Negative attitudes towards out-groups have been of academic interest for many years — and even more so with the increased levels of migration to European countries in recent years. Building on insights from intergroup contact theory, this paper seeks to extend our knowledge of the association between contact and negative attitudes toward immigrants among youth in Sweden. Multiple regression analysis and fixed effects models are used to analyze a large, high-quality dataset on Swedish adolescents based on representative survey information, complemented with extensive registry data and official statistics. Our objective is to measure contact on different levels in order to better understand the importance of these different contact variables’ associations with negative attitudes. The results of the analysis indicate that high-quality contact in the form of friendship is associated with a reduction in negative attitudes among Swedish adolescents, even after controlling for background variables. Superficial forms of contact — measured on the school level — are, on the other hand, associated with an increase in negative attitudes.

his is a qualitative study. The purpose of the study is to examine what prevailing discoursesthe media portray about ethnic others, and what positions of power they are attributed to. Themethod used is discourse analysis and the empirical study consists of media articles from twoof Sweden's most read newspapers, Aftonbladet and Svensk Dagbladet respectively. Thetheories used in the analysis are the framing theory, ethnic others and the concept of power,which is the theoretical framework of the study. The analysis showed that there are severaldiscourses that are addressed regarding the ethnic others. These discourses are presented in theform of themes and analyzed on the basis of the theory and the chosen theoretical concepts.The results of the study show that there are ambiguous discourses that are repeated about theethnic others, the negatively charged discourses were remarks and that ethnic others areincreasingly attributed to subordinate positions of power.

When Nordic Migration Research (NMR) was launched in 2008, there was total agreement among the founding members that one of the primary objectives of the organization was to establish a high-quality, interdisciplinary Nordic journal for research on international migration and migration-related issues in an international and transnational setting. Accordingly, the NMR statutes define the aim of the Nordic Journal for Migration Research (NJMR) as "devoted to publishing high-quality, peer -reviewed research in different aspects of international migration and ethnic relations, such as integration, ethnicity/race, culture, religion, marginalization, citizenship, nationalism, discrimination and racism". The statutes further specify that the NJMR aims to develop into "a forum for both applied and theoretical research, seeking to attract high-quality, original contributions from both Nordic and non-Nordic countries", and that an important part of its mission and raison d'etre would be to focus particularly, although not exclusively, on the areas mentioned above with respect to their relevance to and impact on "the Nordic countries in a global perspective" (Hedetoft & Sicakkan 2011: 1).

This thesis aims to investigate the refugees' experiences when it comes to their participation within the Extra Service job; which is the subsidized job that the Public Employment Service offers to the refugees as part of their integration process. This thesis investigates the thoughts, perspectives, and experiences of the refugees involved in the Extra Service jobs based on conducting fifteen semi-structured interviews. The research findings indicate that the Extra Service job had a positive impact on many refugees, as they used their refugees' agency to gain new human capital, however, this thesis suggests that being involved in such a subsidized job could lead to imprisoning the refugees within the low ranked jobs in the labor market. Throughout this thesis, Human Capital Theory, Segmented Dual Labor Market Theory, and the refugees' agency were used as the theoretical background of the thesis. The thesis contributes to understanding the subjective side of integration in addition to enriching the literature of subsidized jobs when they are to be used for the sake of the refugees' integration.

Keywords: Extra Service job, subsidized job, refugee agency, human capital, dual labor market, secondary segment. 

Abstract 

The purpose of the study is to unaccompanied children's experiences of the communal management of transit and asylum accommodation in Malmo looks as well as to what part they feel that their needs are satisfied in the asylum accommodation. The study is accomplished on an asylum accommodation in Malmö. Five unaccompanied children/youth were interviewed for this study.  

The main question is: How do the children experience municipality's handling of their asylum accommodation while awaiting a decision from the Swedish Migration Board regarding their asylum applications? 

The following questions are: 

1. How do the unaccompanied children experience treatment and the receiving from the authorities like the Social Services and the Migration Board? 

1. How does the unaccompanied children understand their being at the accommodation? 

1. What social network (family, residential staff, friends, public officials) are understand as important by unaccompanied children while in transit? 

1. What are the unaccompanied children future plans? 

This study shows a satisfaction about the authorities receiving the unaccompanied children. The method that have been used is interviews. The theories that have been used in the analysing discussion is Bourdieu´s theories about field, habitus and capitals and Maslows need stairway. 

Keywords: unaccompanied children, authorities, asylum accommodations, Malmö.  

FACTORS THAT CAN CHART A CRIMINAL CAREER

A QUALITATIVE STUDY ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF CRIMINAL BEHAVIOR, INDIVIDUAL EXPERIENCE, SOCIAL TIES AND FAMILY SITUATION 

JASMIN ACHKAR

Achkar, Jasmin. Factors that can chart a criminal career. A qualitative study which is aimed to examine what factors that can influence an individual to develop criminal behavior, the individual's experience of this time-period, the social ties, as well as family relationships. Degree project in criminology. Malmö University: Faculty of Health and Society, Department of Criminology, 2023.

The study "Factors that can chart a criminal career" aims to find out what can affect an individual developing a criminal career and what the individual's experience is during this period. How and when did the informant begin his criminal career? What did the informant's family situation and social ties look like growing up? To answer the study's questions, interviews have been conducted at KRIS in Malmö with three informants. All the informants are between the ages 49 and 60 years old and have served a sentence in the form of imprisonment during their life. The result of this study is supported by the social bond theory as well as previous research on crime. Since the participants in this study were involved in criminal activities from an early age, the researcher chose to include Travis Hirschi's theory of social bonds. This theoretical choice is considered advantageous as it provides an analytical framework to understand and investigate the social factors that may have influenced the participants' behavior. Hirschi's theory emphasizes the crucial role of social bonds and relationships in explaining criminality, and by applying it, the researcher can identify potential deficiencies or weaknesses in the participants' lives. The findings of this study support the social bond theory and previous research on criminality. This chapter gives the reader a presentation and background to the essay. Then follows the background to what I have chosen to investigate and its purpose, followed by questions and the choice of boundaries. 

Keywords: Interviews, crime and criminal career. 

The chapter emerged from a narrative and a dialogue between a feminist academic and a feminist bureaucrat and recounts the experience of a gender expert in the Swedish Foreign Ministry against reflections from feminist institutional theory. It highlights the institutional challenges that government officials face when promoting gender equality in sustainability and climate issues and how they navigate that space in order to gender mainstream the agenda – e.g. through several types of critical acts. It highlights several institutional obstacles that challenge gender-mainstreaming efforts but also illustrates how action is possible, even when it pushes the comfort zone of gender politics, e.g. when a new gender perspective was launched, that of seeing men and particularly elite male behaviour to be ‘the problem’ to tackle in sustainable development. Finally, it concludes that for gender and intersectionality to gain prominence on the governmental agenda of climate change and sustainability, the work of single-gender experts does not suffice, politics is vital. Politics is imperative in guiding the governmental ministries but requires political mobilisation of broader sections of society as well.

Hip hop today is one of the largest genres within the music industry. Since the beginning of its existence it has been a thourougly male dominated field, but there has been a feminist change that is rarely talked about. Hip hop is also often associated with issues like ethnicity and class, especially considering how it keeps on growing into a worldwide genre. This study seeks to examine, with intersectional theory, the ways that rappers and artists write their music, how they portray themselves and people around them, and subjects like violence, criminality and drug abuse. This paper will focus on eight songs, four of which are performed by women and the other four by men. It has been done from a critical discourse analytical viewpoint and examines each song from this perspective.In sum, it will present how the intersectional perspective is important when it comes to understanding society’s norms and how the power structure affects us, especially considering the way we present ourselves to other people. The paper will also present subjects like masculinity and how it enables attention to the ambivalences of gender discourses.

This study aims to investigate challenges within the provision of integration support to quota refugees and municipal integration staffs understanding of these challenges in Skåne. It was conducted through questionnaires and semi-structured interviews with municipal integration staffs in Skåne. The research findings indicate three key challenges in the reception of quota refugees namely lack adequate housing, lack of financial resources from the region and government, and lack of provision of psychosocial support. Further challenges are connected to the lack of translators available to municipalities in the quota refugees’ mother tongue, the lack of English or major refugee languages among quota refugees, and often poor mental health which slow down Swedish language learning process and affect integration negatively. As its contribution, this study provides a broader view on challenges with the provision of integration support by municipalities regarding reception capacity, housing, and integration programs to quota refugees simultaneously. Thereby, it points out the differences among municipalities in terms of resource allocation for integration, as well as the political will to integrate quota refugees which create unequal chances for integration.

Engagement in preschool predicts children's development, learning, and wellbeing in later school years. The time children engage in activities and social interactions is conditional for preschool inclusion. Engagement is part of the construct participation, which is determined by attendance and involvement. Two suggested underlying dimensions of engagement had been identified as essential when assessing children's participation in preschool activities. As engagement is a key question in inclusion of all children, and preschool becomes a common context for them, it is increasingly important to understand the concept of engagement in those settings. In Sweden most children attend preschool but children in need of special support tend not to receive enough support for their everyday functioning. This study aimed to conceptualize child engagement in preschool with ICF-CY as a framework to clarify core and developmental engagement dimensions included in Child Engagement Questionnaire (CEQ). The content of CEQ was identified through linking processes based on ICF linking rules with some exceptions. Specific challenges and solutions were acknowledged. To identify engagement dimensions in the ICF-CY, CEQ items related to ICF-CY chapters were integrated in the two-dimensional model of engagement. Findings showed that engagement measured for preschool ages was mostly related to Learning and Applying knowledge belonging to Activities and Participation but the linkage detected missing areas. Broader perspectives of children's everyday functioning require extended assessment with consideration to mutual influences between activities, participation, body functions, and contextual factors. Related to core and developmental engagement, findings highlight the importance for preschool staff to pay attention to how children do things, not only what they do. Activities related to core engagement include basic skills; those related to developmental engagement set higher demands on the child. Linking challenges related to preschool context were not consistent with those reported for child health. Using the ICF-CY as a framework with a common language may lead to open discussions among persons around the child, clarify the different perspectives and knowledges of the persons, and facilitate decisions on how to implement support to a child in everyday life situations in preschool and at home.

The theme of the work is very central and is often addressed during debates, in the media and in general in society. Second-generation immigrants may find it difficult to understand the conflicts that exist around fitting into a society and shaping themselves according to social reality.

Therefore, the aim of this study is to highlight, on the basis of second-generation immigrants with roots in the Balkans, the concept of identity that is formed at the intersection of the values of the majority society and the cultural background of immigrant parents. 

This study consists of primary data through qualitative, semi-structured interviews. Interview technology is based on predetermined questions based on my chosen themes. The chosen theoretical perspectives include: Symbolic Interactionism and the impact of ethnicity in social interaction.

The conclusions of this study are that second-generation immigrants are being squeezed with their cultural affiliation because they cannot be fully accepted, either in Sweden or in their parents home country. Furthermore, second-generation immigrants are formed on the basis of both their parents cultural background and the majority society. 

This book offers insights on politics and ethics of representation that are relevant to researchers concerned with struggles for justice. It takes moments of discomfort in the qualitative research process as important sites of knowledge for exploring representational practices in critical research.

The Politics and Ethics of Representation in Qualitative Research draws on experiences from research processes in nine PhD projects. In some chapters, ethical and political dilemmas related to representational practices are analyzed as experienced in fieldwork. In others, the focus is on the production of representation at the stage of writing. The book deals with questions such as: What does it mean to write about the lives of others? How are ethics and politics of representation intertwined, and how are they distinct? How are politics of representation linked to a practice of solidarity in research? What are the im/possibilities of hope and care in research?

Drawing on grounded empirical research, the book offers input to students, PhDs, researchers, practitioners, activists and others dealing with methodological dilemmas from a critical perspective. Instead of ignoring discomforts, or describing them as solved, we stay with them, showing how such a reflective process provides new, ongoing insights.

The rise of crowdsourcing practices has revolutionized the way in which organizational tasks can be performed. One application of crowdsourcing that has been receiving growing attention over the past decade is using the crowd to collect environmental data that is needed to monitor, manage and predict environmental events. Most projects are still in their initial stages and since these projects often require high levels of citizen participation, there is a need to better understand the motivations for individuals to(dis)engage in these crowdsourcing projects, especially when long-term participation is required. Therefore, the aim of this thesis is to explore the motivations of individuals that participated in a crowdsourcing project for environmental data collection. Building on Self-Determination Theory, Social Exchange Theory and Social Identity theory, a case was studied of an organization that successfully motivated citizens from all over the world to use their drones to collect geographic climate data. In total, ten interviews were conducted with the drone-operators. The findings suggest that participants felt intrinsically motivated to engage because they wanted to do good, cared about climate change and were passionate about flying drones. Additionally, they experienced extrinsic motivations such as the possibility of gaining future job offers, recognition, and experience. Moreover, since participation was deemed relatively easy and straightforward, costs of participation were low and outweighed by the benefits. Finally, feeling part of a wider community made the participants more motivated to engage. Using crowdsourcing to collect environmental data on a wider spatiotemporal scale can help guide policy-making that mitigates or manages the impacts of climate change. Future projects would benefit from more and diversified research that support the design of long-term participation schemes, as the success of the projects depends on the level of citizen engagement.

I kapitlet behandlas hur kvinnor kommer till tals i asylprocessen. Genom att analysera implementeringen av Migrationsverkets riktlinjer under utredningsstadiet i asylprocessen påvisas invanda strukturer och förhållningssätt i Migrationsverkets implementering som försämrar kvinnors möjlighet att komma till tals. Vad gäller exempelvis ifall handläggare på verket ställer frågan om en kvinna har önskemål om handläggaren, tolken och det offentliga biträdet efter kön indikerar aktstudien att den oftast inte ställs. Dessutom förklarar handläggarna ofta inte varför de ställer denna fråga, vilket kan riskera att motivet till frågan blir oklar. I de fall som rör asylsökande kvinnors hälsa, i synnerhet hos dem som utsatts för sexuella övergrepp, finns det på mottagningsenheterna mycket begränsad dokumentation. Det förekommer även bristande dokumenterad samverkan mellan mottagnings- och asylenheter i fall som rör könsrelaterad förföljelse. Vissa grupper av asylsökande kvinnor har inte samma möjlighet att komma till tals i asylprocessen. “Kvinnor i familj” får ofta mindre tid vid utredningen av sina asylskäl än ensamkommande kvinnor. Vidare utreds kvinnor utifrån mannens berättelse, för att antingen komplettera eller bekräfta denna. Dessutom belyser undersökningen att lågutbildade eller icke läs- och skrivkunniga kvinnor, samt kvinnor som har varit utsatta för sexuellt våld, ofta befinner sig i en extra utsatt situation. Det ska också framhållas att det även förekommer bristande kännedom om riktlinjerna på Migrationsverket. Det finns en okunskap om vilka konsekvenser deras arbete med utredningsaspekterna på asylprocessens initiala stadier – i synnerhet i frågan om kön på det offentliga biträdet, handläggaren och tolken, samt i den separata utredningen – kan ha för bedömningen av kvinnors asylskäl.

Small and large sport clubs, in big cities or in the countryside, need to respond to external pressures created by social, financial and environmental factors. These pressures may come from the commercial environment, communities, national governing bodies, or political stakeholders. This chapter introduces the reader to the current pressures faced by Nordic sport clubs and the entrepreneurs’ role in the clubs’ development through the lens of entrepreneurship, and especially social entrepreneurship. This chapter addresses the role of the entrepreneur in relation to the triple bottom line of corporate social responsibility (CSR)—economy, environment, and society—in the context of Finnish and Swedish team sport clubs by using two football clubs as examples.

This open access book brings novel perspectives to the scholarship on transnational migration. The book stresses the complexity of migration trajectories and proposes multi-sited field studies to capture this complexity. Its constituent chapters offer examples of onward migration spanning all major world regions. The contents exemplify a range of interdisciplinary approaches, including both qualitative and quantitative methodologies. The result is an impressive remapping and reconceptualisation of global migration and mobility, of interest to students and policy-makers alike. 

This introductory chapter sets the scene for the book. It defines onward migration as a migration trajectory that involves extended stays in two or more destination countries and distinguishes it from competing and overlapping terms like stepwise and transit migration. Onward migration is a growing phenomenon within overall global migration dynamics, although statistics to document the scale and trends of this type of migration are scarce. The main aim of the chapter is to examine how onward migration and transnationalism are connected. This is achieved both by reference to a range of existing literature and by citing evidence from the succeeding chapters in the volume. We demonstrate both how transnationalism can shape onward migration and, the reverse, how different onward migration trajectories may result in different forms of transnationalism. In this latter context, we identify inter-generational, split, widening and re-routed transnationalism, again drawing on examples both from the book and from the wider literature. The final section of the chapter consists of a methodological discussion on the practicalities of researching onward migration and multi-sited transnationalism, in which the technique of multi-sited ethnography is discussed, critiqued and modified.

Violent video games have been questioned in its influence toward violence and aggressivebehavior in nowadays especially with adolescents and young adults which usually spend theirtime playing games more than other activity. The aim of this research is to find a correlationbetween violent video games exposure, aggressive behavior and self-control in an individual toanswer the question that “Is playing violent video games can lead a person to be more violence,aggressive and lack of self-control more than it should be?” The research will be studied with351 people in the Thailand Gamer Community. An aggressive behavior and impulsive behaviorwill be look into by self-questionnaire: Buss – Perry aggression questionnaire: BPAQ – ShortForm to measure aggressive behavior, the short version of the Self-Control Scale to measure animpulsive behavior and for a violent video games exposure, it will be measured by the time thatparticipants playing video games and how violent it exposure to violent video games andaggressive behavior but the results only show a slightly correlation between these two variables.Nevertheless, the results show no correlation between violent video games exposure andimpulsive behavior. 

This study has analyzed five different judgments from the colonial anti-sodomy law Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code using the frameworks of Foucauldian genealogical discourse, and Judith Butler’s heterosexual matrix. The aim was to understand and expose how sexuality and lesbianism were constructed within these judgments and to make the norms within the discourses visible.

The findings showed sexuality as dependent on a heterosexual and gender-binary norm. Gender hierarchy creates structures of the gender binary that positioned the man in the center of sexual interaction, desire, and sexuality. In contrast, the woman played a passive and often invisible, and nonsexual role. Further, the gender hierarchy produced a sexual hierarchy with natural heterosexuality as the most desirable. To maintain good heterosexuality, differentiation was crucial hence the undesirable and perverted male homosexuality acted as a hostile opposition. Due to the role of women as passive lesbianism appeared invisible. The discourse of the nonsexual woman made lesbian sexuality unimaginable. As a consequence, the lesbian was assumed asexual.

The geopolitical boundaries are fading in importance as corporations take on a more global perspective, and the technology of the 'new social media age' take a bird's-eye survey of this changing corporate terrain especially in turbulent times. This chapter concerns the real-world significance of global organizational science for the success or failure of organizations and human interactions. The science of organizations leads to the understanding of applications and interventions that benefit employees, work teams, organizations, management, customers, stakeholders, the community, and the larger society in which organizations are involved. The authors propose conceptualizing the science of organization as the world of work from multiple perspectives and paradigms in its goals of integrating the diverse insights of these other core disciplines and applying them to contemporaneous real-world challenges and opportunities for future inquiry in this domain. The authors next offer a taxonomy of a variety of reasons why global organizational sciences matter in an ever-changing business environment. A review and description of several emerging trends that are impacting organization life may tell us more about organizational science. The authors then summarize the evidence showing that organizational science's disputes and ongoing debates on the paradigmatic development are warranted. That striking an amicable balance can stimulate consensus that will later promote 'strong presence of mind, sense of professional confidence and of one another, and technological assurance'. This may indirectly affect the status of the discipline or field for better or for worse, and we conclude by saying without theory and method, that organizational practice is uninformed. Without practice, organizational theory is non-dynamic, stagnant, and moribund. Without a global organizational science, an organization or business firm loses tremendous diversity, synthesis in organizational research and theory, and substantial epistemology in the crucial need to connect to practice. High-performing corporations 'in a changing corporate terrain' operate like a well-oiled machine that operates capably through the effective coordination of many parts -- networks, culture, information systems, and talent mobility. The former issue: "Someone who works under you" has changed to "Someone who is a team member." Indeed, organizational hierarchies are collapsing, in successful global corporations, to promote cooperation and a winning attitude, much, like a sports team, comes together to win a game. Global organizational science is everyone's business and everyone's duty; it has the potential to become a touchstone in the lives of organizations. This is not the twilight of neutrality, but the twilight glow of dawn.

This thesis attempts to analyse how refugees and immigrants were portrayed by some of the major Swedish newspapers that have high readability in Sweden, and thus probably may highly impact public opinion in Sweden, mainly during the autumn of 2015. This is achieved by analysing 19 articles from the three biggest newspapers Dagens Nyheter (DN), Aftonbladet, and Sydsvenskan out of which 10 are editorials and 9 are quotes from interviews with politicians. Content analysis is used to analyse the articles. Securitization theory is applied as the theoretical framework. The analysis found that there was an approach of welcoming refugees and promoting immigration in the autumn of 2015, which changed to a negative one just a few months later by the same Swedish media calling that influx of refugees a “refugee crisis”. The newspapers have similar political positions on the refugee issue regarding favouring reduced immigration. 

Finland is recognized as a country with high human rights standards including the rights of the indigenous people that are protected by various declarations, conventions, and international human rights laws. Finland first enacted a Sámi Parliament Act in 1995 and has most recently in 2019 received criticism from the UN Human Rights Committee for not guaranteeing the rights for the legally recognized indigenous Sámi people living within Finland’s borders. Government proposal to reform the Act sparked the discussion of Sámi rights in Finland in the fall of 2022. Through a critical postcolonial perspective together with examining purposeful sampling material and the reform opposing discourse in the Finnish parliament, this thesis aims to get a view for the reason of the dismissal of the reform. It suggests that Finland’s position as a human rights model country in indigenous people’s rights is questionable in the matter of the Sámi rights.

Malmö University was granted the status of full university by the Swedish government from 2018. In June 2018, the University Board gave its Vice-Chancellor the task to carry out an external assessment of the quality of research at the University. The assessment should:(a) be in alignment with the overarching goals expressed in Malmö University’s Strategy 2022, (b) be performed at three levels (research unit, faculty and university levels), (c) use assessment by international experts. In accordance with these conditions, the External Research Assessment 2019 (ERA19) was conducted through peer-review, based on documentation and a site visit at the end of November 2019 by five international panels consisting of 32 distinguished scholars from10 countries and 26 different universities. This report contains an introduction to Malmö University, a description of the methods and process for ERA19 and the evaluation results. All panels’ reports (22 in total) have been analysed and integrated into a synthesised summary that presents results of the assessment of the research, recommendations of development areas and proposals for how the quality of research at Malmö University can be further improved.

Syftet med denna studien är att undersöka hur socialsekreterare arbetar med att integreraensamkommande flyktingbarn i det svenska samhället. För att kunna besvara min frågeställningoch uppnå syftet med uppsatsen har jag valt att använda mig utav kvalitativa metoden som bestårav 5 stycken intervjuer som har hjälpt mig att komma fram till resultaten. Intervjuerna skeddegenom telefon på grund av den aktuella rådande pandemin gällande corona, det har dock haftsina negativa och positiva påverkan till intervjuerna.Vidare har tidigare forskning använts, som berör samma område. Stigma, socialisation,empowerment och systemteori är teorier som använts i denna studie.Där resultatet sedan har jämförtsmed tidigare forskning samt kopplat till de teorier som valts.Därefter så har jag valt att tillämpa tidigare forskningar som undersöker olika situationer inomsamma område. Jag har även valt olika teorier såsom Stigma, socialisation, empowerment ochsystemteori. Därefter så har jag jämfört resultaten av dessa intervjuer med tidigare forskningaroch kopplat det till olika teorier som jag har valt.Resultatet i denna uppsats visar på att lyckad integration i det svenska samhället kräver ensjälvständig och självgående individ. För att kunna uppnå detta så behöver barnen känna sigmotiverade till att skapa olika sociala relationer, känna sig trygga och utveckla sinaspråkkunskaper. Vilket gör det lättare att kommunicera med olika sociala grupper och ävenkämpa i skolan. Vidare påpekar flera av respondenterna vikten av att uppmuntra befolkningensacceptans av ensamkommande barn, med hjälp av olika metoder såsom aktiviteter och programför gemenskap. Detta resultatet har framkommit utifrån socialsekreterarens perspektiv vilketkunde kopplas med tidigare forskningar och överensstämmer med teorierna som jag har valt attanvända.

This article explores the views on medical knowledge and its circulation from the perspective of a privileged group – the scientists themselves who are the main actors in producing medical knowledge. The concept of sharing knowledge helps to highlight how knowledge circulation is affected by digitalisation, which changes scientific working conditions and sometimes makes sharing problematic. It reveals the underlying idea of knowledge as an exclusive property and the frictions that occur when this idea is challenged.

Family care advisors work with specialized support for family carers within the municipalities. During the initial phase of the COVID-19 pandemic in spring 2020, however, support activities for family cares were essentially shut down. This article, which is based on qualitative interviews, examines family care advisors’ experiences of their work during the pandemic and the interaction strategies they describe. Trontos (1993) ethics of care has been used as a theoretical framework. The interviewees describe how their meetings with family carers have taken on new forms, mainly as telephone conversations and outdoor meetings. The significance of the meeting place has become more noticeable and something that must be planned around. Contacts with family carers now take place primarily on the initiative of the family care advisors. The content of the meetings has also changed and they are perceived as more demanding. The family care advisors emphasise that they can listen and confirm rather than offer practical solutions as these are made difficult during the pandemic. The emotional support to family carers has become more prominent and puts higher demands on the family care advisors’ emotional competence.

The purpose of this study is to investigate how immigrants are portrayed and presented by Swedish newspapers’ editorials. In the recent decade, the discussion about immigration has got a wider space in media coverage due to the large number of migrants who have sought asylum in Europe. The media is a center of power, an important source of information and knowledge, and an arena that contributes to opinion formation. I have therefore chosen to study articles on editorial pages of two major Swedish newspapers which are Svenska Dagbladet and Dagens Nyheter. The empirical material covers the period between 2015 and 2019. I have used discourse analysis as a method. The theoretical framework consists of three theories: social constructionism, framing theory, and racism.The results I have come to show that on leader pages, immigrants are portrayed as groups that are studied, analyzed, and assessed by the various actors in society, ie, media politicians, the authorities, or the journalists. They are associated with various social issues such as integration or segregation. Generally, immigrants emerge as a passive, powerless, deviant, and subordinate group. Sometimes a failed integration is attributed to shortcomings in the political system, but this also has contributed to the emphasis on immigrants as a burden and challenge for society.

The approach of this study is that conversion to Islam leads to stigmatization. Based on that the aim of this study is to examine what reactions and treatment Swedish Muslim converts have experienced from their families regarding their conversion to Islam, how they prepare for revealing their conversion, what strategies they use to handle their families’ reactions and whether this has any significance in their self-perception.

The study is qualitative and was made with semi-structured interviews with five Swedish female converts. The theories used are Erving Goffman’s stigma and the concepts of Islamophobia and Swedishness. The results show that the converts prepare the revealing of their conversion by speaking openly and positively about Islam a long time before the revealing. The reactions received indicate reproduced Islamophobic prejudices and aversions and take form of grief, shame, and despair to more far-reaching reactions such as negative violations, distancing, lack of support and exclusion from the family unity and from Swedishness. The women explain that they hide the fact that they pray, and, in some cases, they take off their headscarves when visiting their families. Furthermore, they wear a turban or put on headscarves and clothes with bright colors to look more ‘normal’. Finally, their self-perception is affected by all the negative reactions and treatment, and they clarify that they feel ambiguities about how to perceive themselves: as ‘real’ Swedes or not since their families tell them they areno longer considered as such

The subject of this study deals with the work of social workers with unaccompanied

children. The problem is presented from a perspective where statistics show that a large

proportion of unaccompanied children are compulsorily cared for in youth care for

problems such as substance abuse, crime and vagabondage. The study's hypothesis is

insofar as there is a problem in the performance of the social services regarding their

assignment towards unaccompanied children. Based on the problem, the purpose of the

study is to investigate whether social workers experience a problem or obstacle in their

work with unaccompanied children in relation to social workers' assignments and

professional role, and what factors may have an obstacle. The essay has therefore been

carried out according to a qualitative methodology and includes semi-structured

interviews with three social workers that describe their experiences of working with

unaccompanied children. The conclusions show that the main problems that social

workers experience in their work with unaccompanied children are time pressure and a

high workload.

The voices of Palestinian women of Syria are often silenced in knowledge produced in humanitarian research and practice. ‘Speaking back’ sessions provide crucial insights into these women’s experiences and their relevance for discussions on rights mobilisation.

Forced migrants are often asked to share parts of their lives with journalists, researchers and humanitarian professionals. Knowledge production is part and parcel of humanitarian practice: humanitarian actors endlessly collect, share and analyse testimonies from marginalised peoples in order to access funding and distribute aid. However, research participants’ wider stories and experiences are often silenced. They are seldom asked to take part in these processes and have little influence over how their words, voices and images are framed. Few researchers have actively engaged in how to empower participants from marginalised communities to act as consultants and experts that inform dialogues on knowledge production about their own communities.

Rapporten ger en historisk genomlysning och kartläggning av allmännyttans utveckling i Malmö och Göteborg, och syftar vidare till att förklara de likheter och skillnader som idag finns mellan företagen och deras bostadsbestånd i de båda städerna. Bland annat belyses varför de allmännyttiga bostäderna i Malmö är samlade under ett och samma kommunala företag, medan det i Göteborg finns ett flertal företag. Genom en analys av historiska skeenden i städerna dras slutsatser kring såväl de allmännyttiga bostädernas nuvarande marknadsandelar och geografiska placeringar som den organisatoriska utformningen av de kommunala bostadsföretagen.

Since the 1990s sustainability has been a keyword in all kinds of development. Urban planning is not an exception. The three most common aspects of sustainable development are economic, social, and ecological. However, there are many academics that claim that these three aspects are not prioritized equally. Patsy Healey (2007) among others argues that the economical aspect is hegemony and that sustainable social and ecological development is dependent on economic measures.

The purpose of this thesis is to study the planning and implementation of a new public transport system in Cape Town, South Africa, and to investigate how it relates to sustainable social development in particular. This since Cape Town has a long history of segregation of different groups, and today there are large income inequalities and geographical distances that increase the social exclusion in the city.

The theoretical framework is concentrated into three themes; Social justice and equity in public transport planning, accessibility and mobility, and finally, social exclusion. The empirical data is collected with a qualitative method in the form of a case study.

We can conclude that even though the notion of investing in public transport to combat social exclusion is present in the planning documents in Cape Town, the implementation and investments in the new public transport system do not always follow the documents’ principles. This contributes to little or no change regarding social exclusion in Cape Town.

Aim: To investigate whether sex has any effect on how dental students assess their own performance in the clinical examination in term 9, at Malmo University. Material and method: The study included 114 students (72 women, 42 men) whose deidentified self-assessment form for completed clinical examination 2018 and 2019, respectively, were analyzed. Eight of the form's 12 sub-areas were analyzed; anamnesis, clinical examination, patientcare, hygiene, diagnostics, treatment plan, ability for self-assessment, the examination in its entirety. To compare the groups of women and men, a t-test was used. The significance level was set at p ≤ 0.05. Results: Difference between the sexes was registered for the sub-area “clinical examination” 2018 where men valued their performance higher than women (p = 0.044) and for the sub-area “examination in its entirety” from 2019 where women valued their performance higher than men (p = 0.037) . Otherwise, no other differences were registered for the clinical examination. Conclusion: The results from this study are not considered sufficient enough to be able to conclude that sex has any effect on how students value their own performance in the clinical examination. For more representative results, more future studies on this subject area are required.

This paper highlights street art in the social movement in Sudan and the role of murals andpolitical graffiti in relation to the Sudanese revolution of 2019. Characteristic for thismovement is the appearance of murals depicting the events of the revolutions. In particular,the colourful graffiti during the Sudanese uprisings of 2019 has been a crucial element in thesocial movement in the country.This study explores role of graffiti, its function as an art of resistance and as a communicationmedium during Sudanese movement, how graffiti contributes to Sudanese revolution 2019.Sudanese graffiti creates a profound understanding of the social transformation in Sudan,including most important events after revolution such as the third of June massacre inKhartoum and the political process and solidarity against discrimination. It establishes asocial relational space that ranks high values on collaboration and sharing significance, aswell introduces emancipatory alternative for better future in Sudan.The study uses four-dimensional analytical framework including graffiti as communicationtool, illegality and call for place, visual and verbal language, and graffiti as a public memory.Furthermore, it uses critical discourse analysis method through utilizing three-dimensionalframework including text, discursive practice, and sociocultural context. At the same time, thestudy uses telephone interviews method and photo-elimination method as data collectionmethods and encompassing structure for the research. 

This paper is a qualitative study with the aim of investigating how immigrants who have an academic  education from their home country experience their situation in the Swedish labor market. The study  aims to find out immigrants' own experiences regarding the obstacles they encounter in the pursuit of a  job that matches their level of education and work experience. Six Arabic-speaking immigrants have  participated in this study through the interviews I have conducted with them, which have been the  empirical material for this study. In this study and on the basis of what my interviewees have told me,  I have been able to identify various obstacles that make it difficult for them to get a job that corresponds  with the education they have. The assessment of the foreign degree, language skills, and lack of social  networks seemed to be obstacles for immigrant academics to find the right job. Most of the interviewees  felt that it is important to work, but what is also equally important is that they put their skills and  knowledge to use. Therefore, they have expressed different wishes regarding different forms of support  that they think can enable them to have the chance to show what they can and what knowledge and  competence they have. Support that they think can benefit their situation in the labor market is a clear  guide, better language teaching and a guide to internships that are linked to their education and work  experience.

On May 26th, 2020, the world was shocked after learning that George Floyd had died at the hands of the police while being wrongfully arrested. Protests took place worldwide, demanding justice for Floyd as well as the end of the systematic racism present institutionally in police forces. In Europe, people started raising their voices, denouncing that this phenomenon was no stranger to the Old Continent. Indeed, the last few years have witnessed the media coverage of multiple cases of police violence based on ethnic grounds. The media play a key role as the source of information for the population, they decide what is going to be on the headline, catching people’s eye. France has especially attracted attention with its racial profiling practices that go against the 2001 European Code of Police Ethics acting as recommended guidelines for the Member States. Therefore, this study aims to analyse media discourses depicting three specific cases of police violence: the Adama Traoré Case, the Theo Luhaka Case, and the Michel Zecler Case. Following the model of Norman Fairclough’s Critical Discourse Analysis, the point of this thesis is to find whether the power relations regulating the world can be identified within these discourses. By analysing the articles and finding similarities in how they portray the events then an idea of the institutional and societal power relations in France.

Abstract

Introduction: This study examined the lived experiences of Female Entrepreneurs in Lagos State, Nigeria, who transitioned from traditional corporate employment settings to venture into uncharted entrepreneurial territory. In their transition from employee to entrepreneur, this study identified the existence of glass ceiling in both phases. Considering the perception of a woman’s identity in the Nigerian patriarchal system, practical attention and analysis have not been given to their experiences as employees and entrepreneurs. Seven (7) Nigerian Female Entrepreneurs with established businesses in Lagos, Nigeria, participated in this study.

Method: A qualitative research method that builds upon the philosophy of social constructivism was used to decipher the transition. Storytelling theory assisted the interviewees in expressing themselves freely and facilitated this research. Also, Schlossberg's Transition Theory was the foundational theoretical framework for this study.

Result: The result of the study identified the inherent glass ceiling in their transition. Some peculiarities of the glass ceiling within Nigerian context include financing barriers, gender discrimination, a good support system, and limited female mentors. This was framed as the “second glass ceiling”. They discussed their coping mechanisms to overcome challenges and build successful businesses during transition.

Conclusion: The conclusion demonstrates helpful modifications that can aid groups, organizations, academic institutions, and policymakers understand Nigerian women’s situation in corporate and business domains. Such understanding could promote equality of opportunity within society and organizations, eliminate entrepreneurship barriers, and aid their long-term retention of corporate or entrepreneurial engagement. In the long run, this will benefit the Nigerian economy, corporate organizations, female entrepreneurs in Nigeria, and their communities.

This project employs qualitative content analysis (QCA) and secondary data to examine howNyamnjoh’s (2016, p. 25-29) analysis of vertical communication processes in hierarchical societies explains the social hierarchy and communication processes that manifested in Democratic Kampuchea (DK) under the rule of the Khmer Rouge (KR) between 1975-1979. This study argues that although Nyamnjoh’s analysis does not capture the complexity ofDemocratic Kampuchea’s (DK) social hierarchy and communication processes in terms of the outright replacement of one hierarchy by another, the negotiation of meaning, and the circularity of power, it is still effective in explaining the power dynamics, representation practices, andsocial communication processes of the Khmer Rouge (KR) leadership in Democratic Kampuchea (DK) and similar contexts of vertical communication processes in hierarchical societies.

Urban issues such as poverty or marginality and disadvantage, unrest, crime, housing, segregation and social cohesion are on the political and academic agenda in Europe and in the US (Andersen, 2002; Atkinson, 2019; Galster, 1990; Gerell & Kronkvist, 2017; Mayer, Thörn, & Thörn, 2016; Uslaner, 2012; Wacquant, 2008). As indicated, policymakers devise strategies to address such problems (Andersson, Wimark, & Malmberg, 2020; Damm, Nielsen, Mattana, & Rouland, 2020; Davis, 2019; George & Patrick, 2017; van Gent et al., 2018; van Gent & Musterd, 2013). This also holds true for Norway (e.g. Andersen & Brattbakk, 2020).

In Norway, the Government or a specific ministry may appoint a committee to report on an issue of relevance. The results are published as an Official Norwegian Report – Norges offentlige utredninger (NOU) in Norwegian. While it can be argued that urban issues are not a political priority in Norway, the current conservative Government – led by prime minister Erna Solberg – did appoint a committee to examine living conditions in Norwegian cities. The Norwegian Commission for City and Living Conditions presented its NOU on 16 December 2020 (NOU 2020:16). The report is important as it summarizes the latest knowledge on the topic and provides recommendations for future Norwegian urban policies. Hence, it is worth a thorough and critical review.

The purpose of this paper was to examine how pro-Ukrainian versus pro-Russian propagandists wage information warfare on social media. A relevant topic for International Relations, where understanding information warfare has increasingly become central, as global political life is increasingly going digital. Various gaps, however, was identified in the previous literature on the matter: Primarily, a lack of insight into pro-Ukrainian propaganda, with the majority of the previous scholars covering pro-Russian examples. Furthermore, there were unsettled debates in the previous literature, questioning whether wartime propaganda is even conducted on any significant scale by democratic states, or whether it is primarily an occupation of authoritarian regimes. To help resolve these debates, this paper constructed a research design, where a mixed methodology of content analysis and social network analysis have been applied to analyze a total, representative sample of 1247 YouTube-comments debating allegations of war crimes in the Russo-Ukrainian War. The results of this analysis show that the pro-Ukrainian propaganda is significantly more prevalent in the online debates (based on quantities of comments) and are also remarkably more influential than pro-Russian propagandists (based on in-degree centrality). These findings are inconsistent with previous literature describing overt use of propaganda as a more common feature of authoritarian regimes, which could suggest that there are some exceptions to democratic nations’ otherwise highly valued principle of more liberal and pluralist communications, e.g., against illiberal regimes existentially threatening the peace of the democratic state (in line with the prepositions of democratic peace theory, describing how democratic states, generally, do not engage in unpopular and destructive warfare, expect in exceptional cases against authoritarian regimes who are threatening the liberal peace). 

Hate crime has emerged as a new ‘crime problem’ in Denmark, which has led to legislative adjustments and requirements of the police to improve identification, registration and handling of hate crime. International research shows that the investigation of hate crime is a complex issue not least because hate crime is legally not a crime category but an aggravating circumstance in principle to any crime. There exist no studies of hate crime policing in Denmark, and this study aims to fill a knowledge gap by a qualitative exploration of the processing of hate crime in the criminal justice system in a Danish context and from the perspective of the police, which is a relatively overlooked perspective. Specifically, the study explores why many hate crimes are filtered out through the criminal justice system, and through a thematic analysis the study identifies a number of challenges on a legal, organizational and practise level, that all contributes to a filtering out of hate crime throughout the Danish criminal justice system. Goldstein’s theory of problem-oriented policing is used as framework to discuss the implications of law in hate crime policing. The Danish police is expected to deal more effectively with the hate crime problem, and more knowledge on what works in hate crime policing is needed.

Keywords: Hate crime, investigation, criminal justice processing, problem-oriented policing, thematic analysis.  

The circular economy has emerged as a tool for addressing the current linear economic system, producing massive amounts waste and exacerbating climate change. During the recent crises and instabilities, the potential of the circular economy has been further highlighted.However, the concept remains undefined, and little is known of its implementation inpractice. This thesis explores the circular economy and its implementation among six Swedish commercial real estate actors, through interviews and an investigation of their official documents, with the aim of discovering signs of the circular economy, how those signs have emerged and the knowledge and capabilities necessary to capitalize on them. The External Enablers Framework by Davidsson et al. (2020) is used to find the external enablers thatfacilitate a shift towards more circular business practices. The thesis discovers multiple signs of circularity in the empirical material, in targets, strategies and activities. It also identifies several external enablers potentially impacting the implementation of circular activities in existing real estate ventures, such as collaboration networks, climate change awareness andthe recent crises and instabilities. The real estate actors themselves also potentially influence the industry around them towards circularity, in an ecosystem of enablement.

Consensual non-monogamy (CNM) involves being in a relationship that allows participants multiple concurrent sexual and/or intimate partners. Previous studies exploring attitudes toward different types of extra-dyadic sexual activity (EDSA) has typically distinguished between, on the one hand, polyamory/open relationships/swinging and, on the other, infidelity. The aim of this article is to develop further these discussions by showing how the distinctions between relationship types are drawn and/or blurred in social interactions, and how this requires moral work and negotiations of what ethical polyamory is. The research questions are as follows: 1. How are different CNM relationship types distinguished from each other, as well as intertwined and negotiated in social interactions? 2. How are ideals of consent, honesty, and communication reproduced and renegotiated in CNM relationships? 3. How does moral work become important for responding to negative attitudes toward CNM? The material consists of interviews with 22 persons practicing polyamory, CNM, or relationship anarchy, analyzed using thematic analysis. Results show that CNM relationship types are not clearly distinguishable but rather negotiated in social interactions both within a relationship and with others. Interviewees express that consent, honesty, and communication are central for their relationships, but also that they are negotiated. For example, honesty can be renegotiated by introducing an option of not telling your partner everything. Consent can also be renegotiated with some conditions, such as not actively searching out potential partners. They describe several different types of moral work: negotiating and reformulating others’ moral opinions, reversing moral hierarchies, and taking responsibility to explain and to soothe situations. These results contribute to existing research on attitudes toward CNM practices pointing out the importance of taking social interactions into account in order to explore the full extent of negative attitudes toward people involved in CNM relationships and how they handle these interactions.

Research on polyamorous parenthood has mainly focused on aspects of interactions with schools and authorities, where polyamorous parents have had to develop strategies of openness and concealment and dealing with stigmatization (Palotta-Chiarolla 2010; Riggs 2010; Sheff 2010). Aspects of sex and morality have primarily been explored in general in relation to non-monogamous practice and not specifically in relation to parenthood (Ritchie 2010; Samuels 2010). Based on interviews with 22 persons in Sweden who in different ways have experience of non-monogamous practice, we explore polyamorous parenthood, focusing on kinship practices, gender and sexual morality. The results of these analyses show that there are recurring themes of promiscuity as a risk that polyamorous parents have to handle. This can take the form of negative interactions with family members and society, practical issues with having sex with several partners or identity issues where good parenthood risks being at odds with non-monogamous practices. The boundaries of good parenthood and promiscuity and the negotiations between them are rarely highlighted in research, but have implications for the moral order of kinship for non-monogamous practice today.