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Complexity of factors related to outcome of neuropathic and neuroischaemic/ischaemic diabetic foot ulcers: a cohort study
Malmö högskola, Faculty of Health and Society (HS).ORCID iD: 0000-0003-4395-2522
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2009 (English)In: Diabetologia, ISSN 0012-186X, E-ISSN 1432-0428, Vol. 52, no 3, p. 398-407Article in journal (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

AIMS/HYPOTHESIS: We sought to identify factors related to short-term outcome of foot ulcers in patients with diabetes treated in a multidisciplinary system until healing was achieved. METHODS: Consecutively presenting patients with diabetes and worst foot ulcer (Wagner grade 1-5, below ankle) (n = 2,511) were prospectively followed and treated according to a standardised protocol until healing was achieved or until death. The number of patients lost to dropout was 31. The characteristics of the remaining 2,480 patients were: 1,465 men, age 68 +/- 15 years (range 18-96), type 1 diabetes 18%, type 2 diabetes 82% and insulin-treated 62%. RESULTS: The healing rate without major amputation in surviving patients was 90.6% (n = 1,867). Sixty-five per cent (n = 1,617) were healed primarily, 9% (n = 250) after minor amputation and 8% after major amputation; 17% (n = 420) died unhealed. Out of 2,060 surviving patients, 1,007 were neuroischaemic (48.8%). In a multiple regression analysis, primary healing was related to co-morbidity, duration of diabetes, extent of peripheral vascular disease and type of ulcer. In neuropathic ulcers, deep foot infection, site of ulcer and co-morbidity were related to amputation. Amputation in neuroischaemic ulcers was related to co-morbidity, peripheral vascular disease and type of ulcer. Age, sex, duration of diabetes, neuropathy, deformity and duration of ulcer or site of ulcer did not have an evident influence on probability of amputation. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION: Patients with diabetic foot ulcer suffer from multi-organ disease. Factors related to outcome are correspondingly complex.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Springer, 2009. Vol. 52, no 3, p. 398-407
Keywords [en]
Amputation, Complications, Diabetes mellitus, Diabetic foot ulcers, Healing, Neuropathy, Peripheral vascular disease
National Category
Medical and Health Sciences
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-15243DOI: 10.1007/s00125-008-1226-2ISI: 000263072600004PubMedID: 19037626Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-59449083242Local ID: 7447OAI: oai:DiVA.org:mau-15243DiVA, id: diva2:1418764
Available from: 2020-03-30 Created: 2020-03-30 Last updated: 2024-02-05Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Prevention of foot ulcers in patients with diabetes mellitus
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Prevention of foot ulcers in patients with diabetes mellitus
2011 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Amputation in patients with diabetes mellitus preceded by a foot ulcer is a serious complication. Patients with the highest risk of developing a foot ulcer are often found in home nursing settings. The overall aim was to focus on how registered nurses are working with prevention of foot ulcers in patients with diabetes mellitus in outpatient settings: - to identify factors related to short term outcome of foot ul-cers in patients treated in a multi-disciplinary system until healing was achieved. - to assess what was documented by registered nurses regarding diabetes care in a Swed-ish municipality’s home nursing service; to what extent nursing actions were planned for, performed and evaluated according to the goals of metabolic control, treatment and prevention of complications.- to explore registered nurses’ professional work with foot ulcer prevention in home nursing settings. - to explore whether participant driven group information has an impact on ulceration in a patient group with previ-ous diabetes foot ulcer. Study I used logistic regression analysis to identify factors related to outcome in a cohort of 2480 consecutive patients with diabetic foot ulcer at a multidisciplinary foot clinic. Results: Healed primarily: 65% (n=1617), 9% (n=250) after minor am-putation, 8% (n=193) after major amputation and 17% (n=420) died unhealed. Primary healing was related to co- morbidity, duration of diabetes, extent of periph-eral vascular disease and type of ulcer. In neuropathic ulcers, deep foot infection, site of ulcer and co-morbidity was related to amputation. In neuro-ischemic/ischemic ul-cers amputation was related to co morbidity, peripheral arterial disease and type of ulcer. Study II was a cross sectional assessment of all nursing records of patients with dia-betes (N=172) in a municipality’s home nursing setting and analyzed with manifest content analysis. Results: The overall standard of nursing records was insufficient. Evaluation of blood glucose was documented in 61% (n=105) of the records, weight was documented in 6% (n=10), blood pressure in 10% (n=17) and ongoing foot ul-cers were documented in 21% (n=36). Study III was a qualitative interview study of 15 registered nurses from four munici-palities, analyzed with manifest content analysis. Results: Registered nurses in home nursing settings worked mainly through health care assistants. The nurses used lead-ership and education as the main tools to enable the nursing process. They mainly relied on experience based competence. Study IV was a randomized controlled trial comparing participant driven education in group with standard information, in patients with diabetes and previous foot ul-cers. An interim analysis was made 6 months after intervention of 131 included pa-tients. Results: After 6 months follow up, 58% (n=57) of the 98 evaluated patients had not developed a new foot ulcer. There was no statistical difference between the two interventions. The most common reasons for ulceration were plantar stress ulcer and minor external trauma. Five patients had deceased and 10 had withdrawn con-sent to participate. Conclusion: Patients with diabetes and high risk of developing foot ulcer constitute a fragile group that needs special foot protective attention. This requires a well edu-cated staff in the home nursing organization. In the future patient education should target low risk patients.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Malmö University, 2011
Series
Malmö University Health and Society Dissertations, ISSN 1653-5383
Keywords
amputation, complications, diabetes mellitus, diabetic foot ulcers, documentation, education, healing, home care, neuropathy, nursing, nursing process, peripheral vascular disease, pressure ulcer, prevention, RCT
National Category
Medical and Health Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-7351 (URN)12383 (Local ID)978-91-7104-412-9 (ISBN)12383 (Archive number)12383 (OAI)
Note

Paper III and IV in dissertation as manuscript, paper III with title "Prevention of foot ulcers in patients with diabetes in home nursing settings – an interview study among registered nurses"

Available from: 2020-02-28 Created: 2020-02-28 Last updated: 2024-03-04Bibliographically approved

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Annersten Gershater, Magdalena

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