European humanitarianism includes a wide variety of actors, including governmental and non-governmental, secular, and faith-based organisations, as well as diaspora networks and self-organised aid ‘from below’. The chapter focuses primarily on the twentieth and twenty-first centuries and discuss humanitarian action in Switzerland, Western European countries, Nordic countries, Southern European Countries, Central and Eastern Europe, Türkiye, and the European Union (EU). In each sub-section, we discuss selected historical developments, countries, and humanitarian organisations. We also consider how European responses to various refugee crises reflect global and racial inequalities and note that right-wing political parties, movements, and governments seek to restrict migration and support for refugees across Europe. Furthermore, it is important to keep in mind that European refugees and other victims of crises and wars have received humanitarian assistance both from European and non-European humanitarian actors.