Practicing designers must usually relate to branding in some manner. A designed artifact must support the brand in a constructive way and help establish positive brand experiences, which in turn have strategic value for the brand's institution. While there is obvious application of visual branding knowledge to the visual form of interactive artifacts, interviews with expert practitioners reveal a lack of systematic means to craft an interaction aesthetic to support a brand. Our empirical study relates attributes of interactive experience to that of 'brand personality', a common way of quantifying how a brand should be perceived. We show that particular attributes of interactivity, such as whether an interaction has a continuous rather than discrete flow, are related to particular brand traits. Our empirical results establish a clear commercial significance for deeper, systematic ways of analyzing and critiquing interactive experiences.

The revitalisation and regeneration of streets is a multi-faceted process aimed at breathing new life into urban areas, enhancing their functionality, attractiveness, and economic viability. This concept has gained significant attention from urban planners, policymakers, and community stakeholders seeking to address issues such as urban decay, blight and declining economic activity in cities. Several approaches and strategies have been employed to revitalise and regenerate streets, drawing from principles of urban design, placemaking, and community development (Lydon & Garcia, 2015). Streets have become important components of cities as they function as more than just connecting corridors; they are vital arteries constantly being reproduced and revitalised through the lived experiences of individuals who cross them on a daily basis. Furthermore, in recent years, there has been a discernible global trend wherein urban waterfront redevelopment has garnered significant attention within major metropolitan centres. Once overlooked, these urban waterfront areas have transformed, emerging as pivotal loci for social, recreational, and economic endeavours. 

This study explores the revitalisation and regeneration of urban streets, with a focus on Skeppsbron Street, which is an urban waterfront street in Malmö, Sweden. The research in order to evaluate the current conditions of this street and propose strategies to transform it into a vibrant, sustainable, and socially engaging urban space which originates from the two main goals of the research as follows:

1.     Investigating and evaluating the significance of focusing on urban streets in the process of revitalising and regenerating urban areas.

2.     Identifying and introducing a set of influential factors in design will encourage as many people as possible to participate in and be present in the city's street scene, thereby creating a lively and dynamic society.

By employing qualitative methods, including interviews, direct observations, and literature review, the study investigates the role of urban streets as vital public spaces that foster social interaction and community engagement. Drawing upon established urban theories from scholars such as Jane Jacobs, William H. Whyte, Allan B. Jacobs, Jan Gehl, and Donald Appleyard, the research highlights the importance of public space design in the processes of urban street regeneration and revitalisation.

The case study of Skeppsbron Street reveals that, despite its historical significance and strategic location, the street has not fully realised its potential as a dynamic public space. The analysis identifies key challenges, such as limited pedestrian activity and underutilised spaces, which hinder the street's ability to serve as a lively urban environment. To address these issues, the study proposes a set of regenerative strategies, including the activation of land use along the street edge, the introduction of temporary uses, and the enhancement of seasonal vegetation. These strategies aim to increase the street's attractiveness and functionality, thereby encouraging greater public participation and enhancing the overall urban experience.

By examining the current conditions of Skeppsbron Street and identifying potential regenerative elements, this study aims to provide insights into effective strategies for transforming urban streets into dynamic public spaces. The findings will contribute to the broader discourse on urban street revitalisation, offering practical recommendations for creating more sustainable, liveable, and engaging urban environments. 

A high-throughput method for the fabrication of ordered arrays of Au nanoparticles is presented. It is based on pulsed electrodeposition into porous anodic alumina templates. In contrast to many synthesis routes, it is cyanide-free, prior separation of the alumina template from the aluminium substrate is not required, and the use of contaminating surfactants/capping agents often found in colloidal synthesis is avoided. The aspect ratio of the nanoparticles can also be tuned by selecting an appropriate electrodeposition time. We show how to fabricate arrays of nanoparticles, both with branched bases and with hemispherical bases. Furthermore, we compare the different morphologies produced with electron microscopies and grazing-incidence synchrotron X-ray diffraction. We find the nanoparticles are polycrystalline in nature and are compressively strained perpendicular to the direction of growth, and expansively strained along the direction of growth. We discuss how this can produce dislocations and twinning defects that could be beneficial for catalysis.

While solar cell research has traditionally focused on rooftop installations, there aresituations where the roof may not be suitable due to building design or legislativerestrictions. Additionally, shading from surrounding buildings can impact the efficiency ofsolar cells. To overcome these obstacles and maximize efficiency, the study explores solarpanel installations on facades in different densely built areas. The study aims to describehow urban density influences the energy profitability of solar panels on building facades.By employing a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods, including literaturereviews, 3D modeling, and energy calculations, the study analyzes the energy efficiencyand electricity production of facade-mounted solar cells in various densely built areas. Theresults demonstrate that solar panel installations on facades can exhibit varying efficiencyand electricity production, with the building's location in relation to surrounding structuresplaying a significant role. The study seeks to provide an overview of the energyprofitability of solar panels on building facades to support the development of sustainableenergy solutions in urban areas. Considering future urban planning, which is expected tomaintain high density, it becomes crucial to consider existing buildings and solar energyinstallations to ensure their long-term access to solar irradiation. The study is relevant inpromoting sustainability and energy efficiency in both new and existing buildings andexploring the potential of solar panels on building facades. It also highlights the need forfurther research to harness the potential of facades as an alternative energy source. Finally,it concludes that there is no generalized requirement for what the minimum distancebetween buildings needs to be for an efficient solar cell installation to be achieved,emphasizing the importance of considering factors such as the azimuth angle, orientation,and height of neighboring buildings.

This work has been performed at Starke Cycles and its purpose is to analyze the control arm of the MacPherson's suspension system for their new prototype of transport cycles. To analyze the control arm, the work is divided into different parts. The parts consists of mechanical calculations, material production, CAD modulation, structural mechanics and FEM analyzes. Material production is carried out using the material database CES-EduPack. The CAD program Solidworks is used to obtain a CAD model of the control arm. To analyze the control arm, SolidWorks simulation tools are used to obtain stress concentration and are presented.

Starke Cycles is a private bicycle manufacturing company. Their idea is to manufacture and develop environmentally friendly electric bicycles for the transport of goods. A normal way of transporting goods is by means of trucks. The disadvantage of transporting goods in a truck compared to transport cycles is that it causes toxic gases, high risk of traffic accidents and delays because it is restricted in traffic where certain roads and roads prevent it from reaching its destination. These disadvantages are a major reason why Starke Cycles has invested in the production of transport bicycles. The electric motors used in the transport bicycles do not emit exhaust gases. The size of the transport bicycles is considerable smaller, which means more space for fellow drivers on roads and ways and the risk of traffic accidents is reduced. Delays rarely occur because the transport bicycles are allowed to drive on cycle tracks and this makes the transport of goods smoother and faster.

The work results in a 3D model and the control arm reaches the goals that were set at the project. The material selection for the control arm was made of low-alloy steel of the AISI 4340 normalized. FEM analyzes in Solidworks show that the stress concentrations in the link arm can handle the maximum static load with a good safety factor of 200 at maximum load of the transport cycle.

News articles generated by artificial intelligence rather than human reporters are referred to as automated journalism. This thesis explores how to create a trustworthy representation of news articles that mainly are generated by algorithmic decisions. The hypothesis of this thesis takes the background (characteristics of the underlying system design) and the foreground (millennials news consumption behaviour) contexts into consideration in order to provide an optimal approach for trustworthy representation of auto-generated articles. A theory about algorithmic transparency in the news media has been investigated to reveal information about the systems selection processes. The principles of glanceability and the heuristic principles are applied to proposed design solutions (interactive features). The outcomes show that newsreaders are positive towards a system that is trying to encourage them to fact-check the articles. Additionally, the outcomes also contributed to the understanding of how newsreaders can consume auto-generated news.

Climate change represents one of the greatest challenges of our time, affecting usthrough increased precipitation, drought, storms, and other natural disasters. Theconstruction industry plays a central role in reducing greenhouse gas emissions andpromoting sustainable development. Currently, there is limited research on the effectsof applying BREEAM certification to industrial buildings. These buildings often havelarge internal volumes and thin building elements, leading to high energyconsumption for heating and cooling.The aim of this study is to investigate the economic and environmental impacts ofapplying BREEAM certification to a specific warehouse by focusing on increasedinsulation to improve the building's energy performance.This study examines the effects of implementing BREEAM certification on awarehouse by focusing on increased insulation to enhance energy performance.Through a case study at WA3RM, a company specializing in circular economicsolutions, we analyze how improved insulation affects energy savings, CO2 emissions,and costs in kronor, as well as the BREEAM scores achieved. WA3RM's warehouse,used for storing and maintaining greenhouse tomato cultivation, is the subject of thestudy. Three different building envelope scenarios are analyzed: the existing envelope,an upgraded envelope with moderate increased insulation, and one with significantlyincreased insulation. The BREEAM assessment focuses solely on energy indicator 01,which pertains to the building's energy performance. This study is conducted at 30and 50-year intervals to assess the profitability of the different scenarios.In addition to moisture calculations to ensure the validity of the building components,BIM-Energy and Bidcon programs are used to calculate energy performance, costs,and CO2 emissions. Even simpler hand calculations are used to calculate CO2emissions and costs for the energy use. We also evaluate the potential BREEAMscores for each scenario and the associated costs in kronor and CO2 emissions. Theresults show that increased insulation significantly improves the building’s energyperformance and reduces transmission losses. This led to a reduction in energy costsby 23.5% and 24.2% for moderate and high insulation, respectively, while CO2emissions decreased by 10.3% and 3.7%. These values are based on the end of thebuilding’s lifespan, set at 50 years. The building achieves 6 and 8 BREEAM points,respectively. Moisture calculations confirm that the building components handlemoisture variations effectively, validating their suitability. 

Abstract

The purpose of this study is to deepen the knowledge and understanding of the strategies “just in time” and “freight pooling” in logistics management in the food industry. In order to answer the purpose, we had two different research questions. The questions are about what advantages and disadvantages there are with these strategies in the food industry. The study is conducted in a qualitative way where the interviews and observations are used to deepen the knowledge of how an organization in food industries uses the strategies “just in time” and “freight pooling”. The previous science shows that there are some advantages with these strategies but also disantvages that the organization should have in mind and work with so that they do not happen. The study shows that the organization this study was conducted on where very successful in implementing these strategies and they experienced many advantages by using “just in time” and “freight pooling”. The organization this study was conducted on were really cautious with the possible setbacks that the strategies can so they emphasized that they need to work really close with all the involved parties so that they can minimize the risk for the disadvantages to happen. 

Keywords: just in time, pooling, logistic strategies, transport optimization, food supply chain

To measure physical activity in a wheelchair user is important. Disabled people have been found to be less active and it has negative health implications. By relating to ones own physical activity in concrete form it is easier to reinforce a positive attitude towards being physically active. The aim of this thesis is to show how a system can be built, that is able to collect measurements from sensors, with usability in mind. The system consists of software that integrates an iPhone, Apple Watch and a Tacx rotation sensor mounted on a wheelchair. With the help of a physics model these measurements can estimate energy expenditure of a wheelchair user. The system was tested with four participants performing subjectively decided low, moderate and vigorous physical activity while the system collected data. In terms of absolute energy expenditure the system was inaccurate. On the other hand, correlations were found between the calculated energy expenditures and physical activity. Using measurements from the rotations sensor a correlation of 0.7315 was found between the calculated energy expenditure and physical activity, a correlation of 0.5385 using measurements from the GPS and a correlation of 0.6452 using measurements from Apples own proprietary algorithm. The created system is a promising prototype towards objective measurement of physical activity in wheelchair users.

A mobile stroke unit (MSU) is an advanced ambulance equipped with specialized technology and trained healthcare personnel to provide on-site diagnosis and treatment for stroke patients. Providing efficient access to healthcare (in a viable way) requires optimizing the placement of MSUs. In this study, we propose a time-efficient method based on a genetic algorithm (GA) to find the most suitable ambulance sites for the placement of MSUs (given the number of MSUs and a set of potential sites). We designed an efficient encoding scheme for the input data (the number of MSUs and potential sites) and developed custom selection, crossover, and mutation operators that are tailored according to the characteristics of the MSU allocation problem. We present a case study on the Southern Healthcare Region in Sweden to demonstrate the generality and robustness of our proposed GA method. Particularly, we demonstrate our method's flexibility and adaptability through a series of experiments across multiple settings. For the considered scenario, our proposed method outperforms the exhaustive search method by finding the best locations within 0.16, 1.44, and 10.09 minutes in the deployment of three MSUs, four MSUs, and five MSUs, resulting in 8.75x, 16.36x, and 24.77x faster performance, respectively. Furthermore, we validate the method's robustness by iterating GA multiple times and reporting its average fitness score (performance convergence). In addition, we show the effectiveness of our method by evaluating key hyperparameters, that is, population size, mutation rate, and the number of generations.

This study aims to identify how materialdocumentation is prepared to meet the requirements of the Swedish National Board of Housing, Building and Planning. It also examines which flaws the companies experience with materialdocumentation and informationmanagement. Also, further investigations on BIM are done, to see if it can be a solution to the problems. This study focuses on the materialdocumentation, but only during the project planning. The study was conducted with qualitative methods, literature studies and interviews. Data collected using interviews are used as primary sources. The respondents to the interviews are workers of various kinds and are considered to have enough experience of material documentation. The result of the study has shown that the materialdocumentation is mostly used during production, because the companies buy the most material during that stage. The companies lack knowledge when it comes to documenting and using the material databases. This is because the classification systems are experienced to be complex and overworked. BIM turns out to be a solution to the problems, but it isn’t used to its full potential. This is because there are many who don’t have computer experience and knowledge within BIM.

Concrete is a leading building material due to its durability, strength and carrying capacity etcetera. A weakness of concrete is it´s relatively large carbon dioxide emissions that are released during the production process. At this current time cement production accounts to 5% of the world's GHG emissions. Boverket has set a specific requirement that new buildings must be climate declared as a guide to more sustainable construction.

This  study  aims  to  investigate  and  use  a  model-based  LCA-assessments  where climate- improved concrete is compared to a traditional concrete. This was done by examining a BIM- model.

The  possibility  of  improving  the  environmental  impact  is  answered  by  producing carbon dioxide emissions equivalent for concrete in this property and comparing it with carbon dioxide emissions  equivalent  for  a  climate-improved  concrete  to  show  a potential  carbon  dioxide saving.

A quantitative method is selected for this study using LCA. LCA-assessment is performed using several computer-based BIM programs to be able to produce simulations and calculations. A reference building that represents an ordinary apartment building in Sweden forms the basis of the assessment.

LCA is based on only one environmental indicator which is carbon dioxide emissions. LCA assessment for the two types of concrete include the construction phase A1-A5 as well as the phase B6 operating energy according to Swedish standard SS-EN 15978: 2011. No account is taken of any differences in strength, fire class and sound class when exchanging materials. LCC limits to utility calculation.

Results shows the total price increases by approximately SEK 49,000 if the ordinary concrete is replaced with a climate-improved concrete, and the carbon dioxide emissions is reduced by approximately 57,000 kgCO2e.

Reduction in the climate-impact of concrete partly helps in the climate policy framework 2045 for a climate-neutral Sweden. Climate-improved  concrete  has  limits  within exposure  and  strength  classes.  Surroundingenvironment must therefore be considered.

Even in the 21st century, modern communication technology is still affected by natural disasters and political turmoil which threaten people's lives and make the Internet or mobile phone networks unavailable for use. This work is based on constructive research which resulted in a proof of concept system that uses shortwave radio technology to provide a one-way communication system. A message that a user writes on their smartphone, which is connected to a small preset transmitter, is sent out to a receiver in another part of the world where the message can then be posted on the Internet. This system is a cheaper alternative to other shortwave radio transmitters, and has potential for improvement.

Even in the 21st century, modern communication technology is still affected by natural disasters and political turmoil which threaten people’s lives and make the internet or mobile phone networks unavailable for use. This work uses systems theory which resulted in a proof of concept system that uses shortwave radio technology to provide a one-way communication system. A message a user writes on their smartphone, which is connected to a small pre-set transmitter, is sent out to a receiver in another part of the world where the message can then be posted on the internet. This system is a cheaper alternative to other shortwave radio transmitters, and has potential for improvement.

Heating costs for older multi-dwelling buildings are usually a heavy item of operating expenditure. As a property owner, reviewing the options for heating available on the market can lead to big savings. In this report we study the heating sources district heating and groundwater heat pump for a multi-dwelling building from a cost and environmental perspective. A groundwater heat pump is clearly preferable from an economic perspective. However, it is difficult to define the best option from an environmental and a society perspective. The groundwater heat pump reduces the individual building's emissions although it increases the need for new produced energy on a society perspective.

In the fluctuating wave of digitization, the fourth industrial revolution or Industry 4.0 in the manufacturing industry, has begun that has accelerated industries and companies to adapt and change their whole business to maintain competitive. Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) has become a central part of this change for manufacturing companies and can be interpreted as companies taking advantage of units to gather real-time data and in turn, lean towards the smart factory. A range of possibilities can be accessed by industries with the rise of IIoT, though the success of this change can differ between different companies depending on size, resources, and economic stability. Parallel to the opportunities, challenges arises for companies, especially small and middle-sized enterprises, that lack the economic resources and scale to redistribute and transform their business. In this paper, the goal has been to distinguish how middle-sized manufacturing companies handle the implementation of IIoT and the smart factory in order to adapt to the ever-changing technical paradigm that Industry 4.0 has introduced. Conclusions have been drawn from the combination of a theoretical framework and interviews with six Swedish middle-sized manufacturing companies. The digitization strategy for manufacturing companies varies from industries. However, there is a consensus that efforts towards a digitized production must take place in order to stay competitive where automation-, monitoring-, and controlling processes within IIoT are main factors to stay competitive. The pace and level of implementation can also differ depending on digital qualification and resistance to change from the staff. Important to note is that the relation between IIoT, digitization and increased competitiveness is not the only factors that are significant as there are more things to consider. The study also shows that competitive advantages are rarely the main reason why companies choose to digitize and implement IIoT.

Climate change has resulted in several actors in various industries starting to take into account how their business activities affect the environment. The Swedish Parliament has set a climate target that is intended to be achieved by 2045. More specifically, the goal means that Sweden should  have no net emissions of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere. In 2019, Sweden's construction and real estate sector accounted for nationwide  greenhouse gas emissions, corresponding to approximately 12 million tonnes of carbon dioxide equivalent, which means that the specified sector can have a major impact on the environment.

Climate declarations are a term used in various contexts that report a building's climate impact. Climate declarations are carried out only for the construction stage, of which it has been divided into  two subcategories:  the product stage (A1-A3) and the construction production stage (A4-A5) (Boverket, 2021).  The study illustrates how the process can be done when producing climate declarations. In addition, a template has been designed  that  shows how  much carbon dioxide equivalents building elements emit.

The study consisted of interview questions that were answered by six different companies with different roles and similar views in sustainable construction. The respondents  that have been interviewed in the study are sales engineer Krister Andersson from the company Ruukki, environmental and sustainability manager Alexandra Rosenqvist from Beijer Byggmaterial, business development manager Linda Hedvall from Lindab,  chief executive officer  Oscar Hoolmé from Jacob Lindh AB and constructor Samir Goralija from Areco Profiles. Furthermore, structured interview questions have been prepared and asked to the above-mentioned companies, such as how do companies stand before the  climate  declaration  act? What measures will be taken to comply with the law? How has the law been affected in the business and what measures will be taken both short- and long-term?

The companies that have been interviewed point out that an EPD is only based on the construction phase of the A-module at present. The companies want a complete EPD with modules from A-D where the entire life cycle analysis is taken into account. This is in order to get a clearer picture of how much carbon dioxide equivalents a hallbuilding generates.

Within the framework of the study, the template has also been tested on an industrial building located in Eslöv municipality.  The template was used to calculate how much carbon dioxide equivalents a hallbuildings climate screen generates.

The results showed that the entire building's climate screen emits 58,065 kilo of carbon dioxide equivalents. Furthermore, it was shown  that both  traditional wall (41  kilo carbon dioxide equivalents per m2) and traditional roof (42 kilo carbon dioxide equivalents per m2) produce lower emissions than sandwich wall (60 kilo carbon dioxide equivalents per m2) and cardboard roof (71 kilo carbon dioxide equivalents per m2).

The  problem with  the production of climate declarations is that today's climate database is unclear and  that  different construction companies  apply  different climate indicators, which makes it hard to compare.  Another  problem  is  that climate declarations only  apply to  the construction phase (A-module). This means that the rest of the building's life cycle assessment has not been taken into account, which delays the process of achieving specified climate goals.

The conclusion  is  thus that the process of producing a climate declaration  is something new since there are no clear guidelines for how inputs  should  be chosen. However,  it was shown that the supplier  can with use of generic values can reduce its carbon dioxide emissions. This is done by choosing the right combination between building elements. 

The aim of this project is to investigate the feasibility of retrieving unstructured automotive listings from structured web pages on the Internet. The research has two major purposes: (1) to investigate whether it is feasible to pair information extraction algorithms and compute wrappers (2) demonstrate the results of pairing these techniques and evaluate the measurements. We merge two training sets available on the web to construct reference sets which is the basis for the information extraction. The wrappers are computed by using information extraction techniques to identify data properties with a variety of techniques such as fuzzy string matching, regular expressions and document tree analysis. The results demonstrate that it is possible to pair these techniques successfully and retrieve the majority of the listings. Additionally, the findings also suggest that many platforms utilise lazy loading to populate image resources which the algorithm is unable to capture. In conclusion, the study demonstrated that it is possible to use information extraction to compute wrappers dynamically by identifying data properties. Furthermore, the study demonstrates the ability to open non-queryable domain data through a unified service.

Web applications are growing rapidly and as the amount of web sites globally increases so do security threats. Complex applications often interact with third party services and databases to fetch information and often interactions require user input. Intruders are targeting web applications specifically and they are a huge security threat to organizations and a way to combat this is to have intrusion detection systems. Most common web attack methods are well researched and documented however due to time constraints developers often write applications fast and may not implement the best security practices. This report describes one way to implement a intrusion detection system that specifically detects web based attacks.

The process of creating content for digital games by hand is a costly and time consuming one. As the game industry expands, the need to reduce costs becomes ever more pressing. One solution to this problem being research today is procedural generation of content. In short, this means that an algorithm does the labor rather than a designer. In this thesis we present such a method for automating the process of creating maps in digital games. Our method uses controllable software agents and mixed initiative (i.e. allowing the designer and algorithm to take turns) to create geometry. We use stochastic agents to create variation and deterministic agents to ensure playability. To control these agents we use a set of input parameters which can be manipulated. Furthermore, the designer has access to a number of tools including the ability to lock existing geometry, convert geometry to other types, add geometry manually, as well as the ability to use agents on specific areas of the map. We look at the game mode Battle in the digital game Mario Kart 64 and show how our method can be used to create such maps. We conducted a user study on the output of the method and the results show that the quality is generally favorable.

The work presented in this dissertation is concerned with the microstructures andsurface roughness of test slabs of Ti-6Al-4V produced by one of powder based AdditiveManufacturing (AM) technique namely Electron Beam melting (EBM). The effects of processparameters of a EBM system and geometry factors of a EBM build such as slabs’ thickness andheight etc. on the microstructure and the surface roughness of the EBM produced Ti-6Al-4Vhave being investigated. The processing parameters of the EBM system involved in the presentwork include beam current, scan speed, offset focus and scanning length etc. In this study threedifferent batches of samples were prepared. Microstructures of EBM built Ti-6Al-4V werestudied using Optical Microscopy (OM), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), TransmissionElectron Microscopy (TEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Confocal microscopy and imageanalysis codes ImageJ’s routine SurfCharJ were used to quantify the surface roughness of the testslabs. The microstructures of EBM built Ti-6Al-4V in general consist of columnar grains of priorβ phase. Inside the columnar grains there is a typical (α+β) microstructure of titanium alloyscontaining Widmanstätten α platelets and rod-shaped β phase. Grain boundary α layer has alsobeen observed on the grain boundaries of prior b columnar grains. By using TEM, the β phase inEBM built Ti-6Al-4V has been identified as a rod-like structure located on the grain boundariesof the fine a grains and often grows up along the build direction. The size of the β rods is about200nm and the distance between the β rods is ranged between 0.5 -2μm. Chemical compositionsfor different phases have been measured by TEM/EDX and volume fraction of the β phase in theEBM Ti-6Al-4V has been determined to be 2.7%. The phase transformation sequence in EBMbuilt Ti-6Al-4V has been discussed according to processing history and microstructuresobserved. It has been observed that, the size, number and geometry of prior β columnar graindepend on the sample thickness and other process parameters setting. The diameter of columnargrain varies between 2-70μm. The increase in size, number and regularity of columnar grains hasbeen observed with increase in sample thickness, beam energy density and scanning length.While with increase in height of the build it decreases. The length and smoothness of α plateletsincreases with increase in diameter of prior β columnar grain. The β phase rods are unaffected bysample thickness and process parameter settings. The sample thickness and beam energy densityhas a strong effect on the surface roughness of the test slabs. The value of surface roughnesscoefficient Ra for different test slabs varies between 1-20μm. It is observed that the surfaceroughness increases of the test slab increases with increase in thickness of the slab and beamenergy density. The possible reasons for these variations in microstructures and surfaceroughness have been discussed.

Purpose – Ti-6Al-4V is one of the most attractive materials being used in aerospace, automotive and medical implant industries. Electron beam melting (EBM) is one of the direct digital manufacturing methods to produce complex geometries of fully dense and near net shape parts. The EBM system provides an opportunity to built metallic objects with different processing parameter settings like beam current, scan speed, probe size on powder, etc. The purpose of this paper is to determine and understand the effect of part's thickness and variation in process parameter settings of the EBM system on surface roughness/topography of EBM fabricated Ti-6Al-4V metallic parts. Design/methodology/approach – A mathematical model based upon response surface methodology (RSM) is developed to study the variation of surface roughness with changing process parameter settings. Surface roughness of the test slabs produced with different parameter settings and thickness has been studied under confocal microscope. Response surface methodology was used to develop a multiple regression model to correlate the effect of variation in EBM process parameters settings and thickness of parts on surface roughness of EBM produced Ti-6Al-4V. Findings – It has been observed that every part produced by EBM system has detectable surface roughness. The surface roughness parameter Ra varies between 1-20 µm for different samples depending upon the process parameter setting and thickness. The Ra value increases with increasing sample thickness and beam current, and decreases with increase in offset focus and scan speed. Originality/value – Surface roughness is related to wear and friction property of the material and hence is related to the life time and performance of the part. Surface roughness is an important property of any material to be considered as biomaterial. The surface roughness of the material depends upon the manufacturing method and environment and hence it is controllable either during fabrication or by post processing. From the 1st order regression model developed in this study, it is also evident that sample thickness, scan speed and beam current have relatively more effect on roughness value then the offset focus. With the model obtained equation, a designer can subsequently select the best combination of sample thickness and process parameter values to achieve desired surface roughness.

Ti-6Al-4V alloy is an attractive biomaterial. The current work evaluates the microstructures of the solid and net-shape Ti-6Al-4V alloy produced by Electron Beam Melting (EBM) system using SEM/EDX and optical microscope. The microstructures are influenced by the cooling rate, processing parameters of the EBM system and re-heating of the existing layer during the melting of subsequent layers. Layer structure and columnar grains have been observed, with growing direction parallel to the built direction. The interior of these grains consists of alternating α / β phases. The β phase in the colonies resembles rod shape embedded in the α platelet. Along the grain boundaries more or less continuous α layers were observed. In comparison to solid samples uneven surfaces and pores were seen in the net shape structure. Microhardness evaluation of the EBM produced alloys was also carried out and compared with conventionally produced alloys.

In the current work an investigation of the microstructures of EBM built Ti-6Al-4V test bars has been performed using OM, SEM, TEM and XRD. It has been found that the prior β phase, that formed during the initial solidification, possesses a column shaped morphology with growing direction parallel to built direction. Typical (α+β) structures namely Widmanstätten α platelets with rod-like β phase formed on the interfaces of the fine α grains, have been observed in the columnar prior β grains. Grain boundary α phase was found to be formed around the boundaries of the columnar prior β grains. Different phases present in the parts, especially the BCC β phases have been characterized. The TEM/EDX results indicate very high V composition in the β phase. Results of TEM/SAED and XRD also revealed that a superlattice structure could be present in the β phase. Phase transformation sequence is discussed according to the processing history and the microstructures observed.

Syftet med detta examensarbete är att undersöka användandet av frågor i grundskolans undervisning och hur olika typer av frågor påverkar elevers språkutveckling. Undersökningen omfattar observationer av ca 200 elever i tre grundskolor, årskurserna 7 till 9 i ämnet teknik under sammanlagt nio lektionstimmar, samt intervjuer av tre lärare. Som datainsamlingsmetod har både skriftliga observationsprotokoll och ljudinspelningar använts. Allt inspelat material har transkriberats för att sedan struktureras och analyseras med hjälp av tematisk analys. Skolverket, litteratur och tidigare forskning visar att det finns en tydlig koppling mellan språkutveckling och undervisning, frågor ställda av lärare spelar en central roll i denna kommunikation. Vi har undersökt kopplingen mellan språkutveckling och frågor genom att utgå från frågor initierade av lärare och den kommunikation som följer direkt av dessa. Förekomst av ämnesbegrepp och nivå av kognitiv komplexitet i elevsvar är de parametrar vi har haft som utgångspunkt när vi letat efter mönster och samband mellan användandet av frågor och språkutveckling. Resultatet från våra observationer och intervjuer visar att användandet av olika frågetyper varierar i hög grad. Andelen frågor som klassades som lågkognitiva var långt fler än högkognitiva. Studien visar också att över 50 % av det totala antalet ställda frågorna resulterar i elevsvar innehållande ämnesspecifika begrepp. Resultaten visar även en tydlig koppling mellan den kognitiva nivån av frågor och det kognitiva engagemanget hos eleverna. Intervjuer av lärare visade att deras inställning till användandet av frågor har stor påverkan på deras undervisning.

Amino-terminated mesoporous silica nanoparticles embedding carbon dots (MSCD) formed by calcination were functionalized with a nitric oxide (NO) photodonor (1) to give a robust MSCD-1 conjugate. The intense fluorescence of MSCDs was strongly quenched in MSCD-1 by effective energy transfer. Visible light excitation of MSCD-1 liberates NO, suppresses the energy transfer mechanism and leads to concomitant fluorescence restoration of the MSCD scaffold, which acts as an optical reporter for the released NO. The MSCD-1 hybrid is also able to encapsulate the highly hydrophobic photosensitizer temoporfin, preserving the fluorescence reporting function.

What is the role of a pre-study, and how important is it? This study will take a clos-er look on the role of a pre-study in an ERP-implementation project, and how to reach business value through a pre-study according to the Swedish industry. A pre-study has a large impact on a project, despite this we have found that the pre-study is not getting the attention it should. In many cases the pre-study phase is the rea-son that such IT-project may fail. This essay is designed to give a special understanding on what the key factors or critical factors for a well done pre-study are, and how you through a pre-study can reach your business value. Our method of gathering data has been through person-al interviews with seven different people on four different companies. The people we have interviewed involves IT-consultants, suppliers and customers, and that is be-cause we wanted to get a broader perspective. We succeeded to reach a conclusion that which shows that a pre-study is a process that requires a lot of work concern-ing many aspects rather than a few docuements.

This essay is about how common design tools and methods to develop sustainable products are present in the design process. Do product designers use these methods in their development or are they seen as somewhat stressful to integrate in their development? A study has examined the concept of sustainable development, the design tools that are available and the use of them in the design process. The study shows that the application of sustainable design tools and methods in the design process can vary from individual to individual. However, there is one major flaw to master many of the different tools and methods to develop sustainable products. This is because many tools and methods are difficult to use and the knowledge on how to use them in the design process is insufficient.

Since agriculture is a large source of emissions today, changes in our food production and consumption are required to reach EU climate goals. This study aims to find out if nudging combined with knowledge-based system can be used to influence customers’ choice towards more sustainable food. To investigate how the knowledge-based system should be created a quasi-field experiment was performed to measure the effect of re-ordering a menu (with vegetarian options on top). Previous studies have shown that nudging yields result, but without reporting how customers feel about being nudged. To investigate this, a selection of participants with different demographics (age, sex etc.) were presented digital lunch menus and their feelings and thoughts were observed through qualitative research in the shape of think aloud sessions. The participants were presented with three menus that used different nudging tactics. The results were used to create a conceptual model of a digital menu system based which builds upon knowledge-based systems. The system integrated social, label and order nudges as well as profit margin to create a system that is sustainable in the perspective of climate, as well as economy. 

The goal with this thesis is to explore previously used and trusted design guidelines on the new and relatively unexplored platform that is mobile devices. This type of platform is today the most common way for people to access written text, but the typography and design of this text is not always based on research. The thesis is limited to focus on how typefaces and type size affect readability. Based on the definition of readability presented in the thesis both subjective and objective measurements have been produced. These are for example: the reader's personal preference, reading speed, reading comprehension, scroll distance and touch-interactions. Through an analysis of the unique way readers interact with text during reading on a mobile device several objective measurements can be produced. Models for analysing this kind of data have been used and presented in prior studies. The data collection methods utilised in this thesis are: information and literature search, surveys and experiments. The collection of data is mainly conducted through a web application adapted to mobile use which has been published for the participants of the study. The results show that typefaces do not have any significant correlation with readability on text for mobile devices. However, type size has a greater effect on both the subjective and objective measurements of readability. The subjective measurements concerning type size have more of a spread regarding which size was perceived as being the most readable. The type size that generated the best results in the objective measurements was 18pt. When the type size increased so did the reading speed, but the reading comprehension decreased.

Studien är kvalitativ och belyser barns erfarenheter och utforskande av köksredskap i förskoleköket utifrån ett tekniskt perspektiv, så kallad köksteknik. Dessutom belyses två förskollärares förhållningssätt och didaktiska inlärningstillfällen i relation till barnens delaktighet i köket och teknikdidaktik samt förskolkockens intentioner med barnens medverkan. Barnen filmas i köket och samtliga informanter intervjuas.

The use of wireless networks increases among both companies and individuals. For individuals it can be nice to get rid of the cables that fixed networks use and for companies the wireless network can be a complement to the fixed one in environments where you cannot or do not want to use that technique. It is a convenient way to connect to a network without having to be physically connected to it. The convenience however comes at a price as it is easier to tap wireless networks since the communication passes through the ether and there is a lack of physical protection such as buildings and locks that exists for traditional networks. In view of this it is important to secure the network in a proper way. In this paper, I have studied wireless networks; how they work, which threats that exist and what one can do in order to protect them. This includes the 802.11 standard for wireless networks and the TCP/IP model for data communication. Encryption, both symmetric and asymmetric, how they work, what they are used for and the differences between them is described. Different security threats against wireless networks and security solutions in the forms of WEP, WPA and WPA2 are also reviewed. In conclusion quantum cryptography, which is a method for transmitting a cryptographic key in a secure way by the help of physics, is described.

The prototype for people with memory impairments This study aims to examine how and if it is possible to use Benyons PACT-analysis together with Gong and Tarasewichs 15 design principles, to make the process from an idea into a final interactive prototype. The prototype is named Skalman. This study focuses on people with memory impairments, specifically those people diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease. The aim with the PACT-analysis was to analyse the target group through four different subjects, People, Activities, Context and Technologies and to use that to find the needs for Skalman that in the end will help the users to manage and organize their daily lives. Three group interviews were made to collect data from the selected target group for the PACT-analysis. Two group interviews included a person with memory impairments/Alzheimer’s disease and one relative of this person to help and support throughout the interview. Thereafter an interview was made with the chancellors of Alzheimer’s Sweden to gather additional information and to increase the understanding of the disease and its difficulties. The result of the analysis was then used, together with the design principles to develop a LO-FI prototype and was then tested on the target group in order to evaluate the prototype and to improve it to the final result of a HI-FI prototype of Skalman.

The aim of this study is to reduce the energy consumed during manufacturing of parts in manganese steel. This is done by determining the possibility to make changes that shortens the production process of the castings while keeping the material properties similar. The process change that is studied is to see if it is possible to skip the heat treatment process by quenching directly after shake out of the casting. This means that the casted product needs to be shaken out and quenched at an earlier and more specific time. This process is known in the metal industry as direct quenching and is by the time of writing applied on different alloys and manufacturing processes. To determine the possibility to make the aforementioned changes to the casting process, taking the material properties into account, sample bodies are created. These sample bodies are of a predetermined geometry and are manufactured under controlled circumstances. From a total of nine sample bodies six are directly quenched and three are put through a heat treatment process, the later mentioned bodies are used as references. The sample bodies are studied with methods such as microscopy and hardness testing. In this study there are indications that it is possible to introduce direct quencing in the production of details made of austenitic manganese steel. This is because the difference in grain size and fraction of carbides is small between the direct quenched and the heat treated samples in this study. Nevertheless, further studies needs to be made to make a more definitive conclusion.

Usability is a central and common concept in the process of developing a usable and easily understood website for world wide web’s users. Usability strives för efficiency and satisfaction, the website’s users should be able to perform their tasks with minimum effort and within a reasonable time limit. This bachelor thesis will review the need of usability and how experts and users interprete the concept. How can the different interpretations of usability affect the need of usability online on the world wide web, and how important is a navigation designed with usability in mind? This thesis will be based on a former study within the subject usability, an interview study that is questioning the guidelines of usability today. The understandings on usability will be determined through interviews with eight interviewees, four experts and four users. The examination aims to strength or lower the hypotes “Existing guidelines for usability needs an update and reformulation to fit the understandings from experts and users of world wide web today.” There is no earlier studies on the matter where users are asked to define usability, it is more common to ask users what they think of the usability on a specific product. The results of this study shows that the two audiences understandings completes each other but are interpreted differently. Audience 1, the experts, defines usability as something efficient and easily learnable, while audience 2, the end-users, defines the concept as something simple that is easily accessible and widely spread throughout the world wide web. The most interesting result of the study is the results that shows how the experts develop with norms and standards in mind instead of guidelines and the end-users wants products built on standards that they recognize.

This research paper focuses on analog computers and creating a modular low-cost analog computer system in a single board computer form factor. The single-board analog computer will have the capacity to solve second-order differential equations. The capabilities and possibilities of the single board Analog computer will be explored as well as analog computing in general. The paper follows design science research methodology (DSRM) with the goal of creating and evaluating a working artifact. The artifacts' functionality is evaluated based on a demonstration of its ability to solve Mathieu’s differential equation as well as simulate a spring-mass dampening system. This paper proves that it is possible to create a low-cost analog computer in a modern form factor. The artifact is also placed in a larger contextual setting based on the empirical material provided where its value of it in a digital society is presented. For the world to continue its progression in computational power, but still, limit the already high energy usage, a drastic change is needed. This paper suggests adapting to analog/hybrid technology. To further the progression of analog/hybrid technology it must be made accessible to a wider group of people compared to today. The artifact in this paper offers a solution to this. 

The society is becoming more digitalized which requires companies to adapt in order to survive on the market. A part of such digitalization is the implementation of chatbots in customer services. The purpose of this study is to understand organizations’ and users’ needs in relation to chatbots used in support services and to examine how well chatbots satisfy the needs. Organizations’ and users’ respective needs are thereafter compared. The study is based on two qualitative methods performed through two focus groups and five semi structured interviews. The collected data has been analyzed based on a thematic analyze method. The result shows that the users’ main need was to receive swift and concrete answers to their questions. The organizations’ most central need was to redirect work from their support service staff. The study shows that the most important shared need was the accessibility. The study’s analysis shows that the chatbot has too low competence level to fulfill the users’ and organizations’ needs. Due to the low competence level of the chatbots, the study concludes that a combined customer service, including both chatbots and human support, can be advantageous for both the organizations and the users.

Webbtillgänglighet har blivit allt viktigare med den växande digitaliseringen och de rättsliga krav som ställs på svenska e-handlare. För att uppfylla dessa krav måste e-handlare använda ett användarcentrerat tillvägagångssätt vid webbutveckling för att säkerställa att fler kan interagera med deras digitala plattformar. Dessutom närmar sig tillgänglighetsdirektivet som kräver att e-handlare ska uppfylla tillgänglighetskrav. Vår studie visar att den svenska e-handelssektorn ännu inte är tillräckligt förberedd för att möta dessa krav. Studien syftar till att mäta och utvärdera 100 svenska e-handlare med avseende på problemområden inom webbtillgänglighet enligt WCAG 2.1 på A- och AA-nivå. Baserat på resultaten i mätningen kontaktades och intervjuades e-handlare och tillgänglighetsexperter för att få en djupare förståelse för varför e-handlare har omfattande tillgänglighetsbrister och vilka potentiella lösningar som finns. Resultaten bekräftar att de främsta hindren inkluderar brist på kompetens, teknisk förståelse och ekonomiska resurser. Vi ser att e-handelssektorn agerar reaktivt snarare än proaktivt, vilket inte är tillräckligt för att möta de kommande lagkraven. För att uppnå en överensstämmelse med lagstiftningen kan e-handlare söka extern hjälp, involvera funktionsnedsatta i designprocessen och utnyttja tekniska tillgänglighetsverktyg.

The digitalization develops at a blistering pace all around the world which results in an immense increase of circeling data. This in turn brings new possibilities but at the same time a lot of challenges for companies. They constantly have to be ready and expect the unexpected which was not least noticed when the Covid-19 pandemic hit. Organizations were forced to shut down their offices and work from home instead, which in turn implies even greater risks when it comes to threat and security if you are not prepared. The purpose of this study is to study companies in the information- and cybersecurity industry and how their internal, proactive risk management looks like. With Covid-19 as the foundation we also aim to study the lessons learned by companies as they emerged from the pandemic. To achieve this we have carried out a qualitative study based on 9 interviews with individuals in the industry which have had the opportunity to tell us their thoughts and opinions about proactive cybersecurity and Covid-19. The study has resulted in a compilation of the strategies and methods that are considered central to conducting as successful risk management as possible with a strong focus on the individual and their awareness and knowledge, which is considered to be a central part. For example, companies can work according to the Zero Trust principle to verify and control the assets an individual has, as well as work according to the four most common approaches: employee training, ethical hackers, threat hunting, and proactive monitoring of networks and endpoints, in order to proactively reduce the likelihood of being exposed to unwanted risks.

The advent of digital technologies has brought forth significant advancements in various aspects of our lives, including the concept of a smart home. A smart home is an innovative integration of interconnected devices and systems that aim to enhance comfort, convenience, and security within a residential setting. This thesis explores the opportunities and challenges associated with the digital smart home, more specifically its security system. The primary objective of this study is to analyze the potential benefits and opportunities that arise from the implementation of a digital security system. It delves into the various technological advancements that enable automation, energy efficiency, and improved quality of life for homeowners. As the digitalization of homes advances, the vulnerability to cyber-attacks and privacy breaches increases. This research aims to identify potential security risks and vulnerabilities that arise from the interconnected nature of smart home devices. It investigates the measures and strategies that can be employed to safeguard the privacy, data integrity, and personal security of smart homeowners. Through a combination of literature review and expert interviews, this thesis provides an in-depth analysis of the opportunities and challenges posed by the digital smart home and security system. The findings of this research contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the technological advancements in the field and shed light on the implications for homeowners, industry professionals, and policymakers. Ultimately, this thesis serves as a valuable resource for individuals and organizations seeking to leverage the opportunities presented by digital smart homes while addressing the associated challenges. It offers insights into best practices for securing smart home systems and underscores the importance of developing robust security protocols to protect homeowners' privacy and assets in an increasingly interconnected world.

Abstract Settlements in friction soil are one of today's controversial issues within geotechnics. Earthquakes, traffic, blasting and pile driving work generate vibrations to the existing buildings, causing settlements in friction soil and aesthetic, functional and structural damage. Nowadays the geotechnical engineers consider this as a complicated challenge because of external and unpredictable factors such as climate change. Climate changes affect the soil’s internal structure and its mechanical properties. Generally the friction soil is regarded as good soil, but can still have a risk behavior from a geotechnical perspective, especially in terms of cyclic or dynamic load impact. The study aims to clarify how friction soil behaves under the influence of vibrations in various kinds. The study shows the identification of risks and the intervention methodologies in the early stages of construction plans and constructed buildings simultaneously. A Swedish standard is also described in the study. This is based on blasting vibration in soil and is a method that estimates the permissible guideline values for vibration levels. Information from literature and documentary videos have been analyzed and used for the writing of the theoretical part. A model experiment has also been carried out at the end of the essay. The model experiment’s goal was to identify the impact of vibration in friction soil and settlement progress from a visual perspective. The result of this work has shown that the cyclic and dynamic load impact generates settlements in friction soil, which in turn causes various types of damage to existing buildings built on this soil. Keywords: settlement, buildings, vibrations, cyclic load impact, dynamic load impact, geotechnics, sand, friction soil, liquefaction.

Bridges in Sweden are in need of improvements, due to increased traffic, altered function or due to degradation. It may also have occurred a mistake during the construction of the bridge which results in the need to reinforce the bridge later. Carbon fiber composite is a suitable reinforcement method that increases the capacity of the bridges. Carbon fiber is not time consuming, it is low in weight and is easy to handle on site. The purpose of the study is to analyze why carbon fiber composite is not used to a greater extent for bridges in the Swedish construction industry, but also to disclose the benefits of carbon fiber composite as reinforcement method. Different cases that have use the CFRP method to improve bridges have been analyzed to illustrate that the method can be applied in real life. Surveys have been sent to people working in the construction industry to get a better insight into how much carbon fiber is actually used in the construction industry. Factors that contribute to the fact that carbon fiber composite is not used to a greater extent can be because of epoxy, meaning that the material is too expensive and that it has a short life span. In some cases carbon fiber composite cannot solve the desired amount of problems in a construction. Although the material is expensive, the reinforcement method is easy to handle and is therefore cheaper in time.

As the number of cities in Europe and the world increasingly prohibit car traffic in the center, there is a demand to replace the vehicles with exhaust-free vehicles. Many times, a van or a truck does not carry more than what you can carry in a heavy cargo bike though it is a better option for several reasons. The work has been done at Starke Cycles, a manufacturing company where they develop heavy cargo bikes based on their work experience from MOVEBYBiKE, which is a freight company. Over the years, they have encountered problems with the ride comfort and that the rear axle has broken off the heavy cargo bikes used today. These problems have occurreddue to that the heavy cargo bikeslack of suspension. During2017, a first prototype has been developed but it is too wide to be approved by the Swedish Transport Agency which is required for a newly manufactured vehicle. The purpose of the work is to solve the problem of the rear axles sustainability and the ride comfort of the heavy cargo bikes that is used today, as well as solving the problem of the first prototypeswidth.The work of developing a suspension has focused on delivering a cost-effective suspension to Starke Cycles to produce and apply on the second prototype that they are developing. The work started with studying and examining the current heavy cargo bikes construction to get an idea of which type of suspensionsare possible to apply to the second prototype. Therefor has the possible suspensions been analyzed and the best suited system chosen with a systematic and objective method, concept evaluation. With the results from the mechanical calculations a double wishbone suspension was developed. The mechanics of materials has been analyzed on chosen components of the suspension in a FEM-simulation in Creo Parametric after a case study in materials selections had been made. The work has not analyzed the constructionslife expectancy against material fatigue.The result is presented as a 3D-model where the goals of the work have been met and drawings on the suspension have been sent to a mechanical workshop for manufacturing. The material selection fell on an aluminumalloy and the FEM-analysis shows that the stress in the analyzed components meet the strength requirements.

The study examines how young people who grow up in a digital world relate to critical information to the information they take on digital platforms, how aware they are about personalization on the internet and how it affects their flow. The purpose of the study is to find out how young people are related to and experience the effects that arise from their use. Furthermore, the study discusses how young people value different types of sources and what their experiences or experiences are from the influenced flow. The survey was conducted with a qualitative method through three focus groups. The empirical data consists of a collection via conversation with focus groups of four participants on three different occasions. Each call lasted between 45 - 60 minutes. The result shows that respondents noticed that their flow was personalized but that they do not know why or how they are. Furthermore, the result shows that all respondents feel that they are very sourcecritical and that they talk a lot about the value of source criticism in school, but then only anchored to the fact-finding requests. In the discussions it was raised how the user may or should have source criticism against influencers, different news sites and individuals.

Stroke is a life threatening medical condition that is caused either by a blood clot or a bleeding inside the brain. It is generally agreed that immediate treatment of stroke patients is crucial for their ability to recover; however, before treatment can be initiated, the stroke patient has to be diagnosed using, for example, a computed tomography scan of the brain. This, in turn, requires that the patient is transported to a hospital for diagnosis, which is a procedure that consumes valuable time and resources. In the current paper, we present an agent-based simulation model for assessment of logistical stroke patient triage policies. Using a population of stroke patients as input, the model enables to simulate the activities and the main decisions involved in the logistical operations of stroke patients. In an experimental study covering the southernmost part of Sweden, we used the simulation model in order to assess two different policies regarding where to send patients for diagnosis; the nearest hospital policy and the nearest hospital towards the stroke center policy. Our simulation results show that the patients in need of special treatment favor from being transported in direction towards the stroke center, whereas the patients who are not in need of specialist treatment favor from being sent to the closest hospital.

I detta examensarbete är syftet att analysera användning av mobila applikationer i ämnet teknik för årskurs 9. Frågeställningarna handlar om hur lärarna kan och skulle kunna undervisa med mobila applikationer och hur sådan undervisning påverkar elevernas lärande. Trots att tekniken är ny har jag valt att lägga den teoretiska basen i klassiska inlärningsteorier från pragmatismen. En forskningsstudie från Grekland pekar på att eleverna med hjälp av en mobilapplikation som heter Mindstorm får bättre provresultat än elever som arbetar med läroböcker. Genom en studie som har gjorts i Japan har det noterats att elever motiveras till att arbeta med robotprogrammering när de får lösa problem i grupp. Slutligen visar en tredje studie från Sydkorea hur elevernas motivation och inlärning inom programmering av legorobotar påverkas då de använder spelaktiviteter. För att studera om teorin och den tidigare forskningen är applicerbar på en svensk miljö, har ett urval lärare intervjuats för att se hur de använder sig av mobila applikationer idag. Detta har gjorts genom kvalitativa semistrukturerade intervjuer och lektions-observationer. Resultatet i min rapport pekar på att lärare försöker knyta an undervisningen med elevernas vardag och detta med hjälp av mobila applikationer. De intervjuade lärarna väljer att använda applikationer för den enkelhet som det skapar i undervisningen. De är måna om att engagera eleverna i sin egen utveckling genom att praktiskt få arbeta med olika uppdrag och själva få felsöka då deras programmering inte fungerar. Istället för papper och penna får eleverna använda en robot och modern teknik. Den lärare som valdes ut för att observeras vid två lektionstillfällen undervisar på ett sätt som får eleverna att engageras och lära sig programmera. Detta gynnar elevernas lärande. En lärare skulle kunna dra nytta av detta sätt att undervisa även med andra mobila applikationer.

The integration between cloud computing and vehicular ad hoc networks, namely, vehicular clouds (VCs), has become a significant research area. This integration was proposed to accelerate the adoption of intelligent transportation systems. The trustworthiness in VCs is expected to carry more computing capabilities that manage large-scale collected data. This trend requires a security evaluation framework that ensures data privacy protection, integrity of information, and availability of resources. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study that proposes a robust trustworthiness evaluation of vehicular cloud for security criteria evaluation and selection. This article proposes three-level security features in order to develop effectiveness and trustworthiness in VCs. To assess and evaluate these security features, our evaluation framework consists of three main interconnected components: 1) an aggregation of the security evaluation values of the security criteria for each level; 2) a fuzzy multicriteria decision-making algorithm; and 3) a simple additive weight associated with the importance-performance analysis and performance rate to visualize the framework findings. The evaluation results of the security criteria based on the average performance rate and global weight suggest that data residency, data privacy, and data ownership are the most pressing challenges in assessing data protection in a VC environment. Overall, this article paves the way for a secure VC using an evaluation of effective security features and underscores directions and challenges facing the VC community. This article sheds light on the importance of security by design, emphasizing multiple layers of security when implementing industrial VCs.