The FOCUS project is undertaking a range of research and piloting tasks which aim to improve understanding of dynamic integration and to assist the implementation of effective practices. As part of this work a detailed programme of qualitative research has been undertaken in four countries. This report presents the country-specific findings of this research, which will be further consolidated in a cross-site analysis to be completed in the coming months. Focus group discussions (FGDs) were held with members of the receiving communities and with members of the arriving communities in a total of 10 site in four countries which have different experiences of migration from Syria in recent years (Sweden, Germany, Jordan, Croatia). 

For every contact that is made in a database, a digital trace will potentially be left and most of the database breaches are mostly aimed at defeating the major security goals (Confidentiality, Integrity, and Authenticity) of data that reside in the database. In order to prove/refute a fact during litigation, it is important to identify suitable investigation techniques that can be used to link a potential incident/suspect to the digital crime. As a result, this paper has proposed suitable steps of constructing and Integrated Incident Response Model (IIRM) that can be relied upon in the database forensic investigation field. While developing the IIRM, design science methodology has been adapted and the outcome of this study has shown significant and promising approaches that could be leveraged by digital forensic experts, legal practitioners and law enforcement agencies. This is owing to the fact, that IIRM construction has followed incident investigation principles that are stipulated in ISO guidelines.

This article focuses on what is often termed the general (or public) sense of justice, GSJ for short. It illustrates the influence that the GSJ has had on variouspreparatory works in Swedish criminal law during a recent decade. It is oftenclaimed that the GSJ is used as an argument in political discourse and decisionmaking in the area of criminal law, especially to motivate criminalisation andharsher penal sanctions. Political points can be scored and general elections wonby deploying a tough stance on crime. A problematic aspect is that by appealingto the GSJ, legislators create a way to legitimise punitive measures with little orno empirical support in criminological research. Furthermore, the very conceptof the GSJ is unclear, contentious, and characterised by a plethora of interpretations.This article provides background on the GSJ in the Nordic countries andthereby gives context to some recent legislative work in Sweden. The article concludesthat legislators frequently reproduce phrases which, under closer inspection,appear quite hollow. The GSJ therefore seems to be more of a vague referenceused for political purposes as opposed to a representation of actual popularvalues.

Författningar i polisrätt samlar de mest centrala lagarna med relevansför den polisiära verksamheten. Här presenteras rättsnormer från olikarättsområden såsom t.ex. offentlig rätt, straffrätt, processrätt ochsocialrätt.Boken riktar sig i första hand till studerande vid polisutbildningen menkan förstås lika väl användas av polisanställda som av jurister och andramed intresse för den polisiära juridiken.Författningarna återges som de lyder den 1 juli 2016.

Författningar i polisrätt samlar de mest centrala lagarna med relevans för den polisiära verksamheten. Här presenteras rättsnormer från olikarättsområden såsom t.ex. offentlig rätt, straffrätt, processrätt ochsocialrätt.Boken riktar sig i första hand till studerande vid polisutbildningen menkan förstås lika väl användas av polisanställda som av jurister och andramed intresse för den polisiära juridiken.Författningarna återges som de lyder den 1 juli 2017.

När Carl Elwing 1963 i JFT skrev en artikel om oaktsamhetsbrotten i svensk rätt var brottsbalken visserligen beslutad men hade ännu inte trätt i kraft. Mer än ett halvt sekel har passerat och det kan väl därför vara på sin plats med en uppdatering. Även den finska strafflagstiftningen har genomgått en stor revision och utan anspråk på egentlig fördjupning skall ändå en viss utblick även till Finland göras här.

Sedan 1907 har det upplåtits fastigheter med tomträtt i Sverige. Tomträtt innebär att kommun eller stat, mot en årlig avgäld, upplåter mark med nyttjanderätt till en tomträttshavare med avgäldsperioder om minst tio år. Att inneha bebyggelse på mark som är förenad med tomträtt kan, beroende på tomträttshavarens ekonomiska situation, leda till ett skräckscenario. En kombination av kraftiga markvärdestegringar och långa avgäldsperioder resulterar i chockhöjda tomträttsavgälder för tomträttshavare, på nivåer som är svåra att förutspå. I nuläget saknas tydliga direktiv för hur bestämmelse av tomträttsavgälden vid ny avgäldsperiod ska ske och trots förslag om att förenkla regleringen har inga ändringar gjorts. 

Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka rättsläget kring bestämmelse av tomträttsavgälden inför ny avgäldsperiod och på så sätt försöka bringa klarhet i den problematik som finns. Genom en rättsvetenskaplig metod där rättskällor har tolkats, utretts och analyserats kunde vi dra slutsatsen att den reglering som finns kring bestämmande av tomträttsavgälden bör ses över. Tills vidare får denna undersökning och de riktlinjer vi funnit ses som en vägledning. 

Since 2015, the Swedish disability policy promotes a universally designed built environment as an ideal to reach for future building and physical planning. Breaking with an almost 50-year tradition of arguing for an accessible and usable built environment, the concept of universal design has come to supersede the old twin concept of accessibility and usability, in the following AU. Latently, this change may refer to the dual face of the AU concept: When programming AU for the built environment, architects or other similar professions focus on the identification of momentary obstacles for horizontal or vertical access to the inside of the building from the outside, or vice versa. However, while using the built environment, users focus on an accessible and usable pathway from the inside of the building to the outside, or vice versa.Common for both actors are the strive to create a series of horizontal or vertical movements that allow for accessing or egressing the building. Active in this thinking also lies an associational approach towards the built environment by the users, who expect a sequential type of AU. On the other hand, architects tend to use a perceptual approach to identify potential conflicts in the usage of the built environment, which results in a momentary identification of AU (Rapoport, 1978). In a similar manner, architects often tend to act as non-disabled proxies for potential users with disabilities, while users interact with the built environment with their disabilities and the level of AU that is provided. To narrow the gap between the two players, the traditional way of teaching AU to architects, engineers and other designers has been to implement full-scale try-outs with students with mostly fully abled bodies simulating disabilities by blocking sensory information and using assistive devices like wheelchairs, cains and rollers.There is a logical error in such training since skill in using assistive devices as a prolongation of the individual body is reduced to not being valuable. Problems in the realisation of AU in the built environment might be attributable to this lacune in knowledge and ultimately discriminatory approach towards people with disabilities. An opposite way of teaching AU for architects, engineers and other designers would be to combine the experiment with using assistive devices with listening to how people with disabilities experience appropriate and poor AU, thus, promoting an aggregated knowledge.

It is still an open matter whether qualities in housing are the outcome of architects’ artistic ambitions in answer to the users’ needs or whether it is the meticulous realisation of users’ demands and needs that national authorities stipulate. Since 2020, the Swedish building legislation is undergoing a historical change. The Swedish Government has assigned the National Board for Housing, Planning and Building to revise the 30 years praxis for how to write the appurtenant building regulations. These regulations typically present both recommendations and general advice on how to meet a specific requirement, for instance, accessibility and usability for people with disabilities. Instead, the regulations shall refer to new minimum requirements that have been defined as Swedish standards for how the specific building requirements can be achieved. This new model has several similarities with building legislation in Austria, Germany, and Switzerland. However, what is alarming, is that the national authority presume that these standards shall be developed by the building industry itself, rather than as agreements between the building industry and the welfare state what minimum housing qualities are for Swedish housing. Since participation in standardisation also presume a minimum annual fee of approximate 25 000 Swedish crowns per participants, another question materializes, can the building industry act as a representative for a broad and varied group of future users, including people with disabilities?

The aim of the study is to provide thevictims’perspective to the contemporary conceptualization of hate crime.Much attention has been given to the interpretational frameworks of offenders, and although victims’ definitions of hate crime are sometimes mentioned in passing in interview studies, this has never been a primary subject of study.The present study applies phenomenological analysisto 28semi-structured interviews with victims of hate crime. The results show that the participants primarily apply meaning to their experiences in social groups and use previous experiences to guide their interpretations. While the conceptualization of victims largely concurs withtheory presented by the research community and special interest organizations, they diverge from how hate crime is contextualized in hate crime legislation.

Den svenska fastighetsmäklaren är en näringsidkare som förmedlar en uppdragsgivares fastighet eller bostadsrätt. Till skillnad från andra näringsidkare marknadsför han inte sina egna produkter utan uppdragsgivarens privatbostad. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka vilket ansvar mäklaren då kan ha sin marknadsföring. Ansvaret kan följa av regler i marknadsföringslagen men också av fastighetsmäklarlagen. Den förra är en allmän lagstiftning och den senare en speciallagstiftning. Arbetet undersöker i vilken omfattning det ena eller andra regelverket lämpligen kan tillämpas. Det undersöks också i vilken utsträckningen mäklaren möjligen kan bära ett strikt ansvar för sin marknadsföring. Undersökning kommer från de många intressanta frågeställningarna som bygger på en dom av förvaltningsrätten i Karlstad. Domstolen har fält en mäklare till ansvar med domskäl som antyder att frågan om mäklarens oaktsamhet inte tillmäts någon betydelse. Domstolen gick nämligen inte in på någon prövning av det besvärande eller friande omständigheterna som hade anförts av parterna. 

Idrottsjuridik, vad är det? Idrotten och dess reglering är till stora delar självreglerande men där lagstiftning många gånger reglerar mycket av idrotten och dess förutsättningar. Det kan handla allt ifrån EG-domstolen och dess avgöranden till skatterättsliga frågor. Tankarna med detta hjälpmedel började växa fram när jag började arbeta med idrottsjuridiska frågor vid Malmö högskola och insåg behovet av ett hjälpmedel för alla som studerar eller arbetar med idrottsjuridik. Idrottsjuridiken är ett mycket omfattande område som berör många olika rättsområden vilket också är dess tjusning. Idrottsjuridiken är ett område där känslan och förståelsen för idrotten, med självreglering samt dess ideella och kommersiella inslag, går hand i hand med juridiken. Syftet med denna första upplaga är att sammanställa och åskådliggöra idrottsjuridiska rättsfall där praxis skall vara lite mer och hanterbar samt en lagtextsamling med den mest relevanta lagstiftning som berör idrotten. Sammanställningen är tänkt att fungera som ett undervisningsunderlag för föreningsaktiva, studenter och alla andra intresserade, samt en vägledning för de som arbetar mera praktiskt med idrottsjuridiska frågor. Några av rättsfallen är inte direkt kopplade till idrottsliga frågor men där viktiga likheter och olikheter till idrotten kan aktualiseras. Sammanställningen är inte heltäckande juridiskt men undertecknad har avvägt hur många och vilka rättsfall som skall ingå i denna upplaga för att fungera som pedagogiskt hjälpmedel, bl.a. inom Idrottens utbildningar eller andra typer av utbildningar som hanterar idrottens organisering och reglering. Rättsfall inom idrotten finns också i Krister Malmstens; Idrottsvåld och Idrottstvister – 138 rättsfall. Denna upplaga tar upp idrottsrelaterat våld (Brottsbalken). För Er som önskar rättsfall kring den problematiken hänvisas till Malmstens genomgång som sträcker sig fram till 1994, eftersom föreliggande sammanställning inte behandlar idrottsvåld. Sammanställningen är uppbyggd av två huvudavdelningar där första avdelningen sammanställer idrottsjuridiska rättsfall och andra avdelningen som sammanställer utdrag av lagstiftning som är aktuell för idrotten, detta för att läsaren skall kunna få en överblick av aktuell lagstiftning samtidigt som rättsfallen läses. Författaren reserverar sig mot eventuella felaktigheter och påminner att juridiken är föränderlig med nya rättsfall och lagstiftning hela tiden. Sammanställningen börjar med en inledning om idrottens förrättsliggande skriven av professor Bo Carlsson vid Lunds universitet, avdelningen för rättssociologi vid sociologiska institutionen verksam i Idrottsvetenskap vid Malmö högskola. Vissa förkortningar finns under kapitel två. Tredje kapitlet och tillika första avdelningen består av idrottsjuridiska rättsfallssamlingen. Uppbyggnaden är att rättsfallen sammanfattas kort under 3.1 för att övergå i fulltext sammanställning längre fram. Under varje rättsfall finns min kommentar med för att förklara eller ge synpunkter för att väcka intresse samt lästips för djupare studier, jag vill påminna att det finns mycket mer skrivet, och att dessa är till för att ge läsaren en snabb överblick och är inte uttömmande juridiskt på något sätt. Kommentarerna under skatterättsfallen (RÅ) kan några gånger vara likartade i början då syftet varit att ge läsaren som inte är skattejurist en förståelse för uppbyggnaden av själva skattefriheten för de ideella föreningarna (idrottsföreningarna). Rättsfallsamlingen fortsätter med Arbetsdomstolens avgöranden som finns under 3.2 följt av Högsta domstolens avgöranden under 3.3. EG-domstolens avgöranden sammanställes under 3.4 med bl.a. Bosmandomen som är kanske det mest kända rättsfallet som berör idrotten. Under 3.5 finns sammanställningen från Regeringsrätten med bl.a. HIF- och Brynäs domen. Andra avdelningen i sammanställningen är utdrag, vissa i fulltext, av den mest aktuella lagstiftningen som berör idrotten. Jag vill dock påminna att lagstiftningen är föränderlig. Andra avdelningen är inte kommenterad och har inte några lästips. Syftet med denna sammanställning är, som tidigare påpekats, att läsaren får en överblick av lagstiftning som berör idrotten på olika sätt. Avdelningen börjar med EG- och konstitutionellrätt under 4.1 för att följas under 4.2 av agerande personer. Köp- och skadeståndsrätten behandlas under 4.3 och offentlig-, miljö- samt straff- och processrätt under 4.4. Arbetsrätten behandlas under 4.5. Associations- och förmögenhetsrätten under 4.6. Obeståndsrätten finns under 4.7 och konkurrensrätten under 4.8. Skattelagstiftningen för idrotten sammanställs under 4.9. Tack Björn Lindquist för värdefulla synpunkter vid val av rättsfall. Undertecknad emottager gärna synpunkter och information om eventuella tillägg till sammanställningen. Trevlig och lärorik läsning!

Contract law is complex for the uninitiated. When it comes to buying a home, there are a variety of things to keep in mind. How an agreement is concluded, when certain conditions apply, how an agreement is interpreted and when it is invalid. How do you become bound by contract when you buy a home and are there differences between different agreements regarding housing?

When buying a property, the law is clear about what must be included in the agreement in order for it to be binding on two parties. What must be met are called formal requirements and these must be in agreed written form in order to achieve contractual binding. Occasions where a clause is included in the contract of membership, membership should be granted for the binding of the purchase. In the more unusual forms of lease, the law is more dispositive. How does a contractual obligation arise if the law does not require that the agreed writing form is a must and the same type of agreement and conditions apply to assignment and transfer?

The purpose of the thesis is to investigate different forms of tenure, the common and the more unusual. The thesis will deal with how agreements arise in different forms of tenure. Different types of agreements will also be described and how they are used in tenure and transfers. And how parties become bound by these. To find an answer to the question, a forensic method is applied. The authors have interpreted laws, preparatory work, case law, doctrine and legal journals to get answers to the question. At the end of the essay, there is a discussion about how agreements are made and why certain types of agreements are used in various tenure and transfers. The conclusion presents a table of which forms of assignment have been taken into account, which legal space is applied over these and what type of agreement model is used in assignment and transfer. The conclusion shows that there are similarities as well as differences in how agreements are concluded in different tenure.

IIn the essay Symbol prohibition? - Ideology, symbols and hate crimes the function of symbols in the process of manufacturing hate crimes are studied from a post- structuralist ideology-critical point of view.The paper aims to highlight how such a theoretical standpoint can explain the motives of hate crime based on a post-structural theory in terms of social economy, power, and social dominance.

In a post-structural hypothesis, we assume that economic power gives rise to symbols used to create ideologies. In turn, ideologies are used to create institutions such as racist ideas and ethnic groups, by creating a sense of unity, among ethnical groups and a sense of superiority towards other competing groups. Through this relative position of power, the dominant group creates a sense of inferiority in those who are dominated by hate crimes.

In this text, we analyze two documents written by the Government and its Investigation to define hate crimes by investigating whether racism and other symbols should be criminalized.This paper problematizes both of these documents’ positions, which aim to create new laws, by pointing out that the structural understanding of the symbols is lacking. And that such an ideology-critical understanding would have resulted in a more nuanced and partially different conclusion than the Government’s investigation reached. Here, the author wants to show the explanatory value of ideology criticism in criminology specially deals with hate crimes

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This paper will investigate what role human rights can play in the reconstruction of a post-conflict society. The true root causes of conflict are not addressed by prior peace interventions, often governments are unable to deliver to their populations what they were promised. This thesis is guided by an overarching research interest in how during these situations, peacebuilding, human rights, and the construction of a new, accountable social contract can go hand-in-hand. The case study of the Central African Republic’s conflicts will be used to investigate the hypothesis. Nurturing and restoring society’s trust in the peacebuilding process is often underestimated. To break the vicious cycle of self-enforcing conflicts and their recurrence, a revitalisation of the social contract may be a strategy to optimize working towards reconciling the post-conflict society. The research finds that a human rights-rooted social contract approach in a post-conflict society can impact the peacebuilding positively.

Perceived unsafety, fear of crime, and avoidance were studied in relation to different types of crime, crime in different time perspectives, concentrated disadvantage, collective efficacy, urbanity, age structure, and neighborhood disorder. Four data sources were used on a large Swedish city; a community survey from 2012 and 2015 among residents, census data on socio-demographics, police data on reported violent (assault and robbery in the public environment), and property crimes (arson, property damage, theft, vehicle theft, and residential burglary) and geographical information on local bus stops and annual passengers visiting these bus stops. Collective efficacy primarily, but also concentrated disadvantage, was strongly related to perceived unsafety, across 102 neighborhoods. Collective efficacy was strongly related to fear of crime. It was not viable to relate the neighborhood variables with avoidance, however. Fear of specific violent crimes was different from fear of specific property crimes and should for future reference be examined separately. Crime, visible disorder, urbanity, and age structure do not seem as important.

Risk factor studies on male-perpetrated intimate partner homicide (IPH) are often compared with studies on intimate partner violence (IPV) or non-partner homicide perpetrators. This not only excludes female perpetrators, but also fails to take socio-demographic and psychosocial differences between perpetrators and the general population into consideration. The aim of this study was to examine male- and female-perpetrated IPH cases, and to compare socio-demographic factors in IPH perpetrators and in matched controls from the general population. Data were retrieved from preliminary inquiries, court records and national registers for 48 men and 10 women, who were perpetrators of IPH committed in 2000–2016 and residing in Region Västra Götaland, Sweden. The control group consisted of 480 men and 100 women matched for age, sex and residence parish. Logistic regression, yielding odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI), was performed for male perpetrators and male controls to investigate associations for selected socio-demographic and psychosocial characteristics. This was not performed for females due to the small sample size. Female perpetrators were convicted of murder to a lesser extent than male perpetrators. No woman was sentenced to life imprisonment while five men were. Jealousy and separation were the most common motivational factors for male perpetration while the predominant factor for female perpetrators was subjection to IPV. Statistically significant differences were found between male perpetrators and male controls in unemployment rate (n = 47.9%/20.6%; OR 4.4; 95% CI 2.2–8.6), receiving benefits (n = 20.8%/4.8%; OR 5.2; 95% CI 2.3–11.7) and annual disposable income (n = 43.8%/23.3% low income; OR 5.2; 95% CI 1.9–14.2) one year prior to the crime. Female IPH perpetrators were less educated than female controls (≤ 9-year education 30%/12%) and were more often unemployed (70%/23%) one year before the crime. Male and female IPH perpetrators were socio-economically disadvantaged, compared with controls from the general population.

According to the Situational Action Theory, stronger morality inhibits the perception of alternatives to law-breaking action, thus lessening the probability of crime and delinquency. Research indicates that morality might be affected by delinquent peer association and in turn affect criminogenic exposure. This article studies how morality develops during late adolescence using data from the longitudinal project Malmo Individual and Neighbourhood Development Study. Using linear growth modelling, the study finds that a decrease in morality is associated with a simultaneous increase in delinquency peer association. No change in criminogenic exposure was detected. The results are discussed alongside theoretical and methodological implications.

Criminology has long been divided by mainly focusing on people’s propensities to commit crimes, on the one hand, and environmental characteristics conducive to crime, on the other. Such a division must be bridged to advance knowledge about why some people, but not others, commit rule-breaking acts in some environments but not in others. Furthermore, explanations require causal mechanisms explaining how the outcome, a rule-breaking act, is produced. Analytic Criminology offers a general framework for how to theoretically and empirically structure the study of crime. It does so by connecting macro- and micro-levels – structuring the convergence of certain people in certain places – through a mechanistic account. Within this framework, the situational action theory (SAT) proposes a causal mechanism explaining how said convergence triggers the perception-choice process: a rule-breaking act must first be perceived to be subsequently chosen. The main drivers during this process are the person’s crime propensity and the criminogeneity of the behaviour setting. Identifying the central components also enables the theorising of changes in crime involvement, which is the subject of the developmental ecological action (DEA) model of SAT. Drawing on data from the longitudinal project Malmö Individual and Neighbourhood Development Study, this thesis aimed to test SAT and its DEA model, thus bridging said division. It did so through four studies with specific reference to adolescents’ crime propensity, exposure to criminogenic settings, their convergence, and finally, change over time. Study I and study II investigated adolescents’ time use and connections to rule-breaking. The former examined how adolescents spend time in unsupervised and unstructured socialising with peers, during which hours of the day, in which neighbourhoods, and what level of collective efficacy the neighbourhoods have. Study II focused on adolescents’ routine activities and how they differentially place adolescents in unstructured socialising. Furthermore, it tested whether adolescents with higher crime propensity run a higher probability of reporting a rule-breaking act during unstructured socialising irrespective of their routine activities. Study III extended the situational analysis by investigating how adolescents form rule-breaking intentions in randomised scenarios depending on their morality, self-control, and the setting characteristics (varying in level of motivation and deterrence). Study IV applied a developmental perspective to key theoretical constructs derived from the DEA model, focusing on how morality, peer delinquency, and unstructured socialising change, and how the change in each is related to change in the others. Together, the studies found that adolescents with different levels of crime propensity are differently exposed to criminogenic settings but that such exposure simultaneously increases the probability of rule-breaking more for adolescents with higher crime propensity. In sum, the studies have bridged the person–place division in different ways by being rooted in a mechanistic account of rule-breaking, which is proposed as a way forward for criminology as a discipline. 

In accordance with the Tenant-Ownership Act the division of responsibilities for the internal maintenance of a tenant-ownership home shall be drawn at what is referred to in the law as “walls, floors and ceilings”. According to the law, however, there is also room for the tenant-ownership association to independently regulate the division of responsibilities between the tenant-ownership and the association. The regulation of such a division of responsibilities is implemented by changing the wording to some extent regarding the internal maintenance in the association's statutes. Tenant-ownership associations can be affiliated with a trustee or independently manage their association, which today has led to a problem as this creates deviating basic conditions. Associations that are affiliated with a trustee usually have basic formulations in their statutes, while independent associations themselves are based on what is stated in the law and have a lesser tendency to base their formulations on a closer analysis of more specific additions.

As recently as 2020, a tenant-ownership association's formulation of its bylaws resulted in a major dispute that received attention. The case concerned a major demarcation problem regarding the division of responsibilities of the internal maintenance in a tenant-ownership between the tenant-owner and the association. A study of various large associations 'statutes has been carried out to investigate the extent to which associations' statutes can affect the division of responsibilities. In view of the fact that it is not precisely defined in law what the division of responsibilities looks like in the issue, in addition to the study of various associations' statutes, an analysis of legal material has also been conducted, to create a broader picture of how the statutes are formulated in practice and whether there is scope for improvement.

This resulted in us getting a clear picture that associations that are affiliated with a outsourced management have more specific formulations that can be to the association's advantage in the event of a dispute. The associations that manage themselves largely lack equally clear wording that can lead to a major demarcation problem between the association and the tenant-owner regarding the internal maintenance.

The current study explores how neighborhood fear of crime ("worry about specific crimes") changes over time in neighborhoods with different levels of disadvantage. With a comparative design, 81 and 123- neighborhoods in two cities in Sweden are followed over a six-year period. Fear of crime trajectories are assessed through growth curve modeling. We consider how differences in neighborhood processes, such as social and physical disorder, might influence fear of crime levels. The results show that fear of crime increased over time in both cities and the increase was related to higher levels of physical disorder in several areas. Furthermore, the change differed depending on the neighborhood type - in highly disadvantaged neighborhoods, the fear was stable at a high level. In contrast, the largest increases in fear could be seen in the areas with the lowest disadvantage in both cities. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.

There are multiple geographical crime prediction techniques to use and comparing different prediction techniques therefore becomes important. In the current study we compared the accuracy (Predictive Accuracy Index) and precision (Recapture Rate Index) of simply counting crimes: Simple Count with Kernel Density Estimation in the prediction of where people are reported to commit violent crimes (assault and robbery) and property crimes (residential burglary, property damage, theft, vehicle theft and arson), geographically. These predictions were done using a different number of years into the future and based on a different number of years combined to do the crime prediction, in a large Swedish municipality. The Simple Count technique performed quite well in comparison to simple Kernel Density Estimation no matter what crime was being predicted, making us conclude that it may not be necessary to use the more complex method of Kernel Density Estimation to predict where people are reported to commit crime geographically

The study intends to investigate the abolition of the youth reduction between 18 and 21 years (with a penalty value of at least one year's imprisonment) and what effects the legislative change may have on future crime. Furthermore, the current study aims to find out what attitudes to legislative change exist among actors working with young people, crime and brain development. Therefore, lawyers, criminologists, psychiatrists and actors with a psychological and neurological background were contacted. Based on a qualitative approach, 10 semi-structured interviews were conducted and then analyzed thematically. The analysis revealed five main themes emerged: skepticism, developments in criminal policy, experts talking to deaf ears, consequences - at best no impact and alternative sentencing options. The majority of the informants share a negative view of abolition, partly due to the maturity of youths, and believe that such a consensus also exists in their work sector. When discussing possible reasons for the abolition, the interviews are permeated by the societal developments that have taken place, with an emphasis on the increase in gang crime and a hardening of criminal policy. The abolition is also expected to lead to a variety of future consequences. This includes an increase in the number of inmates in prisons. Several informants also highlighted legislative changes that have taken place in parallel with the abolition of the youth reduction and thus the difficulty of isolating the effect of a specific legislative change. Subsequently, the majority of informants discussed alternative sentencing options, such as personalization. Finally, the question remains whether the abolition of the youth reduction will lead to a sufficiently positive outcome to be worth the negative consequences discussed by the key informants. 

The aim of this article is to explore the circumstances associated with police interventions and the use of enforced drug tests and body searches against youths suspected of minor drug crime in Malmo, Sweden. There is a need for research on police enforcement practices directed at young people as a result of an increased use of coercive measures against youth and young adults suspected of minor drug offences in Sweden. The research questions are addressed on the basis of police documentation covering a period of one year. Approximately 67% of police interventions involved car-stops or police responses to calls for service. The documented grounds for the use of enforced drug tests are of a subjective nature, and detail signs of intoxication. Body searches were less often documented, and provided little insight into suspicion formation. 82% of the drug tests produced positive results for illicit substances. The results highlight the need to evaluate the utility and practice of body searches and enforced drug testing focused on youth.

The part of the transaction process where the buyer must examine the property is an important part of the transfer, as this is when the buyer finds out more about the property he seeks to purchase. However, there is no obligation for the buyer to investigate the property but rather a division of responsibilities. Therefore, he is responsible for what he should have been able to discover. Since today's real estate market is a fast business, this may mean that the duty to inspect is neglected.  The purpose of this paper was to study whether the Swedish Land and Cadastral Legislation transaction process differed from how the transaction process takes place in practice. To do this two questions were formulated regarding how the duty to investigate and the defect liability rules relate to today's quick business and how the duty to investigate is affected by this. To get an answer to the questions, a legal dogmatic method and a legal analytical method were used,where various sources of law were studied and other sources that go beyond the doctrine of legal sources. The work concluded that the Swedish Land Code does not prescribe how a transaction process should take place, but due to the buyer's duty to inspect, the law presupposes that the buyer has time to inspect the property. Therefore, the work concluded that the transaction process in practice differs from the law. This is because the market of today is based on fast transactions meaning that there is not always time to fulfill the duty to investigate in the same way as the law presupposes. In addition, the work concluded that different types of methods are used in today's market, such as inspections and pre-inspections that affect and extends the duty to inspect. Since there is fast business, it can not always be guaranteed that the transaction process takes place in the way required by law, with special reason due to both lack of time and perhaps even knowledge. Furthermore, the need for assistance from inspectors and other added services is perhaps driven by the fast paced market and the lack of knowledgement for the common buyer.

This article puts intimate partner homicide (IPH) into a process perspective, and describes the latter two stages of the IPH process, that is, ‘changing the project’ and ‘the aftermath’. The focus of analysis is on the moment when the perpetrator chooses to kill the victim, and what s/he does and says in the wake of the killing. Fifty court files, from cases involving 40 male and 10 female perpetrators, underwent thematic analysis. Regarding the final trigger pertaining to changing the project, some situational factors that trigger male-perpetrated IPH seem to differ from the corresponding factors in female-perpetrated IPH. Feelings of rejection and jealousy seemed to be more common as triggers to kill for men than for women, while some cases of female-perpetrated IPH were linked to self-defence in response to IPV. Moreover, as noted previously, no female perpetrators displayed possessiveness.

Criticism is commonly directed at research based on lifestyle-exposure theory and routine activity theory for the use of imprecise measures. To examine this issue further, this systematic review maps activities used as indicators of lifestyle and routine activities in studies on direct-contact crime among young individuals (mean age of 24 or younger). The results indicate that a broad range of activities are used as measures of lifestyle and routine activities in the 101 included studies. Studies on victimization often use illegal activities and substance use as measures of lifestyle or routine activities while studies on offending mainly rely on measures of unstructured and peer-oriented leisure activities. Overall, most studies seem more concerned with specific activities rather than routines or lifestyles.

Drawing on lifestyle-routine activity theory, this dissertation explores associations between everyday life, crime, and fear of crime among adolescents and young adults. It also examines the operationalisation of the concepts of lifestyle and routine activities, and explores the use of experience methods, via a smartphone application named STUNDA, to collect data about everyday life. Of the four studies conducted, Study I shows that different specific lifestyle measures are of varying relevance for victims, offenders, and victim-offenders, which indicates that no single universal lifestyle feature is of relevance for all outcomes studied. The findings from Study II reveal that spending time with friends in the city-centre is associated with lower levels of fear of crime across months, days, and moments. However, other associations between everyday life variables and fear of crime are inconsistent across these reference periods. Study III, a systematic review of the literature, shows that measures of lifestyle and routine activities differ in the frequency with which they are used in studies on interpersonal victimisation and offending. Illegal activities are often used as lifestyle/routine activity measures in studies on victimisation while unstructured and peer-oriented activities dominate in studies on offending. However, the measures used in the included studies are diverse, which indicates that researchers use a wide range of activities that are intended to measure lifestyle/routine activities. The final paper, Study IV, explores fear of crime in relation to moments of everyday life and finds that specific features of settings, such as being in semi-public and public spaces and on public transport, increase the odds for experiencing fear of crime.

The overall conclusions of the studies point to methodological and theoretical directions for future research. First, research in the field of lifestyle-routine activity theory needs to consider specific and potentially different activities when examining victimisation, offending, and the overlap between these two outcomes. Further, fear of crime research must consider different reference periods, such as months, days and moments, since fear may not only be defined as a more stable trait-like phenomenon but also as a momentary and transitory experience in everyday life. The types of measures used to represent everyday life also require consideration, particularly in terms of the inclusion of lifestyle/routine activity measures that are actually related to criminogenic exposure. For theory more specifically, the implications of the findings point to an overall confirmation of the view that exposure to various environmental circumstances is associated with crime and fear of crime. However, across all of the studies conducted, the findings point to potential weaknesses of the theory. In particular, the lack of an elaborated perspective on individual traits and characteristics limits the explanatory scope of lifestyle-routine activity theory. For instance, people with similar lifestyles still vary in terms of their victimisation, offending, and fear of crime, which necessitates the inclusion of additional individual-level factors that could explain these variations. Future research must thus either modify lifestyle-routine activity theory or open up for other theoretical perspectives that provide a more holistic approach to understanding the role of both environ-mental and individual factors when studying everyday life, crime, and fear of crime.

Allt fler gymnasieelever läser juridik samtidigt som skolorna rapporterar en stor brist på ämnesbehöriga lärare i juridik. Det är inte möjligt att bli legitimerad gymnasielärare i juridik genom ämneslärarprogrammet, ämnesbehörighet i ämnet juridik kan endast nås genom kompletterande lärarutbildningar. Det finns ingen utvecklad ämnesdidaktik inom juridikämnet på gymnasial nivå och även för det akademiska ämnet är den ämnesdidaktiska forskningen begränsad. 

Syftet med min studie är att undersöka och beskriva vilka ämnesdidaktiska förutsättningar det finns inom skolämnet juridik. Studien har utförts genom en kvantitativ enkätstudie bland juridiklärare på gymnasieskolor runtom i Sverige. Enkätresultatet har analyserats utifrån tre teman: Hur ser juridiklärares bakgrund ut i förhållande till formell pedagogisk utbildning och ämneskunskaper, hur undervisar juridiklärare och vilka ämnesdidaktiska utmaningar uppger juridiklärare att de möter i sin undervisning?

Studiens resultat visar att juridiklärares bakgrund varierar allt ifrån att lärare har akademisk examen inom juridik till att helt sakna formell ämnesutbildning. När det kommer till undervisningsmetoder använder sig juridiklärare av flera olika undervisningsmetoder med tydliga kopplingar till ämnesplanen vilket visar på en varierad juridikundervisning. Det finns vissa skillnader mellan behöriga och obehöriga lärare gällande vilka undervisningsmetoder som används. Den främsta ämnesdidaktiska utmaningen som juridiklärare upplever rör elevernas möte med det juridiska språket. Elevernas språkliga svårigheter påverkar och begränsar undervisningen i juridik. 

Den här boken tar sig an frågan om polisens samhällsuppdrag och hur målen för polisen uppfattas av olika parter. Boken handlar om polisen som den som både öppnar och stänger dörren till rättsväsendet, liksom hur polisens auktoritet utövas, vilka maktmedel som brukas och om balansgången mellan legitim kontroll och överkontroll. Sist men inte minst handlar den om hur polisens verksamhet kan eller bör fungera. Polis – vad är det? är en översättning och omarbetning av Liv Finstads bok Hva er politi som gavs ut på norska 2018. Boken vänder sig i första hand till studerande vid polisutbildningen men fungerar även utmärkt som litteratur i andra professionsutbildningar, exempelvis inom kriminologi eller socialt arbete, som leder till yrken som på olika sätt samverkar med polisen. Myndigheter är också en given målgrupp liksom den som bara har ett intresse av att veta mer om polisen i samhället.

A lot of things can go wrong when a part, at a late stage, exits during contract negotiations in connection with property conveyances. In Swedish law, the property purchase is a formal agreement, which means that nothing becomes binding until the formal requirements are met. This allows a part to disloyally negotiate agreements without intending to enter a contract, while the other part incurs costs that later prove meaningless. 

This essay investigates the legal figure culpa in contrahendo, which means that a part whose negligence causes an injury to the counterpart in connection with the contract negotiations may be liable for the damage. Not only is negligent behaviour required for a pre-contractual liability to be triggered, but there is also requirement, based on case law and jurisprudence, that the contract negotiations have reached a critical point where the duty of loyalty enters. 

The purpose of this essay is to try to clarify what can be considered a critical point where liability for damages according to the principle of culpa in contrahendo becomes valid. The study is mainly based on a legal method. As a complement, a quantitative method in the form of a study has been applied. Based on case law, it has been possible to establish that a critical point can be compared with the situations where the parties have signed a preliminary agreement. The results from the survey show that the critical point may have arisen when one of the parties signed the contract. It is important to emphasize that the respondent’s answers cannot be regarded as applicable law.

This design case describes the creation and implementation of a 4-week, online, and collaborative learning experience between criminology students and faculty at two universities: one in the United States and one in Sweden. Both universities have a diverse student body that includes first-generation college students and underrepresented students. The collaboration gave students an opportunity to explore criminology in an authentic global context and harness similar benefits to a study abroad program without the financial burden. The project was grounded in instructional design theories of computer-supported collaborative learning (CSCL) and best practices for cross-cultural team collaboration. The design involved the creation of an engaging learning environment where learners worked together to accomplish a shared goal and co-create knowledge. The design offered students a unique learning experience that broadened their understanding of criminology theories in two distinct national contexts. We present the case through design decisions, implementation outcomes, a rich description of the context, and a holistic reflective view from the designer, faculty, and learner perspectives.

The aim of this article is to outline a theoretical framework for how the concept of trust can be used as analytical tool for a study of the aim, design, output and societal legitimacy of a Swedish welfare programme conducted to reduce disparities in health and social inequities and to give newborn a positive start in life. This programme, labelled Grow Safely, implies that home visits will be conducted at six occasions at first-time parents by different professionals: child health care nurses, midwifes, dental hygienists and counsellors from the social services. Prior to when the intervention is carried out, the involved professionals in the programme will be participating in training in order to increase the possibility that the home visits will be carried out in similar ways and be followed the same manual throughout the programme.

The welfare programme will be based on relationships on different levels: between professionals and parents, between different professionals, between professionals and managers, and between organisations. Trust is believed to be of significance for the development of relationships as well as for the social legitimacy of the implantation of welfare programmes. Therefore, our ambition is to embrace a broad perspective on trust, combining insights from a variety of research traditions and analyses on macro, meso and micro levels in the outline a model for how the concept of trust can be used as an analytical tool for studying welfare programmes like Grow Safely. We argue for that the model can capture the significance of trust at different levels: individual, professional, organisational and societal levels as well as interplays between these levels, and consequently be useful in to analyse implementations of welfare programmes.

Places with persistently high levels of crime, hot spots, are an important object of study. To some extent, the high levels of crime at such hot spots are likely to be related to flows of people. City center locations with large flows of people are quite often also hot spots, e.g., hot spots for pick pocketing at a central train station, or hot spots for assault in the nightlife district. This can be related to crime pattern theory, or to the routine activity perspective, which both suggest that flows of people can affect crime. The present study attempts to explore and quantify whether there are differences in the association between flows of people and crime for different crime types. The analysis considers locations with high crime counts for six crime types in the city of Malmö, Sweden. For each crime type, hot spots are identified and mapped, and in order to explore whether, or how, these are related to flows of people, the crime levels are then analyzed in relation to the number of people who boarded a local bus (N = 33,134,198) nearby. The paper shows that all six crime types are associated with flows of people, although less so for arson and vandalism. This is hypothesized to be due to the relatively constant target availability for these crimes as opposed to the other crime types studied.

The covid-19 disease has a large impact on life across the globe, and this could potentially include impacts on crime. The present study describes how crime has changed in Sweden during ten weeks after the government started to implement interventions to reduce spread of the disease. Sweden has undertaken smaller interventions than many other countries and is therefore a particularly interesting case to study. The first major interventions in Sweden were implemented in the end of week 11 (March 12th) in the year 2020, and we analyze police reported crimes through week 21 (ending May 24th). Descriptive statistics are provided relative to expected levels with 95% confidence intervals for eight crime types. We find that total crime, assaults, pickpocketing and burglary have decreased significantly, personal robberies and narcotics crime are unchanged. Vandalism possibly increased somewhat but is hard to draw any firm conclusions on. The reductions are fairly small for most crime types, in the 5–20% range, with pickpocketing being the biggest exception noting a 59% drop relative to expected levels.