Denna studie fokuserar på obalansen av containertillgången mellan Kina, Europa och USA. Företag inom containerindustrin i Kina har en låg tillgång på containrar men en hög efterfrågan, medan företagen försöker få tillgång till ett högre utbud av containrar kämpar USA med att tillgodose företagens efterfrågan i Kina. Studien identifiera de huvudsakliga orsakerna som kommer hjälpa till för att förstå varför det har uppstått en containerbrist i Kina, med fokus på konsekvenserna som uppkommit utifrån dessa bidragande faktorer. 

Det finns problem gällande distributionen med containerfrakt vilket skapar oro gällande hanteringen av tomma containrar och hur de ska bli ompositionerade. Detta resulterar i en obalans av containrar inom vissa sektorer. Industrin inom Kina har haft produktionsstopp längre än förväntat på grund av pandemin vilket är orsaken till att den ökade produktionen satte stor press på hamnarna i Kina efter att nedstängningen var över. En annan orsak är att hamnar i USA blivit utsatta för pandemin, vilket i sin tur skapat en personalbrist och fartyg tvingades till att köa för att bli avlastade. Ytterligare en orsak fokuserar på Suezkanalen och hur ett fartyg blockerade hela kanalen, vilket orsakade förseningar och resursförluster för de inblandade parterna. 

En konsekvens av den ökande efterfrågan på containerfrakt är att priset för frakten blir dyrare, vilket i sin tur kan påverka varornas pris då risken finns att specifikt priset kan stiga. Kinas exportföretag har skickat färre containrar som en direkt konsekvens av deras produktionsstopp vid det kinesiska nyåret, en konsekvens av den minskade exporten av containrar är att Kinas företag stöter på logistiska problem gällande att kunna möta efterfrågan på containerfrakt. En ytterligare konsekvens handlar om att tomma containrar spenderar mer tid ute på havet än vanligt gods, vilket orsakar obalanser gällande utbudet på containrar i världen. Gällande stoppet i Suezkanalen kommer de långvariga konsekvenserna kvarstå framöver gällande förseningar på transporter. 

Sweden, like many other European countries, has lower employment levels for the foreign-born compared to native-born Swedes. To some extent, this could be due to the country's relatively large intake of refugees. However, few studies have focused entirely on the employment integration of these refugees. In order to fill this gap, we use detailed longitudinal Swedish register data of three arrival cohorts (1998-2000). These data cover the employment of refugees from different countries of origin in Sweden in the first 12 years since their arrival. In line with related work and theoretical considerations and with respect to group characteristics, outmigration, and employment integration over time, we find differences between dissimilar groups of refugees. The findings concerning employment integration decrease to a small degree after rich regression adjustments. Moreover, maybe more surprisingly, we find a very similar result within the main groups of refugees from countries such as Bosnia, Ethiopia, and Eritrea. Women from these groups, in particular, have similar or higher employment probabilities than Swedish-born women after between 5 and 8 years in the country. Overall, each group managed to catch up to a non-negligible, yet varying, degree compared to related empirical evidence from other countries. The role of contextual factors in the refugee sending and receiving countries is highlighted.

A growing research literature is focusing on how effects from increased accessibility may differ according to socio-economic aspects of neighbourhoods and households. This has raised concerns of whether areas with high accessibility may became unaffordable for low-income households, who, at the same time, may depend on public transport accessibility more than average households. We use difference-in-difference estimates of hedonic price models to study the distribution of effects around the new stations provided by a railway tunnel in Malmo center dot, Sweden. The study finds that the lower-price segments are the most affected by the improved accessibility, which becomes clearer when different control groups are used for different market segments. Accessibility is therefore interpreted as highly important for households in the lower-price segments. From a housing accessibility perspective, this is described as a double-edged sword. On the one hand, the owners of the apartments in these neighbourhoods, who benefit from the price increase, are typically low-income households. On the other hand, low-income households who are not owners may find the area prohibitively expensive due to price increases. Tenure of the catchment area is thus an important factor in understanding the distributional effects of accessibility. Integrating transport and housing-related planning, and specifically addressing the issue of affordability in early assessments, are therefore recommended.

Property prices are known to be higher in places with high accessibility, such as in proximity to train stations and especially to commuter rail, than in places without this access. This study provides a better understanding of how regional accessibility, through the structure of railway networks, can influence local agglomeration economies by providing accessibility to large labor markets. Previous literature has shown a positive impact of proximity to railway stations on housing prices, and our study adds to the literature by analyzing the impact of network structure. We argue that public transport systems can support the benefits of city networks in line with Alonso’s concept of borrowed sizes (1973). Using network theory to measure accessibility provided by the network, we show that stations that provide accessibility to large labor markets across the region are perceived as more attractive by households. Cities in proximity to other cities are strengthened through their public transport links, which allow agglomeration benefits to be exploited by residents.

In a globalised world with an increasing division of labour, the competition for highly skilled individuals-regardless of their origin-is growing, as is the value of such individuals for national economies. Yet the majority of studies analysing the economic integration of immigrants shows that those who are highly skilled also have substantial hurdles to overcome: their employment rates and salaries are lower and they face a higher education-to-occupation mismatch compared to highly skilled natives. This paper contributes to the paucity of studies on the employment patterns of highly skilled immigrants to Sweden by providing an overview of the socio-demographic characteristics, labour-market participation and occupational mobility of highly educated migrants in Sweden. Based on a statistical analysis of register data, we compare their employment rates, salaries and occupational skill level and mobility to those of immigrants with lower education and with natives. The descriptive analysis of the data shows that, while highly skilled immigrants perform better than those with a lower educational level, they never catch up with their native counterparts. Our regression analyses confirm these patterns for highly skilled migrants. Furthermore, we find that reasons for migration matter for highly skilled migrants' employment outcomes, with labour migrants having better employment rates, income and qualification-matched employment than family reunion migrants and refugees.

Purpose – This paper aims to test two hypotheses related to the supposedly negative impact of rent controlon residential mobility: the mobility of renters is, first, negatively related to how attractive their residentialareas are and, second, relatively high for renters living in properties built after 2005.Design/methodology/approach – This paper estimates logit and multinomial logit regressions andmodels household moves. The multinomial logit regressions separate between short- and long-distance movesand between moves to rentals and to owned dwellings. This paper uses the “relative income” of the tenants’residential areas to proxy area attractiveness. This paper estimates regressions for entire Sweden and thethree largest “commuting” regions and municipalities, respectively.Findings – The full sample provides support of both hypotheses in all regressions. Hypothesis one getsstronger support for moves to other rentals than moves to owned dwellings but about equally strong supportfor short- and long-distance moves. Hypothesis one obtains strongest support in Gothenburg municipalitywhile hypothesis two obtains strongest support in the Malmö region. Also, hypothesis two obtains strongersupport for short-distance moves than long-distance moves and slightly stronger support for moves to owneddwellings than those to rented dwellings.Research limitations/implications – This paper does not estimate “how much” rent control affectsmobility, and results cannot be used to design specific rent setting policies. Results may be sensitive to howdifferent types of moves are defined.Practical implications – Efforts to reform rent setting policies in Sweden are encouraged.Originality/value – To the best of the author’s knowledge, this paper’s two hypotheses are not testedbefore in Sweden and can be tested without control groups

In Sweden, there have been a surplus of men in rural areas and a surplus of women in urban areas for decades. However, the relative difference between rural and urban areas have decreased for about 70 years between the 1930s and the new millennium. We use two approaches to understand the decreasing regional gender gaps: 1. we decompose regional gender balance changes into the main components of population growth/decline i.e international net migration, internal net migration and net births. 2. We employ individual register data, estimate multinomial regressions every year 1991–2016 and analyse how the relationship between gender and the probability of moving from rural areas develops over time. We estimate separate regressions for Swedish-born and foreign-born. After controlling for traditional explanatory variables, we interpret the dichotomous gender variable as a measure of “gender norms”. The question is if we can spot gender norm trends that can help explain the decreasing regional gender gaps over time. We find that the development of net birth rates in rural areas explains the decreased gender gap between rural and urban areas since 1968 while net immigration and net internal migration have rather contributed to increasing regional gender gaps. Despite this, the multinomial regressions do not support changing relationships between gender and the probability to out-migrate from rural areas after 1990 for the Swedish-born. For foreign-born, we find evidence of decreased gender differences regarding the probability to leave rural areas. This contributes to an increased surplus of rural men because foreign-born men have an increased probability to stay in rural municipalities in comparison to women. In sum, we do not find that changing gender norms, for Swedish-born or foreign-born, can explain the decreasing gender gaps between rural and urban areas. In fact, for the foreign-born, we find the opposite.

Arbetsförmedlingen har genom en stor reformering som skett under de senaste åren fått ett annat ansvarsområde än de tidigare haft. Från att ha varit de som förmedlar jobb till arbetssökande är myndigheten nu i större utsträckning en kontrollerande verksamhet som betalar fristående leverantörer för att dessa ska genomföra arbetet med att få fler personer ut i sysselsättning. Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka hur samarbetet mellan en statlig myndighet och privata företag ser ut, men också om det riskerar att finnas en målkonflikt mellan dessa två.Studiens forskningsfrågor går i linje med detta och handlar om hur ett antal anställda på Arbetsförmedlingen upplever samarbetet, om alla deltagare får det stöd som krävs, samt om de upplever att det finns en målkonflikt i samarbetet mellan statlig myndighet och fristående leverantörer. Studien genomförs med hjälp av strukturerade intervjuer med sex personer anställda på Arbetsförmedlingen någonstans i Sverige. För att behandla den insamlade empirin används teorin New public management. Intervjupersonerna har bitvis skilda meningar kring frågorna men överlag upplevs samarbetet bra och de intervjuade uttrycker ett stort förtroende för de fristående leverantörerna och betonar att de arbetar mot samma mål.

Many citizens in countries now accept that there is a need to adapt to climate change and to invest in renewable resources. This paper contributes to the planning of energy development in South Africa. Currently, South Africa is faced with a crisis in energy security with ‘load shedding’ resulting in hours without power. Coal, a fossil fuel, is the main source for energy in South Africa with negative effects for the environment and human health. To provide security over the future supply of domestic energy, the technique of fracking on and offshore is being advanced as an alternative by government which has been granting exploratory fracking licences. A review of the literature at the nexus of fracking, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and ecosystem services was undertaken from a triple risk lens (Prpich & Coulon 2018). The findings indicate that fracking operations may create a short-lived economic boom but there is substantive scholarly evidence on the immense long- term risks for both the environment and human health. The impact of land use changes through fracking and the risks of fracking operations for ecosystems, climate change and achieving the SDGs of Agenda 2030 are evident and form a ‘self-reinforcing loop’. We conclude that if fracking is predominantly being perceived from a prism of its economic benefits, then economic value needs to be attached to all the services that are provided by ecosystems. Thus, we recommend that an ecosystem services assessment must precede the granting of frackinglicences to evaluate whether fracking is a viable option. It is also suggested Take Stock of Fracking Risks and Count the Costs239that compensatory justice, be included as a policy measure for rehabilitation of the land where fracking has already commenced. In conclusion, we assert that healthy, environmentally sustainable living conditions need to be provided for all citizens and investment is needed to support adequate renewable energy infrastructure, a pre- requisite for government’s Just Energy Transformation (JET). 

The Ghanaian real estate market, though thriving, grapples with insufficient market data. The lack of data renders the market nontransparent and increases transaction costs. Considering the market performance over the past few years, great potential lies for even more growth if this problem is addressed. This research aims to provide an understanding of the data needs of the market and the effects of data paucity on the market. It also explores the potential that state institutions provide to ameliorate the problem. The data for this study is collected from interviews with real estate valuers and data aggregation firms that operate in the Ghanaian market. Data is also collected from acts of parliament. The research outlines the perspectives of valuers regarding the problem and the provisions that legal documents make for improving access to market data. This is conducted through qualitative methods. The research finds that the problems with data inaccessibility do not only affect market transactions but also the training of valuers and research about the market. The results indicate that government legislation makes provisions that should enable the collection of data by different agencies to be made publicly available; however, it appears the lack of incentives and a lack of enforcement of these institutions has resulted in the status quo: stakeholders in the market seem to be sitting on a goldmine.  Therefore, relevant stakeholders in the market need to drive change in data provision for a more transparent and efficient market.

Leaders’ individual transformative capabilities, qualities and skills are critical to the sustainable transformation in organisations. This exploratory research aims to explore the inspiration from the creative process of craftsmen to enable inner development of sustainable leaders for promoting sustainable transformation. Taking experiential learning as an intermediate factor, the thesis asks two research questions. 1) How does the creative process of craftsmen contribute to experiential learning?2) What is the implication of experiential learning to inner development of sustainable leaders? The frameworks of the creative process, the Inner Development Goals and the Experiential Learning Cycle are used to analyse the potential of experiential learning observed through the craftsman's creativity process to enable inner development of sustainable leaders. The research is led in two parts. The first part is an inductive empirical research based on semi-structured interviews with selected craftsmen to understand how craftsmen engage in experiential learning during their creative process. The second part of the research is a deductive theoretical analysis to understand how experiential learning can facilitate inner development of sustainable leaders. The results suggest that engaging in experiential learning through creative process is an innovative pers for sustainable leaders to develop individual transformative capabilities, skills, and competences for their inner development. Theoretical implications and practical recommendations are provided based on the findings of the research.

The real-estate sector has traditionally been thinking in terms of “bricks and mortar” focusing more on the buildings than on the tenants. A change of approach has, however, been detected since the mid 1990s. The tenant is now more in focus. This new situation puts higher requirements on both the individual real-estate manager’s and organization’s ability to determine the needs of the tenants. Evaluations and knowledge management can be a help in this process Post Occupancy Evaluation (POE) is one tool where the tenant’s perspective is in focus. The purpose of this thesis is to study the Swedish real-estate sector’s attitudes and experience of POE. Furthermore the purpose is to investigate how POE can be implemented in the organization and what barriers there are to implementation. This thesis presents three empirical studies of the real-estate sector and their use of POE. The first study is a survey sent to Swedish real-estate managers to determine their attitudes and experience of POE. This study was followed up by a more in-depth interview study to determine the attitudes regarding POE among the real-estate managers. The third study was also an interview study and it was carried out with individuals in leading positions in organizations in the real-estate sector. The aim of this study was to get a clearer view of possibilities for change and barriers to change within the real-estate sector The results show that there is an interest from the real-estate managers towards evaluations but that they rarely carry out evaluations. The main barrier detected is the lack of support from top management and this has resulted in a lack of incentives for realestate managers to work with POE. The reason for this lack of interest from the top management can be the culture of the real-estate sector, a culture which has sprung from the building sector. The conclusion is that problems will not be solved solely by implementing POE. The organisation must take care of the information, share it, learn from it and use it in the best way in current and future projects. This can only be done by implanting a knowledge management system. To enable this kind of change within the organisation the top management must underline the importance of this and at the same time give the organisation both the right tools to enable implementation and incentives to carry this out and follow it through. One way to show the importance of knowledge management, and at the same time create incentives and methods to follow up the development of the organisation is to integrate POE in the Balanced Scorecard. The conclusion is that if the top management doesn’t want the organisation to fall behind its competitors it must put knowledge management on the agenda. Sooner or later the competitors will implement evaluations and knowledge management in their organisations, and then it is only a question of time before they have built a better and stronger organisation, with better-qualified employees, that generates more efficient services and more satisfied customers.

Using a combination of logit, and OLS regressions we ask if the labour force outcomes for Polish immigrants differ across two immigration policy regimes (Canada and Sweden). Specifically, we compare the employment and earnings prospects of Polish immigrants and their children in Canada and Sweden using data that is similar in quality and timing. We find that in general, Polish immigrants, while facing substantial penalties compared to native-born workers fare better in Canada than in Sweden in terms of employment and income. As expected, second generation Poles fare much better than their immigrant counterparts in terms of employment and earnings differentials and have similar outcomes to the native-born majority in both countries. Membership in the EU fundamentally changed migration flows from Poland. In light of this we also look at how post-2004 Polish migrants have fared in both Canada and Sweden.

Population aging presents a looming challenge for sustaining intergenerational transfers from the economically productive population to dependent elderly. This chapter offers an interdisciplinary perspective on whether immigration may alleviate this economic challenge for an aging welfare state. Specifically, it demonstrates how immigration may be beneficial from a pure demographic perspective, but less so or costly from an economic perspective.

Google Trends (GT) collate the volumes of search keywords over time and by geographical location. Such data could, in theory, provide insights into people’s ex ante intentions to migrate, and hence be useful for predictive analysis of future migration. Empirically, however, the predictive power of GT is sensitive, it may vary depending on geographical context, the search keywords selected for analysis, as well as Google’s market share and its users’ characteristics and search behavior, among others. Unlike most previous studies attempting to demonstrate the benefit of using GT for forecasting migration flows, this article addresses a critical but less discussed issue: when GT cannot enhance the performances of migration models. Using EUROSTAT statistics on first-time asylum applications and a set of push-pull indicators gathered from various data sources, we train three classes of gravity models that are commonly used in the migration literature, and examine how the inclusion of GT may affect models’ abilities to predict refugees’ destination choices. The results suggest that the effects of including GT are highly contingent on the complexity of different models. Specifically, GT can only improve the performance of relatively simple models, but not of those augmented by flow Fixed-Effects or by Auto-Regressive effects. These findings call for a more comprehensive analysis of the strengths and limitations of using GT, as well as other digital trace data, in the context of modeling and forecasting migration. It is our hope that this nuanced perspective can spur further innovations in the field, and ultimately bring us closer to a comprehensive modeling framework of human migration.

Migration models have evolved significantly during the last decade, most notably the so-called flow Fixed-Effects (FE) gravity models. Such models attempt to infer how human mobility may be driven by changing economy, geopolitics, and the environment among other things. They are also increasingly used for migration projections and forecasts. However, recent research shows that this class of models can neither explain, nor predict the temporal dynamics of human movement. This shortcoming is even more apparent in the context of forced migration, in which the processes and drivers tend to be heterogeneous and complex. In this article, we derived a Flow-Specific Temporal Gravity (FTG) model which, compared to the FE models, is theoretically similar (informed by the random utility framework), but empirically less restrictive. Using EUROSTAT data with climate, economic, and conflict indicators, we trained both models and compared their performances. The results suggest that the predictive power of these models is highly dependent on the length of training data. Specifically, as time-series migration data lengthens, FTG's predictions can be increasingly accurate, whereas the FE model becomes less predictive.

Population ageing is making it increasingly difficult for countries to sustain theircurrent levels social welfare transfers from the economically active populationto the dependent elderly. To meet this challenge, the Swedish government hasimplemented various reforms since the 1990s aimed at reducing incentives totake early retirement. However, a critical question has emerged in response tothese reforms: namely, whether members of certain socially and demographicallydisadvantaged groups will, in practice, be able to work longer. This paper providesa detailed overview of retirement trends in Sweden, disaggregated by educationalattainment, health status, and country of birth. Our results show that the growthpattern in the average effective retirement age since the mid-1990s was shared byindividuals regardless of their educational level, health status, or country of birth.This shared growth pattern suggests that it is possible to extend the working livesof all groups of individuals, regardless of their socio-economic and demographiccharacteristics.

Elektroniskt avfall ökar årligen, samtidigt som mobiltelefoner är en självklarhet för människor att äga har mobiltelefoner blivit den snabbast växande kategorin inom elektroniskt avfall. Flertalet aktörer för försäljning av renoverade mobiltelefoner har tillträtt marknaden och begreppet recommerce används ofta av dessa aktörer för att beskriva processen för försäljning av renoverade mobiltelefoner. Studien är tvådelad i sitt syfte där begreppet recommerce utforskats utifrån tidigare forskning inom cirkulär ekonomi, hållbara försörjningskedjor och omvänd logistik för att förstå vilka aspekter inom dessa begrepp som kan appliceras för att skapa en bredare uppfattning av recommerce. Empiriskt underlag för recommerce har baserats kring information från flertalet aktörer vilka arbetar med försäljning av renoverade mobiltelefoner och dess beskrivning av recommerce. Empirin har analyserats med hjälp av studiens teoretiska referensram för att ge en utförlig förklaring över recommerce. Studiens resultat påvisar att aspekter inom omvänd logistik såsom reuse är centrala för hur recommerce för renoverad mobiltelefoni fungerar, vidare argumenteras det för att recommerce bidrar till minskat resursutnyttjande och genom detta ett mindre klimatavtryck vilket vidare bidrar till förbättrat hållbarhetsarbete inom flödeskedjan för renoverade mobiltelefoner. En enkätundersökning genomfördes för att få förståelse över konsumenters beteende kring konsumtion av mobiltelefoner samt deras attityder och kännedom kring försäljning av renoverad mobiltelefoni. Respondenternas svar har analyserats i förhållande till tidigare forskning inom konsumtionsbeteende för mobiltelefoner där analysen av enkätundersökningen argumenterar för att konsumenters konsumtion av mobiltelefoner anses vara överdriven, konsumenters tendenser för avlägsnande av gamla mobiltelefoner är ohållbar samt att konsumenter uppvisar en låg medvetenhet kring mobiltelefonens klimatpåverkan. Emellertid visar studien att köpviljan för renoverade mobiltelefoner är hög, men att kännedomen kring recommerce-företag är låg och att fördelarna med recommerce bör lyftas av högre instanser än företagen för att skapa incitament för människor att i högre utsträckning köpa mobiltelefoner från recommerce-företag.

The Swedish property market is a highly current and attractive market with a high demand.Therefore there is a high interest in valuation of properties, which is an important part of realestate sales, buying property or taking loans from the bank. How does a property appraiserwork on the commercial property market, which is known for its asymmetric informationwhere the parties have different amounts of information?

The purpose of this study is to examine how a property appraiser on the commercial real estatemarket compensates for the asymmetric information which real estate packaging brings. Thisstudy will also look into whether there is any difference in the process if the valuation isperformed by a company which has a transaction department or if it ́s performed by acompany which does not have a transaction department. The purpose in this study is fulfilledthrough interviews with some of the more established commercial property appraisers.

The study shows similarities in the process of valuing a commercial property between thedifferent companies, however, it also shows differences in the process. The differences mainlyshow between the companies with a transaction department and the companies that doesn ́thave this department. Appraisers in a company with a transaction department seems to relyto a wider extent on its own transaction department, when it comes to gather information,something that may lead to psychological restraints in the information gathering. Theappraisers in the companies without a transaction department, take more informal ways togather the information.

The paper investigates the relation between overeducation and self-employment, in a comparative analysis between immigrants and natives. Using the EU Labour Force Survey for the year 2012 and controlling for a list of demographic characteristics and general characteristics of 30 destination countries, it finds that the likelihood of being overeducated decreases for self-employed immigrants, with inconclusive results for self-employed natives. The results shed light on the extent to which immigrants adjust to labor market imperfections and barriers to employment and might help explain the higher incidence of self-employment that immigrants exhibit, when compared to natives. This is the first study to systematically study the nexus between overeducation and self-employment in a comparative framework. Moreover, the paper tests the robustness of the results by employing two different measures of overeducation, contributing to the literature of the measurement of overeducation.

When the European Union expanded eastward in 2004 and 2007 to accession the so-called EU8 and EU2 countries, respectively, the incumbent member states imposed temporary restrictions on the employment of EU8 and EU2 nationals. Self-employed individuals were exempted from these transitional arrangements, prompting concerns that self-employment could be used as a means to evade the restrictions on labour market access. If the transitional arrangements led to an increase in EU8 and EU2 nationals’ self-employment rates, as previous research suggests, then their removal should have led to a corresponding decrease. This article analyses whether the latter has indeed been the case. Using pooled cross section data from the EU Labour Force Survey, over the period 2004–2019, we show that removing the transitional arrangements has had a negative effect on the self-employment rates of EU2 nationals, but seemingly no effect on the self-employment rates of EU8 nationals. Distinguishing between types of capitalist regimes, however, reveals a much more nuanced picture, with significant variation in terms of the magnitude and significance of the effect across groups of countries. 

Purpose: This study aims to analyse the effect of gun-related violence on housing values, controlling for the area's crime levels and locational factors. Previous studies that aimed to find a causal connection between crime and housing values used instrument variables to solve the endogeneity problem. Here, the authors have instead been able to take advantage of the fact that shootings have occurred in random time and space. This has made it possible to estimate models to create windows around the shooting (event) and to estimate the causal effects of the shootings. Thus, the authors aim to contribute to the regression discontinuity design method in this context to estimate the short-term effects.

Design/methodology/approach: Using the regression discontinuity design method, the authors can estimate the short-term effects of shootings.

Findings: Findings from the analysis indicate that shootings directly affect those who are impacted by shootings and indirectly affect the environments where shootings occur. The indirect effect of shootings is momentary as it is capitalised directly in housing values in the immediate area. The effect also appears to be relatively long-term and persistent as housing values have not returned to the price level before the shooting 100–200 days after the shooting. The capitalisation effect is higher the closer one gets to the central parts of the city. On the other hand, the capitalisation effect is not higher or lower in areas with a higher crime rate per capita.

Originality/value: The article contributes to the previous literature in several ways. First and foremost, it provides an explicit analysis of shootings in built-up areas and their hypothesised effect on property prices through the impact on attractiveness and perceived safety. As far as the authors know, no study has analysed this issue on the international level or in Sweden. In this way, the authors aim to develop a study that can provide critical knowledge about one of the adverse effects of shootings. The authors also contribute to the literature by utilising unique data material, which allows the authors to merge information from the police about the exact location of shootings in the Stockholm area with data on sales of apartments in the same residential areas. In addition to the exact location of the shootings (coordinates), the authors also have access to data about whether the shootings led to injuries or deaths. Thus, the authors have separated the effect of shootings and fatal shootings, which has not been done before. Finally, the authors set out to highlight the results as a contribution to the debate on shootings.