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The reliability and validity of self-reported temporomandibular disorder pain in adolescents
Public Dental Service, Skarptorp, Norrköping, Sweden.ORCID iD: 0000-0002-0550-8925
Malmö högskola, Faculty of Odontology (OD).ORCID iD: 0000-0002-9638-4648
Department of Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, United States.
2006 (English)In: Journal of Orofacial Pain, ISSN 1064-6655, E-ISSN 1945-3396, Vol. 20, no 2, p. 138-44Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

AIMS: To evaluate the reliability and validity of self-reported pain associated with temporomandibular disorders (TMD) in adolescents and to determine how this validity may change over time. The authors' hypothesis was that self-reported pain can be used to reliably and accurately detect adolescents with TMD pain.

METHODS: One hundred twenty adolescents, 60 with self-reported TMD pain and 60 age- and gender-matched controls without TMD pain, were examined twice. At the first examination at a Public Dental Service clinic, self-reported TMD pain was recorded for each patient. At the second examination, a clinical examination was completed, blind to the patients' self-report of pain symptoms, after which self-reported TMD pain was again recorded. The clinical examination was based upon the Research Diagnostic Criteria for TMD (RDC/TMD). Self-reported TMD pain in this investigation was based upon the subjects' responses to 2 questions: (1) Do you have pain in your temples, face, temporomandibular joint (TMJ), or jaws once a week or more? and (2) Do you have pain when you open your mouth wide or chew once a week or more?

RESULTS: Test-retest reliability of .83 (kappa) was found for the 2 questions. The sensitivity was .98 (95% CI, .90 to 1.0) and specificity was .90 (95% CI, .81 to .95) for comparison of assessments made on the same day. Sensitivity was .96 (95% CI, .85 to .99) and specificity .83 (95% CI, .72 to .90) for assessments made 2 to 4 weeks apart.

CONCLUSION: Very good reliability and high validity were found for the self-reported pain questions. A short time interval between the screening question and examination slightly increased the accuracy of the measure. In adolescent populations, the questions in this study can be used to screen for TMD pain.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Quintessence , 2006. Vol. 20, no 2, p. 138-44
National Category
Dentistry
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-66336ISI: 000237330500007PubMedID: 16708831Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-33646839279OAI: oai:DiVA.org:mau-66336DiVA, id: diva2:1844714
Available from: 2024-03-14 Created: 2024-03-14 Last updated: 2024-05-24Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Reliability, validity, incidence and impact of temporomandibular pain disorders in adolescents
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Reliability, validity, incidence and impact of temporomandibular pain disorders in adolescents
2007 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [sv]

Tidigare epidemiologiska studier har visat att temporomandibulär dysfunktion (TMD), dvs smärt- och dysfunktionstillstånd lokaliserade till ansikte och käkar är vanligt förekommande hos barn och ungdomar. För att ge möjlighet till screening infördes i Östergötland en ny epidemiologisk variabel, TMD-S (TMD-smärta), som från år 2000 registreras på alla barn och ungdomar i åldrarna 12 - 19 i samband med den årliga undersökningen i Folktandvården. De får frågorna: ”Gör det ont i tinning, ansikte, käke, eller käkled en gång i veckan eller oftare?” och ”Gör det ont när du gapar eller tuggar, en gång i veckan eller oftare?”. Om en eller båda frågorna besvaras med ja, registreras det i journalen som TMD-S = 1. Besvaras frågorna med nej registreras TMD-S = 0. Avhandlingen omfattar fyra delarbeten där det övergripande syftet varit att studera tillförlitligheten av själv-rapporterad TMD smärta hos ungdomar. Vidare var syftet att utvärdera prevalens (förekomst) och incidens (nyinsjuknande) av TMD smärta, samt vad smärtan får för konsekvenser för dem som drabbas. Förekomsten av TMD-smärta hos ungdomar var 4,2%. Det var signifikant vanligare hos flickor än pojkar och ökade med stigande ålder. En genomgång av 200 journalkopior visade att 29% av ungdomar med TMD-smärta fick någon form av behandling inom allmäntandvården. De vanligaste behandlingarna var bettskena, 12%, följt av information 10%. Av ungdomarna med TMD-smärta remitterades 5% till specialisttandvården. Betyder självrapporterad TMD-smärta att man har en smärtdiagnos? I det andra delarbetet undersöktes tillförlitligheten, dvs. reliabilitet och validitet, hos den epidemiologiska variabeln. 120 ungdomar, 60 med själv-rapporterad TMD-smärta och 60 kontrollpatienter deltog i studien. En klinisk undersökning visade att de flesta ungdomarna i TMD-gruppen hade en diagnos enligt Research Diagnostic Criteria for TMD, (RDC/TMD), vanligast var muskelrelaterad (myofasciell) smärta. Majoriteten av ungdomarna angav att de hade ett subjektivt behov av behandling. Ungdomarna följdes longitudinellt och för åren 2001-2003 var det sammanlagda årliga nyinsjuknandet 2,9% bland de 2.255 ungdomar som undersöktes och registrerades varje år. Det var signifikant högre för flickorna, än för pojkarna. Incidensen ökade med stigande ålder, dock mest för flickorna. Man kunde också se ett mönster där TMD-smärtan fluktuerade över tiden. För att utvärdera skillnader i smärtbeteende, käkfunktion och psykosocialt status skickades ett frågeformulär till 350 konsekutiva patienter med TMD-smärta i åldrarna 12-19 år och 350 kontrollpatienter. Resultaten visade att ungdomarna i TMD-gruppen oftare hade återkommande smärta på flera ställen i kroppen. Flickor över lag rapporterade signifikant mer begränsningar i käkfunktionen, hade högre depressionspoäng och ett större subjektivt vårdbehov än pojkar. Nästan en tredjedel av de äldsta flickorna, jämfört en av tio av de äldre pojkarna rapporterade skolfrånvaro och analgetikakonsumtion p.g.a. TMD smärta. Sammanfattningsvis visar studierna att TMD-smärta är vanligare hos flickor än pojkar, och ökar med stigande ålder. Smärtan visar ett fluktuerande mönster och av dem som har mest återkommande och ihållande besvär är de allra flesta flickor. TMD-smärta tycks påverka beteende – och psykosociala faktorer i högre grad hos flickor än pojkar. De två screeningfrågorna kan med god tillförlitlighet användas för att fånga upp de ungdomar med TMD-smärta som önskar hjälp.

Abstract [en]

The first aim of this thesis was to investigate the prevalence of temporomandibular disorder (TMD) pain in adolescents in a Swedish county and whether there were differences in patient age and gender and in treatment given for TMD pain by dentists in Public Dental Service (PDS) clinics. The epidemiological variable TMD-S was introduced in the PDS in Östergötland County, Sweden, in 2000 and is recorded for all adolescents aged 12–19 at the annual routine examination. Self-reported TMD pain in this investigation was based upon the response of the subjects to two questions: (1) Do you have pain in your temples, face, temporomandibular joint, or jaws once a week or more? and (2) Do you have pain when you open your mouth wide or chew, once a week or more? Dental records of 200 patients with TMD pain were randomly selected from the population to evaluate treatment given for TMD. Among 28,899 participating adolescents, 4.2% reported TMD pain. Prevalence increased with age, a significant difference was seen between boys and girls, and 34% of patients with TMD pain received TMD-related treatment in dental clinics. The second aim was to evaluate the reliability and validity of self-reported TMD pain in 120 adolescents, 60 with self-reported TMD pain and 60 age- and sex-matched controls without TMD pain. All adolescents were examined twice at a PDS clinic. At the first examination, self-reported TMD pain was recorded for each patient. At the second examination, a clinical examination was made blind to the patients’ self-report of pain symptoms, after which self-reported TMD pain was again recorded. The clinical examination was based upon the Research Diagnostic Criteria for TMD (RDC/TMD). Test-retest reliability of 0.83 (kappa) was found for the two questions. Sensitivity was 0.98 and specificity 0.90 for assessments made on the same day and 0.96 and 0.83, respectively, for assessments made 2–4 weeks apart. The third aim was to evaluate incidence, by age and gender, and temporal patterns of TMD pain in adolescents. This 3-year longitudinal study was carried out at all PDS clinics from 2000 to 2003. All individuals aged 12–19 years in the county who visited the clinics for annual examinations were eligible for the study. Overall, the annual incidence of TMD pain among 2,255 participating adolescents was 2.9%. Incidence among girls (4.5%) was significantly higher than in boys (1.3%). Incidence increased with age in girls and boys, although less so in boys. These adolescents were re-examined annually for 3 years, and a fluctuating pattern of TMD pain was common. The fourth and final aim was to investigate gender and age differences in pain behavior, jaw function, and psychosocial status in adolescents with self-reported TMD pain. A postal questionnaire was sent to 350 consecutive patients with self-reported TMD pain and 350 healthy age- and sex-matched individuals aged 12–19 years 2–4 weeks after their annual dental examination. The groups were divided into younger (age 12–15) and older (age 16–19) groups. The TMD and control groups differed significantly in most variables related to pain characteristics and psychosocial and behavioral factors. Multiple pain sites were significantly more common in the TMD than in the control group, but there were no gender differences. For adolescents reporting pain once a week or more, no gender differences were seen in pain intensities. Jaw function limitation, depression scores, and perceived need for TMD treatment were significantly higher overall in girls than in boys. Almost one-third of older girls, compared to one out of ten older boys, reported school absences and analgesic consumption because of their TMD pain. Older girls had significantly higher Graded Chronic Pain Scale scores than older boys. In conclusion, TMD pain increases with increasing age in adolescents and is more common in girls than in boys. A fluctuating pain pattern can be seen. TMD-S, with two self-report questions, has very good reliability and validity, and can be recommended for screening adolescents for TMD pain. TMD pain seems to have a greater impact on girls than boys, particularly in ages 16–19 years.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Malmö University, 2007
Series
Swedish dental journal. Supplement, ISSN 0348-6672
National Category
Dentistry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-7743 (URN)17506471 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-34249738526 (Scopus ID)3827 (Local ID)91-7104-292-X (ISBN)3827 (Archive number)3827 (OAI)
Note

Paper IV in dissertation as manuscript with title "Gender and age perspectives on psychosocial and behavioral factprs in adolescents with TMD pain"

Available from: 2020-02-28 Created: 2020-02-28 Last updated: 2024-12-02Bibliographically approved

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