This thesis explores the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh conflict, focusing on how the theories ofOffensive Structural Realism (OSR) and the Security Dilemma (SD) explain the actions ofArmenia and Azerbaijan. The conflict, driven by deep historical grievances and regionalpower dynamics, saw Azerbaijan enhance its military strength with advanced weaponry fromTurkey and Israel, aiming to shift the balance of power. Conversely, Armenia, facingexistential threats, relied on defensive strategies and its alliance with Russia. By analyzingsecondary sources, including academic literature and statistical data, this study investigatesthe motivations and fears that shaped the conflict. The research reveals the persistentchallenges of achieving peace in a system where mistrust and the drive for power dominate,highlighting the importance of addressing both strategic needs and mutual perceptions tobuild lasting security and stability.