unusually high percentage of immigrants, and of immigrants from all parts of the world. It is, however, also a city with major social inequalities. The latter features of the city have been highlighted by the Commission for a Socially Sustainable Malmö, the focal point of which is the observation of immense differences in health between different groups among Malmö’s population. However, the studies it conducts also cover the assumed reasons behind these differences: problems regarding work, housing, education and a lack of economic and social resources. The study here presented relates strongly to the questions the Commission is investigating, but focuses specifically on the role of conviviality – the “living together” (in the sense of social interaction between people of different ethnic backgrounds) which, according to Paul Gilroy (2004), has “made multiculture an ordinary feature of social life in /…/ postcolonial cities”. The study aims to investigate what examples of conviviality there actually exist in the city, the possible benefits conviviality produces (for its development) and what factors in the life of the city that provide obstacles to the realization of conviviality.

Under läsåret 2015-2016 genomfördes ett följeforskningsprojekt på Ängsdals skolor, en privat skolaktör som driver en grundskola och tre förskolor och vars verksamhet i första hand är förlagd till Bunkeflostrand invid Öresund, strax söder om Malmö. I denna rapport presenteras resultaten av studien. Forskning om Malmöskolor har ofta berört dessa skolors utmaningar – i form av multietniska och flerspråkiga klassrum eller svaga skolresultat –och vägar att hantera dessa utmaningar. Ängsdals skolor utgör en påtagligt annorlunda miljö jämfört med många andra skolor och förskolor i staden. Ängsdal präglas av sin småskaliga verksamhet och familjära miljö. Jämfört med många andra skolor i det mångkulturella Malmö är skolan etniskt och socioekonomiskt homogen. Utmärkande för skolan är emellertid också dess målmedvetna och långsiktiga satsning på entreprenöriellt lärande, och det är denna satsning som följeforskningen har handlat om. Följeforskarna, Jonas Alwall och Balli Lelinge från Malmö högskola, har under hela året följt verksamheten på Ängsdals skolor: observerat, intervjuat personal, skolungdomar och vårdnadshavare samt genomfört en enkät-undersökning med avgångselever. Bilden som tecknas är mångfacetterad. Med en kritisk blick studeras vad ett entreprenöriellt förhållningssätt egentligen kan betyda i ett skol- och förskolesammanhang. Erfarenheterna från Ängsdal relateras till tidigare forskning och teoretiska perspektiv på entreprenöriellt lärande. Konceptet är förhållandevis nytt i diskussionen om den svenska skolan, dess verksamheter och mål, men utgör dess innehåll egentligen något nytt eller handlar det om ett aktivitets- och relationsbaserat lärande i mer etablerad form? Hur relaterar ett entreprenöriellt lärande till skolans och för skolans läroplaner, värdegrund och demokratiuppdrag? Och vad betyder ett entreprenöriellt lärande i just denna skol- och förskolemiljö? Hur ser fort-sättningen på den väg som Ängsdals skolor har slagit in på ut? Dessa är några av de frågor som diskuteras i studien.

This chapter discusses broader and aggregate measures of sustainable development progress.

Purpose— This article examines Sweden’s engagement with the DPRK as a unique case to understand motivations for engaging in a so-called fragile state. Design/methodology/approach— The authors apply the constructivist international relations (IR) approach and opt for the case study method based on semi-structured interviews of individuals who have taken part in Swedish engagement programs. Findings— Besides having its embassy in Pyongyang and serving as a protecting power for the U.S., Sweden has provided capacity building programs for North Korean government officials and scholars and has taken part in low-profile human rights advocacy. In short, Sweden is best viewed as a facilitator between DPRK and the outside world. Its motivations are mixed and multiple, including rationalist pursuit of gains and the logic of appropriateness. Practical implications— Useful for policymakers interested in engagement DPRK and other countries with little interaction with the outside world. Originality/value— This case expands our understanding of engagement that is often understood to a great degree as a rationalist affair between the engaging and target states. It also affirms the usefulness of constructivist IR approach in accounting for today’s engagement practices involving more stakeholders and less obvious cost-benefit calculation.

It has been 10 years since the Indian Ocean Tsunami caused serious damage to the coastal areas in South and Southeast Asia. The effects on vegetation and human settlements in the affected areas were enormous. This study presents the results of an analysis estimating the long-term recovery using two longitudinal remotely sensed dataset: 1. Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer enhanced vegetation index (MODIS EVI), a dataset accounting for change in the landscape and vegetation; and 2. Defense Meteorological Satellite Program-Optical Line Scanner (DMSP-OLS) night-time light data in order to estimate the effects on human and economic activities. It is evident from the results of this study that the night-time light and vegetation index datasets can both be beneficial in identifying changes caused by natural disasters and can be used to track recovery. The results using night-time light indicates a large loss of lighted area but also a rapid recovery of night-time light after the tsunami. Already in year 2005–2006, the levels of lighted area and sum of the lighting (SOL) intensity reached the same levels as pre-tsunami. For MODIS vegetation index, a drop can be observed in 2005/2006 on locations close to the coastline using 1 year temporal resolution; however, when utilizing the 16 day temporal resolution, the impact of the tsunami is illustrated as a dramatic drop, mostly in pixels located within 3km from the coast. Following the drop in vegetation index due to the tsunami, it was observed that most pixels exhibited at least some level of recovery in 2 years after the event.

We apply a novel analytical framework based on medium resolution satellite data for the period 2001 – 2012 to estimate the effects of gold mining on agricultural production in Ghana, Mali, Tanzania and Burkina Faso. Our analysis finds a strong correlation between official statistics of agricultural production and vegetation index from satellite data at district level in these countries. Agricultural productivity as proxied by greenness index (NDVI) does not decrease in the proximity of large scale gold mines. Our empirical estimations show that economic activity as proxied by night lights, increase in the proximity of mining but the estimates remains statistically insignificant.

We apply a novel analytical framework based on medium resolution satellite data for the period 2001 – 2012 to estimate the effects of gold mining on agricultural production in Ghana, Mali, Tanzania and Burkina Faso. Our analysis finds a strong correlation between official statistics of agricultural production and vegetation index from satellite data at district level in these countries. Agricultural productivity as proxied by greenness index (NDVI) does not decrease in the proximity of large scale gold mines. Our empirical estimations show that economic activity as proxied by night lights, increase in the proximity of mining but the estimates remains statistically insignificant.

Nighttime satellite photographs of Earth reveal the location of lighting and provide a unique view of the extent of human settlement. Nighttime lights have been shown to correlate with economic development and population but little research has been done on the link between nighttime lights and population change over time. We explore whether population decline is coupled with decline in lighted area and how the age structure of the population and GDP are reflected in nighttime lights. We examine Europe between the period of 1992 and 2012 using a Geographic Information System and regression analysis. The results suggest that population decline is not coupled with decline in lighted area. Instead, human settlement extent is more closely related to the age structure of the population and to GDP. We conclude that declining populations will not necessarily lead to reductions in the extent of land development.

Föreliggande utvärderingsrapport utgör en uppföljning av samverkansprojektet: ”Ingen faller mellan stolarna”. Projektet har drivits av Malmö stad sedan år 2010 med stöd av Socialstyrelsen och har varit stadsdelsövergripande. Målet med projektet har varit att uppnå samarbetsformer mellan Individ- och Familjeomsrog (IoF) samt Vård- och Omsorg (VoF) som gör att personer som är, eller riskerar att bli, hemlösa och vars problematik berör båda verksamheterna ska kunna ta del av förbättrade och samordnade insatser.

En av de stora samhällsutmaningarna som vi står inför idag är ett ökande utanförskap och en av orsakerna till ett ökat utanförskap är arbetslöshet. Denna rapport beskriver några nya sätt att skapa arbetstillfällen, framförallt för människor som står långt ifrån arbetsmarknaden. Det kan vara människor med funktionsnedsättning, med invandrarbakgrund, som fastnat i långtidsarbetslöshet etc. Rapporten belyser några av de insatser som pågår idag för att skapa arbeten för dessa grupper genom framväxten av socialt företagande med det primära målet att få människor i sysselsättning

The city of Landskrona in the South of Sweden has never fully recovered from a phase of heavy deindustrialization during the 1970s and 1980s. After years of socially inspired plans and projects, the local authorities have now decided to shift gear and tackle problems of criminality, unemployment and social exclusion through a renovation and eviction plan of the inner city. The basic thought behind the plan is to radically alter the social fabric of the inner city through major alterations of the housing market. The “Crossroads Centre/East” plan proposes that the municipal authorities, together with five real estate companies, form a new company to renovate houses, convert rental apartments to condominiums, demolish and rebuild. One hundred million Swedish Crowns are invested in the company – 95 million will come from municipal funds. The proposal in the City Council, led by the Liberal Party, was supported by 49 out of 51 Councilors, including the Social Democrats and the extreme right-wing Sweden Democrats. The aim is not hidden: welfare recipients should be actively steered away from the city center and make place for a (imaginary) wealthy middle class. The overall objective of the company is “to improve both the physical and socio-economic status in Landskrona’s central and eastern parts." To understand this urban renewal proposal, we would like to present Landskrona as an example of a watershed in Swedish housing politics that forces us to consider: 1) the nature of gentrification processes in Scandinavia – from gentle to brutal; 2) the shift in viewing affordable housing as a problem, rather than a solution; and 3) the possible introduction of ‘renoviction’ in Sweden.

Based on interview material relating to the current wave of housing renovation in Swedish cities, this article will analyse the profit-driven, traumatic and violent displacement in the wake of contemporary large-scale renovation processes of the so-called Million Program housing estates from the 1960s and 1970s. We maintain that the current form of displacement (through renovation) has become a regularized profit strategy, for both public and private housing companies in Sweden. We will pay special attention to Marcuse’s notion of ‘displacement pressure’ which refers not only to actual displacement but also to the anxieties, uncertainties, insecurities and temporalities that arise from possible displacement due to significant rent increases after renovation and from the course of events preceding the actual rent increase. Examples of the many insidious forms in which this pressure manifests itself will be given – examples that illustrate the hypocritical nature of much planning discourse and rhetoric of urban renewal. We illustrate how seemingly unspectacular measures and tactics deployed in the renovation processes have far-reaching consequences for tenants exposed to actual or potential displacement. Displacement and displacement pressure due to significant rent increases (which is profit-driven but justified by invoking the ‘technical necessity’ of renovation) undermines the ‘right to dwell’ and the right to exert a reasonable level of power over one’s basic living conditions, with all the physical and mental benefits that entails – regardless of whether displacement fears materialize in actual displacement or not.

I detta kapitel beskrivs och diskuteras hur begreppen social hållbarhet, sociala investeringar och sociala klausuler används och omsätts i Malmö utifrån konkreta exempel vid nybyggnation och renovering i privata respektive kommunalägda fastighetsbolag.

The paper explores the factors driving Outward Foreign Direct Investment (OFDI) by Emerging multinational enterprisess (EMNEs) and the patterns of knowledge transfer in six cases of EMNEs from three BRICS’ economies (India, China and South Africa). It found that there are significant differences between the OFDI from EMNEs and Developed multinational enterprise (DMNEs), which cannot be explained by using traditional FDI models. The way that EMNEs enter and operate in developed and developing countries are different. Knowledge transfers between EMNEs and developing host economies are predominantly one way and the former transfers more technology and knowledge than they gain. In the case of EMNEs and developed host economies, the knowledge and technology transfers appears to be more evenly matched, a two-way street benefitting both parties. The paper makes two major contributions: (i) it attempts to identify and distinguish the factors driving OFDI and patterns of knowledge transfer of OFDI from EMNEs and shows how they differ from DMNEs; (ii) it highlights aspects of OFDI by EMNEs such as expansion into countries outside their respective regions, and different patterns of technology and knowledge transfer in the South and North respectively.

An increased interest for separate collection of household food waste in Sweden has led to development of a number of different collection-systems - each with their particular benefits and drawbacks. In the present study, two systems for collection of food waste in households were compared; (a) use of food waste disposers (FWD) in kitchen sinks and (b) collection of food waste in paper bags for further treatment. The comparison was made in relation to greenhouse gas emissions as well as primary energy utilization. In both cases, collected food waste was treated through anaerobic digestion and digestate was used as fertilizer on farmland. Systems emissions of greenhouse gases from collection and treatment of 1 ton of food waste (dry matter), are according to the performed assessment lower from the FWD-system compared to the reference system (-990 and -770 kg CO2-eq./ton food waste dry matter respectively). The main reasons are a higher substitution of mineral nitrogen fertilizer followed by a higher substitution of diesel. Performed uncertainty analyses state that results are robust, but that decreasing losses of organic matter in pre-treatment of food waste collected in paper bags, as well as increased losses of organic matter and nutrients from the FWD-system could change the hierarchy in relation to greenhouse gas emissions. Owing to a higher use of electricity in the FWD-system, the paper bag collection system was preferable in relation to primary energy utilization. Due to the many questions still remaining regarding the impacts of an increased amount of nutrients and organic matter to the sewage system through an increased use of FWD, the later treatment of effluent from the FWD-system, as well as treatment of wastewater from kitchen sinks in the reference system, was not included in the assessment. In future work, these aspects would be of relevance to monitor. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

In the Swedish context, the provisions about Organisational and Social Work Environment (AFS 2015: 4) have contributed to more attention being paid to the role of organisational conditions for a healthy work environment. From this perspective, a relevant theoretical term is Psychosocial Safety Climate (PSC). PSC can be defined as the employees’ shared perceptions of the organizations’ guidelines, practices and procedures to protect the employees’ psychosocial health and safety. The PSC measures how employees perceive that the senior management 1) engages, 2) prioritizes, 3) communicates and 4) involves employees in psychosocial workplace safety issues. Several studies show that PSC predicts work environment factors such as emotional and quantitative job demands, bullying, influence and development opportunities, which in turn affect, for example, employee involvement, stress, fatigue and depression symptoms. The purpose of this report is to present the initial steps in the adaptation and validation process leading to the establishment of an official Swedish version of the international PSC scale. Initially, a translation of the original English version of PSC into Swedish was conducted including suggestions for alternative terms of key concepts such as senior management. An expert panel including researchers in the field evaluated the translated version. They identified potential problem areas and commented on which translations they considered as most relevant. This phase led to a revised version of the questionnaire that was tested and further developed based on ten cognitive interviews and evaluated psychometrically in a survey. Finally, the Swedish version of the survey was back-translated into English and the conceptual congruency with the original version was verified in collaboration with Professor Maureen Dollard, with whom we have been in continuous dialogue during the whole process. Results of the interview study revealed that while the central concept of psychological health was unproblematic, the term senior management did not result in consistent interpretations among the informants. Most often, the informants referred to their immediate manager rather than senior management. The informants perceived it as difficult to respond to the statements that concerned the whole workgroup rather than themselves as individuals. They also commented that responding to statements was more difficult than responding to questions. Informants who had trouble responding were inclined to choose the middle response option. In general, informants expressed that it was positive and relevant to study climate related to the psychosocial working environment, while some expressed doubt about the relevance of certain statements. In addition, a number of informants found some statements to be redundant regarding the 12-item version (PSC-12). The results of the psychometric analyses of the 4 item version (PSC-4) showed a low internal non-response percentage and a frequent use of the middle response option. A confirmatory factor analysis supported combining the four statements into a scale (PSC-4). The correlations between the PSC-4 and a selection of theoretically relevant concepts corroborated our expectations about the relationships between the variables. In sum, content and construct validity as well as reliability of the Swedish adapted translation of PSC-4 was supported by the findings of the initial part of the validation process described in this report.

Aktivitetsbaserade kontor är fortfarande ovanliga för forskare och lärare inom akademin, men nu verkar flera lärosäten vara igång att införa den här typen av arbetsplatser. Det finns begränsat med kunskap om vad som händer vid flyttprocesser från egna rum till aktivitetsbaserade kontor i akademin och hur personalen upplever arbetsmiljön i denna typ av kontorsmiljöer. I den här artikeln redovisas resultat från en enkätundersökning före och efter flytt till aktivitetsbaserade kontor på en svensk högskola.

It has been conclusive shown that the paradigm of economic growth, and more specifically, of GDP, is seriously flawed and is providing incentives for socially as well as ecologically unsustainable systems (Stiglitz, Sen & Fitoussi 2009, Fioramonti 2017). However, the alternative measurement frameworks that have been suggested have, with some, mostly local or regional exceptions, had little impact on policy structure. Largelly, they have provided indexes, which enthusiasts have shared in social media, but where impact in actual policy making have been marginal. In this paper, the focus will be on the one exception: Bhutan, where the concept of ’Gross National Happiness’, GNH, was coined more than four decades ago, but was not operationalized as a policy tool until in the 2000s (Göpel 2016). Bhutan, and the concept of GNH, has been highlighted in a number of contexts such as biodiversity, carbon neutrality, as well as social dimensions. The question, however, is to what extent the experience of Bhutan is relevant for industrialized countries. For Bhutan, the process was not about a transition from a fossil-fueled economy, but about having a choice of what direction the country’s development should take (McDonald 2010). Still, the indicators and that have been developed as part of the GNH framework are familliar to those that work with sustainability indicators in general, with some notable exceptions – such as the emphasis on culture, heritage and spiritual dimensions (Brooks 2013). In this presentation, the ambition is to discuss the challenges and possibilities of the GNH concept, and to what extent its possible to implement aspects of GNH in industrial/post-industrial capitalist economies.

När koloniområden började etableras i Sverige under det sena 1800-talet och tidiga 1900-talet, fanns en uttalad koppling till det som kallades ”den sociala frågan”. En aspekt av detta handlade om de svåra förhållanden som arbetarbefolkningen i städerna levde under, vilka inte sällan beskrevs som nedbrytande för såväl hälsa som moral. En bärande tanke med koloniträdgårdsrörelsen var att bidra till ökad livskvalitet för denna grupp.

This report is the result of a pilot study with the ambition of connecting social entrepreneurship with the values of the Biosphere reserve, for development of innovative enterprise. The preliminary study is comprised of three parts: a new definition of the concept of social entrepreneurship in relation to the conditions and circumstances of the Biosphere reserve (Biosphere Entrepreneurship); an analysis of the present situation and future needs; and a description of an innovation system and a model for social entrepreneurship in the Biosphere reserve (Biosphere Innovation System).

During recent years, urban farming has increasingly been regarded as an important strategic approach to sustainable urban development. The aspects that urban farming are said to aim towards spans the whole spectrum of urban sustainability – from access to healthy food to increased biodiversity and social cohesion (Cockrall-King 2012; Bendt, Barthel & Colding 2013). While projects and inspirational activities have largelly focused on farming itself, less attention have been directed towards organizational aspects. Managing and developing urban farming initiatives (often organized as non-profit organizations) means that organizations needs to navigate between and collaborate with a range of partners, many of whom are part of public administration. The diverse character of the organizations involved, and the different aims that these organizations have with urban farming initiatives, means that there will be colliding and contrasting institutional logics and rationalities. This may lead to conflicts, but can also promote innovation (Coule & Patmore 2013). Both for public administration and for urban farmers, access to knowledge is crucial to reach the aims of the initiative. Also, it is not uncommon that several public administration bodies have interest in the urban farming. A common response is to form loosely organized networks which include a wide range of actors. Sometimes, these networks may also achieve more formal status, such as the Guelph Wellington Food Round Table, in which the University play an important role (Hayhurst, Dietrich-O'connor, Hazen & Landman 2013) or the Toronto Food Policy Council, initiated by the health department of the City of Toronto (Blay-Palmer 2009). An interesting example of local governance, is Malmö Stadsodlingsnätverk. In 2011, environmental coordinators in one of the City of Malmö’s departments decided to call for a network meeting, where anybody who had an interest in urban farming could participate. Five years later, this loosely coordinated network is still active. It includes public servants, urban farmers, non-profit organizations, activists and others (Larsson 2015). This form of organizing in the field of sustainability is interesting in several ways. By not having a formal role, it is difficult to use the structure to excercise power. Rather, the structure enables an exchange of knowledge between peers. Relevant knowledge and engagement are the factors that give participants legitimacy. With no administrative structure, knowledge sharing can be extremely efficient but at the same time difficult to plan or control. Using concepts from Svensson & Von Otter (2001) this may be regarded as a network- or activation strategy. A key question, however, is to what extent this networked or activation strategy will work if urban farming in Malmö continues to grow and take new forms, such as more commercially oriented activities. Formalizing the structure might lead to a situation where competing institutional logics become more pronounced, and may lead to less knowledge sharing and de-legitimize the network. The aim of our presentation is to discuss aspects of organizing for sustainability, using examples from urban farming. We suggest that these forms of organizing, which have taken similar form in different contexts, may also be relevant for other fields of urban sustainability, where cross-sector collaboration and knowledge sharing are crucial. References: Bendt, Pim; Barthel, Stephan & Colding, Johan (2013). Civic greening and environmental learning in public-access community gardens in Berlin. Landscape and Urban Planning. No. 1, pp. 18-30. Blay-Palmer, Alison (2009). The Canadian Pioneer: The Birth Generics of Urban Food Policy in Toronto”.  Journal of International Planning Studies. No. 4, pp.401-416.  Cockrall-King, Jennifer (2011). Food and the City. Urban agriculture and the new food revolution. New York: Prometheus Books. Coule, T. & Patmore, B. (2013). Institutional logics, institutional work, and public service innovation in non‐profit organizations. Public Administration, vol. 91, no. 4, pp.980-997. Hayhurst, R., Dietrich-O'connor, F., Hazen, S. & Landman, K. (2013): Community-based research for food system policy development in the City of Guelph, Ontario. Local Environment: The International Journal of Justice and Sustainability, 18:5, 606-619 Larsson, A. (2015). Odling över gränser. Malmö: Stadsområde Norr Svensson, L. & von Otter, C. (2001). Projektarbete: Teori och praktik. Med sagan om diamanten som sprängdes, Stockholm: Santérus.

This report represents the continuation of a national dialog among actors across Sweden with the aim of identifying promising areas of development for the social innovation system. The output of this dialog is a list of suggestions that would support the advancement of social innovation knowledge and practice within academia, the public sector, civil society and business. The recommendations put forward in this agenda aim to leverage the growth of individuals and organizations wanting to develop social innovations that assist in addressing societal challenges in line with the European Union’s and Sweden’s innovation policy strategies (the explicit targets of addressing grand societal challenges).

Technologies and innovations have fueld economic growth for centuries, but it is evident that they have also degraded the ecosystem services on which we all ultimately depend. The challenges that social systems face on a global scale have also reached a scale where the concequences could become very serious. It has become increasingly clear that in the future, innovations must be developed and implemented so that they contribute to reinforce the resilience of social as well as ecological systems (Olsson & Galaz 2011). The approach of social innovation highlights new cross-sector relationships, and bring active citizens and civil society organizations to the heart of the innovation process. For social-ecological innovation, this is just as important, to bridge the gap between citizens, reasearchers and policy makers, not least to link the social entrepreneurship process to institutional entreprenurship in order to reconfigure governance structures (Westley et al 2011). Today, much attention is directed towards the streamlining and professionalizing the social innovation process, highlighting organizational and managerial tools. But less attention has been directed towards the innovation system or supportive network where social-ecological innovation takes place. If it is based on different values, aims and approaches than conventional innovation, what facilities, competencies and resources do we need to see in this system? In this paper, we turn our attention to the Biosphere Reserve Vänern Archipelago, and the process to develop a Biosphere Innovation System, focusing on social-ecological innovaition, building on social-ecological resilience. (Bergstrans, Björk & Molnar 2011). Challenges here include how to create interactive innovation spaces and keeping the social-ecological focus while scaling innovations.

Svenska kommuner har ansvar för samhällsviktiga uppgifter och verksamheter under normala förhållanden såväl som vid extraordinära händelser. Oavsett en situations omfattning måste en kommun klara av att upprätthålla samhällsviktig verksamhet och tillgodose behovet av information och stöd. En kommun har ett geografiskt områdesansvar och ska analysera vilka extraordinära händelser som kan inträffa i fredstid och hur dessa kan påverka den egna verksamheten. Det är kommunens uppgift att identifiera och värdera risker, sårbarheter och kritiska beroenden inom sitt geografiska ansvarsområde (MSB245 s.29 f). Syftet med denna rapport och vägledning är att beskriva ett arbetssätt, Områdesbaserad risk- och sårbarhetsanalys (ORSA), för kommuner och andra aktörer som vill använda geografisk information och analys som stöd och utveckling av sitt RSA-arbete. RSA används här som ett samlingsbegrepp för risk- och sårbarhetsanalyser, handlingsprogram för olycksförebyggande verksamhet samt annat krisberedskapsrelaterat arbete. ORSA anknyter till kommuners ansvar inom lagstiftningarna LEH och LSO.2 Vägledningen vänder sig både till kommuner som använder geografiska informationssystem (GIS) i sitt RSA-arbete eller planerar att göra det. Genom ORSA utförs analyser i samverkan för att komma fram till riskförebyggande åtgärder och förbättrad krishanteringsförmåga. Inom ORSA täcks de flesta risktyper in, allt från tekniska till sociala. De flesta av dessa risker kan positioneras på kartor och kombineras med andra lägesrelaterade objekt som måste skyddas eller anses vara samhällsviktiga, t.ex. befolkningsgrupper och sjukhus. Kombinationen av geografisk information skapar en visuell och analytisk utgångspunkt som spänner över aktörs- och förvaltningsgränser. Översvämning modellerat med GIS och illustrerat på kartor visar till exempel vilka skyddsvärda verksamheter som hotas. Utsläpp av farligt gods på en specifik plats på en karta visar vilka näraliggande vattentäkter som kan förorenas och miljöer som kan drabbas. Karterade koncentrationer av brott visar var brottsförebyggande åtgärder bör sättas in. Framställningen av ORSA har skett i projektform och som en samverkan mellan Malmö Högskola, Lunds universitet, Länsstyrelsen Skåne och kommunerna Klippan, Åstorp, Hässleholm och Perstorp. Pilotkommunerna har olika erfarenheter av att använda geografisk information och i synnerhet inom ramen för sina RSA-arbeten. Arbetsgången har varit att forskare från Malmö Högskola och Lunds Universitet har arbetat fram geografiska exempelanalyser inriktade mot olika teman som sedan presenterats och diskuterats i pilotkommunerna.