In the long history of temporomandibular disorders (TMD), the term ”rehabilitation“ has been often associated with ”occlusal rehabilitation“ indicating a specific philosophy in which occlusion is the crucial factor for TMD and that intervention on the occlusion could ”cure“ the problem. In this paper, the term rehabilitation is used to denote any medical, physical, or psychological treatment which brings or restores an individual to a normal or optimal state of health, and this revised concept therefore significantly broadens the scope of rehabilitation of TMD. The purpose of the JOR-CORE in Siena, 2009 was to critically examine the current state-of-the-science in the field of TMDs. This lead to four extensive reviews and the present summaries and recommendations for future research into rehabilitation of TMDs.