This chapter surveys how researchers have studied the relationship between the EU and the people identified as its citizens. The passports held by the citizens of EU member-states carry the statement that they are ‘EU citizens’. This is a legal statement and has material consequences for the individual possessing such a document. Yet, does EU citizenship mean that there is a ‘people’ of the EU in the sense that we speak of the ‘French people’ or ‘German people’, with all the historical and cultural baggage those labels incur?