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Estrogen regulates DNA synthesis in human gingival epithelial cells displaying strong estrogen receptor β immunoreactivity.
Malmö högskola, Faculty of Odontology (OD). Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
Malmö högskola, Faculty of Odontology (OD).
Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
Malmö högskola, Faculty of Odontology (OD). Department of Periodontology, The Institute for Postgraduate Dental Education, Jönköping, Sweden.
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2011 (English)In: Journal of Periodontal Research, ISSN 0022-3484, E-ISSN 1600-0765, Vol. 46, no 5, p. 622-8Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Estrogen acts via estrogen receptor (ER) α and β. The expression pattern of ERs and their importance in gingival tissues are not fully understood. In this study, we investigate gingival ER expression and effects of estrogen on gingival epithelial cell proliferation.

MATERIAL AND METHODS: Gingival biopsies were obtained from both healthy and diseased sites in three male and three female subjects. Expression of ERα and β was determined by immunohistochemistry. Effects of 17β-estradiol (E(2) ) on cell proliferation, monitored by measuring DNA synthesis, were studied in cultured human gingival epithelial HGEPp.05 cells.

RESULTS: Estrogen receptor β, but not ERα, immunoreactivity was demonstrated in nuclei of epithelial cells in all layers of the gingival epithelium, but also in cells of the lamina propria. No differences were observed between male and female subjects. The same pattern, i.e. high ERβ expression but no ERα expression, was observed in both healthy and diseased sites within each individual. No differences in the intensity of the ERβ immunoreactive signal and the number of ERβ-positive nuclei were observed between healthy and diseased gingiva. Treatment with a physiological concentration of E(2) (10 nm) had no effect on DNA synthesis in ERβ- and ERα-expressing HGEPp.05 cells. In contrast, E(2) at high concentrations (500 nm and 10 μm) reduced DNA synthesis by 60-70%.

CONCLUSION: Human gingival epithelial cells display strong ERβ but low ERα immunoreactivity both in vivo and in culture. Estrogen attenuates gingival epithelial cell DNA synthesis at high but not low concentrations, suggesting a concentration-dependent mechanism.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2011. Vol. 46, no 5, p. 622-8
National Category
Dentistry
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-33173DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2011.01382.xISI: 000294074800015PubMedID: 21615412Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-80955177486OAI: oai:DiVA.org:mau-33173DiVA, id: diva2:1495053
Available from: 2020-11-04 Created: 2020-11-04 Last updated: 2024-02-05Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Functional importance of estrogen receptors in the periodontium
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Functional importance of estrogen receptors in the periodontium
2012 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [sv]

Östrogen är ett kvinnligt könshormon som även har andra effekter. Östrogen verkar i cellkärnan genom att binda till en östrogenreceptor (ER), som finns i två olika typer, ERα och ERβ. Parodontit (tandlossning) är en inflammationssjukdom som drabbar tandens fäste som svar på bakterier som normalt finns i munhålan. I cellmembranet hos vissa bakterier finns en molekyl, LPS, som fungerar retande och startar inflammationen genom att binda till en mottagarmolekyl, som sitter på vita blodkroppar, men också till vävnadsceller som till exempel PDL celler. Effekten blir att cellerna börjar producera ämnen, bland annat cytokiner och kemokiner, som får fler vita blodkroppar att komma till platsen och inflammationen är då ett faktum. Sedan tidigare finns ett flertal studier som visar ett samband mellan förändringar i östrogennivåer och tandlossning men mekanismerna är inte kända. Det övergripande syftet med studierna i denna avhandling var att undersöka ERs betydelse i parodontiet.*Studie I: LPS får PDL-celler att drastiskt öka produktionen av inflammationsproteinerna, IL-6och MCP-1 men påverkar inte PDL-cellers normala funktioner, vilket betyder att LPS specifikt stimulerar produktionen av inflammationsproteiner i dessa celler.*Studie II: För att studera effekten av östrogen i parodontiet opererades de östrogenproducerandeäggstockarna bort på en grupp av honmöss. Tändernas fästenivå hos denna grupp jämfördes med en kontrollgrupp med normal östrogenproduktion. Efter sex veckor visade det sig inte vara någon skillnad på tandfästet mellan de två grupperna.*Studie III: Östrogen påverkar PDL-cellers produktion av flera olika inflammationsproteiner, men mönstret är komplext. Ett protein som stimulerar rekrytering av vita blodkroppar (kemokin) hämmas av östrogen medan en annan kemokin förblir oförändrad . För ett tredje kemokin skilde produktionen sig åt beroende på vilket genetiskt ursprung cellerna hade. Detta tyder på att östrogen verkar både pro- och anti-inflammatoriskt och att det genetiska ursprungetkan påverka östrogens funktion.*Studie IV: I tandköttet (gingivan) är ERβ är den dominerande östrogenreceptorn. Mönstret gårigen både på odlade celler och på vävnadsprover från patienter. Vid höga doser av östrogen minskar förmågan att dela sig hos gingivala epitelceller. Studien visar att östrogen verkar genom ERβ i tandköttet och att höga östrogenhalter minskar gingivala epitelcellers förmåga att dela sig.*Studie V: PDL-celler producerar olika mängder av inflammationsproteinet IL-6, beroende på vilket LPS de behandlas med. LPS från den parodontitassocierade bakterien, P. gingivalis orsakar ingen IL-6 produktion i PDL-celler medan LPS från tarmbakterien E. coli ökar IL-6 produktionen med cirka 30 gånger. När enzymen, som behövs vid bildandet av kväveoxid(NO), blockerades minskade IL-6 produktionen som svar på E. coli LPS med 30% vilket indikerar att NO är inblandat i IL-6 produktionen. Sammanfattningsvis visar studierna att östrogen, sannolikt via ERβ, påverkar parodontiets celler på flera olika sätt. Östrogen utövar både effekter som kan tolkas som skyddande (minskning av produktionen av inflammationsproteiner) men också effekter som kan innebära reducerat skydd (t ex hämning av gingivala epitelcellers celldelning). Studierna bidrar med nykunskap om den biologiska betydelsen av östrogen i parodontiet.

Abstract [en]

The main functions of estrogen are associated with reproduction. However, estrogen has been shown to be of functional importance also in non-classic target organs. Previous studies, especially epidemiologicand clinical ones, have addressed estrogen’s influence on periodontitis, suggesting that estrogen has a beneficial effect, but the biological mechanisms have not been identified. Estrogen exerts genomic effects in the target cells by binding to the nuclear receptors, estrogen receptor (ERs), ERα and ERβ. The expression of the two subtypes of ERs varies depending on the tissue. The overall objectives of this thesis were to study the functional importanceof estrogen receptors in the periodontium with special focus on inflammation, and stimulators of inflammation and their signaling pathways. The thesis is based on the following five papers.In Paper I, effects of estrogen on E. coli LPS-induced PDL cell production of interleukin-6 (IL-6), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and C-reactive protein (CRP) are assessed, by usingELISA. Furthermore, effects of LPS and estrogen on the normal characteristics of the PDL cell such as collagen synthesis and cell proliferation is determined by using L-[3H]proline incorporationand measurement of DNA synthesis, respectively. Key findings: E.coli LPS stimulates PDL cell IL-6 and MCP-1 production but has no effect on the normal physiological properties of PDL cells. LPSinducedIL-6 and MCP-1 is not reversed by estrogen suggestingthat estrogen has no anti-inflammatory effect in these experiments.In Paper II, we investigate the effects of ovariectomy and aging on tooth attachment in female mice by using morphometric analysis. Key findings: Withdrawal of female sex hormone production byovariectomy has no effect on alveolar bone height and apical termination of the junctional epithelium. In a second series of experiments these parameters are similar in mice sacrificed at 8-26 weeks of age, suggesting that tooth attachment is preserved with age in mice within a period of six months. In Paper III, the objective is to investigate the regulation of CCL2/MCP-1, CCL3/MIP-1α, and CCL5/RANTES chemokines by estrogen in human PDL cells by determining mRNA transcript levels (using quantitative real-time PCR) and protein levels (usingELISA). Key findings: A physiological concentration of estrogen reduces the expression of CCL3 mRNA by about 40% compared to PDL cells treated with LPS alone. In contrast, inter-individual differences in the effects of estrogen on CCL5 mRNA expressionare observed. These findings indicate that estrogen affects chemokine expression in PDL cells showing a complex pattern involving down-regulation as well as up-regulation of chemokines. Estrogen exerts both anti-inflammatory and pro-inflammatory effectsthrough these mechanisms.In Paper IV, ER expression in human gingival biopsies, and effects of estrogen on cultured gingival epithelial cell (HGEP) proliferation,are investigated. Expression of ERα and ERβ is determined by immunohistochemistry and effects of estrogen on HGEP proliferation monitored by measuring DNA synthesis. Key findings: HGEP cells show strong ERβ immunoreactivity but low ERα immunoreactivity both in vivo and in culture, suggesting that ERβis the predominant ER subtype in HGEP. High, but not low, concentrations of estrogen attenuates proliferation of gingival epithelial cells, indicating a concentration-dependent mechanism.In Paper V, the objective is to investigate the effects of LPS from Escherichia coli and Porphyromonas gingivalis on IL-6 productionin human PDL cells and endothelial cells, and the signaling mechanisms involved. Quantitative real-time PCR is used to determine IL-6 mRNA levels and ELISA to determine IL-6 protein. Key findings: E. coli LPS (but not P. gingivalis LPS) stimulates IL-6 production in PDL cells. Treatment with the non-selective nitric oxide synthase inhibitor L-NAME reduces IL-6 by 30%, while aminoguanidine, an inhibitor of inducible nitric oxide synthase, does not affect IL-6 levels, showing a mechanism probably involving nitric oxide formation via endothelial nitric oxide synthase. Treatment with the glucocorticoid steroid dexamethasone totally prevents E. coli LPS-induced IL-6 in PDL cells.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Malmö University, Faculty of Odontology, 2012. p. 134
Series
Swedish Dental Journal : Supplement, ISSN 0348-6672 ; 221
Keywords
Estrogen, Estrogen receptors, LPS, Periodontium, PDL cells, Gingival epithelial cells
National Category
Dentistry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-7693 (URN)13331 (Local ID)978-91-7104-388-7 (ISBN)13331 (Archive number)13331 (OAI)
Note

Paper V in dissertation as manuscript.

Available from: 2020-02-28 Created: 2020-02-28 Last updated: 2024-03-06Bibliographically approved

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Nebel, DanielNorderyd, Ola

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