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Sports and Bullshi t: Philosophical and Ethical Aspects of Athletic Entertainment
Malmö University, Faculty of Education and Society (LS), Department of Sport Sciences (IDV).
2018 (English)In: Book of Abstracts - EASM 2018, 2018, p. 257-258Conference paper, Oral presentation with published abstract (Other academic)
Abstract [en]

Aim: After decades in the backyard of the sports world, professional wrestling (henceforth, pro wrestling) has grown to be an integral part of the sports entertainment industry. Through many films and TV series, this spectacular hybrid of athletics and theatrical performance, has become a common cultural reference. But not only that. Since the election of Donald Trump as the US president in 2016, pro wrestling also has received political attention in that Trump has used his former involvement in pro wrestling as a means for attacking what he calls “fake media”. The question is, though, what we should make of this. What does it say about our time, and the relations between sports, entertainment, politics and the sports market in terms of ethics? Obviously, pro wrestling can be controversial, not least when read in political terms. This is not new. Already in the 1930s, some raised questions in that regard, for example the American writer Christopher Isherwood (2012). After watching an obviously staged fight in the streets of Berlin in the early 30s, he draws the conclusion that the spectators did not seem to show any interest whatsoever for what is true or fake. And he understood politically. What he really saw, embedded in the reactions of the spectators, was nothing less than a political moral that foreboded the Nazi tyranny. This, of course, is only one way of understanding the phenomenon of pro wrestling. Nonetheless, the example raises the question of what is true and false in sports, and what is merely bullshit. With that said, I will here discuss the following questions: What are the ethical implications in regards to what is fake and true, and is it morally worse to believe in “fake” sports than in “true” ones? I will suggest that the phenomenon of pro wrestling does not only say something about our time, but also that pro wrestling (whether we consider it to be bullshit or not), may be more “true” than “real” sports. Theoretical background: In his 2005 modern classic On Bullshit, the American philosopher Harry Frankfurt draws attention to the distinctions between truth, falsehood and bullshit. In his theory of bullshit, Frankfurt suggests that we should differentiate between liars and bullshitters. A liar, Frankfurt claims, do in fact care about the truth – but tries to hide it. A bullshitter, on the other hand, is indifferent when it comes to truth and falsehood. Based on this, one might even say that it may be morally worse to be a bullshitter than a liar. Following these distinctions but applied to the issue of pro wrestling versus “true” sports, one might say that pro wrestling rests upon bullshit, whereas “true” sports does not. However, are we certain that such preconceptions are fully consistent? Perhaps it is the other way around, even. In a famous essay, the French philosopher Roland Barthes (1991) argues that “true” (that is, traditionally competitive) sports, sometimes accommodate hidden symbolic aspects that are not supposed to be openly presented before the spectators. Rather, in such cases “true” sports tries to hide the truth of the sport in question. This is not the case when it comes to pro wrestling. On the contrary, pro wrestling offers the opposite of that. What this argument suggests, is that pro wrestling in some respect is truer than “true” sports. But again, what should we ethically make of this philosophical reading of this argument? Are, in fact, “true” sports about falsity and simply a way of “bullshitting” the consumers, whereas pro wrestling is not? Methodology: With the cultural phenomenon of pro wrestling as the centre of attention, I will present philosophical arguments for and against the idea of pro wrestling as merely fake when it comes to a sports context. From such an analysis I believe it would be possible to draw some essential conclusions in regards to ethical concerns when it comes to this issue. Discussion: What this investigation may lead to, is somewhat a new (or, renewed) understanding of the ethical implications when it comes to a “fake” versus “true” sports. Not only because such a discussion may shed some light on common preconceptions in regards to sports in general but also because it may say something important about how we (as consumers of sports events and alike) relate to the concepts of truth, falsehood and bullshit. References: Barthes, R. (1991). The World of Wrestling. In Roland Barthes, Mythologies (pp. 15-26). New York, NY: Farrar, Straus & Giroux. Frankfurt, H.G. (2005). On Bullshit. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. Isherwood, C. (2012). Goodbye to Berlin. New York, NY: New Directions Books.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
2018. p. 257-258
Keywords [en]
pro wrestling, athletic entertainment, sports ethics
National Category
Humanities and the Arts
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-11812Local ID: 26753OAI: oai:DiVA.org:mau-11812DiVA, id: diva2:1408856
Conference
EASM 2018, Malmö, Sweden (6/9 - 2018)
Available from: 2020-02-29 Created: 2020-02-29 Last updated: 2020-06-02Bibliographically approved

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Jönsson, Kutte

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