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Organisation and management of Public Dentistry in Sweden: Past, present and future
Malmö högskola, Faculty of Odontology (OD).
2011 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [sv]

Professionella organisationer innebär utmaningar i management ochorganisation jämfört med producerande företag eftersom kontrollenav arbetet ligger inom de professionella grupperna själva. Ledning ien politiskt styrd organisation som Folktandvården (FTV) innebärextra svårigheter.Syftet med denna avhandling var att bidra till bättre förståelse av organisationoch ledning av människovårdande organisationer, i synnerhetFTV, och därmed bidra till en långsiktigt hållbar verksamhet medhänsyn till de professionella grupperna. Syftet var också att peka påvissa framtida svårigheter för FTV och möjliga lösningar för dessa.Fyra artiklar ingår i avhandlingen och i en bilaga beskrivs framväxtenav svensk offentlig tandvård.Den första artikeln definierar de professionella kliniska grupperna isvensk tandvård; tandläkare och i viss grad tandhygienister.Den andra artikeln granskade den yttre miljön för tandvård i Sverigei form av politiska beslut, dvs. lagar och förordningar. Resultatenvar att det kan finnas ett gap mellan de formella målen och de faktiskabeteendena från den politiska nivån. Vissa politiskt attraktivaidéer kan återkomma trots goda argument mot dem. Möjligheternaatt påverka de politiska besluten genom att aktivt deltaga i de tidigaskedena av processerna noteras även. Den tredje artikeln byggde på ett frågeformulär till folktandvårdschefernaom management och organisation i respektive FTV. Detkonstaterades att idéer om ledning och organisation vanligtvis varinbäddade i hur respektive landsting var organiserat. En stark tro påstordriftsfördelar noterades också, såväl för administrationen somför själva tandvården.Den fjärde artikeln jämförde övergripande arbetstillfredsställelsebland offentligt anställda tandläkare i Danmark och Sverige. Detvar viktigt för de svenska tandläkarna att det fanns kollegor påklinken. Professionell utveckling och inflytande på arbetsplatsenbefanns också vara viktigt. Folktandvårdstandläkare som intevar födda i Sverige hade lägre arbetstillfredsställelse än andra. Dedanska tandläkarna var i allmänhet mer nöjda än de svenska. Enförklaring kan finnas i klinikernas omvärld med mycket starkarekonkurrens i Sverige samt i tandläkarnas förväntningar på innehålleti yrket.SlutsatserTandläkarna i Sverige är en etablerad profession och tandhygienisternaär en framväxande profession; tandhygienisterna, och samhälletskulle sannolikt gynnas av en tydligare avgränsning och definitionav deras unika kunskapsområden.Politiskt beslutsfattande är inte nödvändigtvis rationellt och andrabeslutsmodeller kan ge en bättre förståelse av politiska processer.Folktandvårdscheferna har en utbredd tro på stordriftsfördelar i administrationenoch i vården. Detta kan utgöra ett framtida problemför tandvårdsservicen i glesbefolkade områden.Övergripande arbetstillfredsställelse, som en del av det goda arbetet,var baserad på en atmosfär vid kliniken som var inriktad på ochgrundad i professionella värderingar.Kanske kan ett närmare samarbete mellan tandläkarhögskolornaoch FTV ge de nyexaminerade tandläkarna en mer realistisk syn på de professionella utmaningarna i offentlig tandvård, och ge skolornasforskare tillgång till folktandvårdens omfattande patientmaterial.Den framtida arbetsfördelningen mellan allmäntandläkare, tandhygienisteroch specialisttandläkare bör analyseras ingående.Den minskande tandläkarkåren och svårigheterna att behålla tandläkarei FTV kan mötas genom att anpassa organisationen ochledningen. Mycket större flexibilitet och möjligheter för tandvårdsteamenatt själva organisera sitt arbete kan vara vägar framåt. Producentkooperativ,franchising och liknande former bör prövas pånytt, men sådana driftsformer kräver omsorgsfullt konstrueradekontrakt med goda uppföljningsmöjligheter. Möjligheterna för FTVatt ge patienterna god servicekvalitet kommer att vara beroende avfortsatt demokratisering och mindre detaljkontroll på klinikerna.Balansen mellan det goda arbetet för tandvårdens personal, en effektivorganisation och bra service till befolkningen behöver studerasytterligare.

Abstract [en]

Professional organisations present challenges in management comparedto producing companies, as control of the work lies within theprofessional groups themselves. Management in the Public DentalHealth Service (PDHS) has an added difficulty in the two-tiered politicalgovernance in Swedish public dentistry.The aim of this thesis was to contribute to better understanding ofthe organisation and management of Human Service Organisations,especially the PDHS in Sweden, thereby contributing to long-termsustainability with due regard to the professionals. The aim was alsoto point to some future difficulties facing the PDHS and possiblesolutions to these.Four papers are included in the thesis.The first paper set out to define the professions in dentistry in Swedenfrom theories on professions. Dentists and, to a lesser degree;dental hygienists were the identified professional groups.The second paper scrutinised the external environment for dentistryin Sweden in the form of political decisions, i.e. laws and regulations.The findings were that there can be a gap between the formalobjectives and the factual behaviour from the political level, andthat certain politically attractive ideas might reoccur at a later timedespite good scientific arguments against them. Also indicated inthis paper were ways to influence the political processes, by activeparticipation in the early stages of decision-making The third paper dealt with the heads (CDOs) of the PDHS in theCounties and is based on a questionnaire to them on management. Itwas found that ideas on management and organisation usually wereembedded in the way the respective county council was organised. Astrong belief in advantages of scale was noted, both for administrationand also for dental care itself.The fourth paper compared overall job satisfaction among publiclyemployed dentists in Denmark and Sweden. A focus on size of clinic,on professional development and on influence at the work place wasfound to be important. The Danish dentists were generally moresatisfied with their overall job situations than the Swedish ones. Oneexplanation might be found in the environment for the respectiveservice, with a much stronger element of competition in Sweden.Another aspect could be that the expectations of the Danish dentistsmight be more realistic when they entered the public service.In an appendix the history of the Swedish Public Dental Health Serviceis outlined.ConclusionsDentists in Sweden are an established profession and dental hygienistsare an emerging profession; they and society would benefit froma clearer delineation and definition of their unique competences.Political decision-making is not necessarily rational, and garbagecan models or similar can give a better understanding of politicalprocesses.CDOs have a widespread belief in advantages of scale in administrationas well as in care, which may pose future problems for theprovision of dental care in sparsely populated areas.Overall job satisfaction, as part of Good Work, is founded in anatmosphere at the clinic that is focussed on professional values. It isnoteworthy that PDHS dentists not born in Sweden had a lower jobsatisfaction than those born in Sweden. Perhaps a closer cooperation between the dental colleges and thePDHS might give the newly qualified dentists a more realistic viewof the professional challenges in public dentistry, as well as givingthe colleges access to the vast material on patients in the PDHS.The future division of tasks between the general dentists, dental hygienistsand specialist care dentists has a great impact on the futureneed for personnel, and needs to be carefully analysed.The future diminishing numbers of dentists and the difficulty for thePDHS to retain dentists may be met by adapting the organisationsto a much greater flexibility by allowing different teams to organisetheir own work. The possibilities to give the patients good servicequality will depend on continued democratisation and less managerialcontrol. Producer cooperatives, franchising, or similar, could berevisited and tried. However, such forms will require carefully designedcontracts where the objectives and the outcomes are possible todefine and to evaluate.The balance between good work for dentists, an efficient organisationand perceived good service to the public will be objects forfurther studies.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Malmö University, Faculty of Odontology, Department of Oral Public Health , 2011. , p. 92
Series
Swedish Dental Journal : Supplement, ISSN 0348-6672 ; 210
National Category
Dentistry
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-7663Local ID: 11665ISBN: 978-91-7104-382-5 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:mau-7663DiVA, id: diva2:1404603
Note

Paper IV in dissertation as manuscript.

Available from: 2020-02-28 Created: 2020-02-28 Last updated: 2024-03-18Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. An analysis of present dental professions in Sweden
Open this publication in new window or tab >>An analysis of present dental professions in Sweden
2006 (English)In: Swedish Dental Journal, ISSN 0347-9994, Vol. 30, no 4, p. 155-164Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Dentistry in Sweden is predicted to have a shortage of dentists in the future and the division of labour within dentistry will be a more debated question. In order to forecast the effects of such a shortage the professional status of the involved groups must be made clearer. The objective of this paper is to analyse the emergence and present professional status of clinical dental professions in Sweden. The study was conducted on the basis of theories on professions, and their roles in organizations was analysed.The results were applied on the historical emergence, establishment and consolidation of clinical dental professions in Sweden. The results show that a large sector of salaried dentists has not diminished the professional status of the Swedish dentists. Professional ambitions such as many clinical subspecialties and a strong element of research have not been restrained by the public health ambitions in the Public Dental Health Service (PDHS). Presently, other dental professions are dental hygienists, dental technicians and dental nurses. Of these the only other licensed group, the dental hygienists, are an emerging profession.They have an uphill struggle to obtain a full professional status, mainly because their knowledge domains are neither specific nor exclusive to their group. Development of a common core curriculum on a clearly academic level would enhance their professional status. Dental technicians and nurses are lacking fundamental traits as professions. There appears to be little need for additional groups of clinical professions besides dentists and dental hygienists in Swedish dentistry. In conclusion,this analysis provided better understanding of the present status of the Swedish dental professions, to prepare for future restructuring of the dental care system. Further work will be needed to understand the impact of professional traits on the management of groups of professionals.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Swedish Dental Association, 2006
National Category
Dentistry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-6943 (URN)000243521900003 ()17243443 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-33846009848 (Scopus ID)3514 (Local ID)3514 (Archive number)3514 (OAI)
Available from: 2020-02-28 Created: 2020-02-28 Last updated: 2024-08-01Bibliographically approved
2. Understanding politics? Some lessons from Swedish dentistry
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Understanding politics? Some lessons from Swedish dentistry
2009 (English)In: Community Dental Health, ISSN 0265-539X, Vol. 26, no 4, p. 239-243Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Background Medical and dental care are dependent on political settings for legislation and financing. The professionals in these organisations need to understand the political logic that shapes the environment of their organisation. A description of Swedish dentistry and recent legislation reports from commissions and bills to parliament from 1997 are analysed. Aim The aims are to describe changes in the environment for dentistry in Sweden from 1998, to analyse the underlying political logic, and to point to some lessons to be learned. Method The description is analysed using theories from strategic management and from decision-making. Results The objectives changed from a formal emphasis on prevention to insurance against high cost for the patient. Some ideas keep recurring in the political debates even if scientific logics contradict them. Conclusions Health care system research methods and the “garbage can” model of decision-making can be used to describe and to gain a better understanding of the politically governed environment. Some political issues keep recurring in spite of earlier rational rejections. A better understanding of the political logic that forms the environment for an organisation is needed for a successful adaptation to that environment.

Keywords
dental insurance, dentistry, health care systems research, non-rational, organization theory, Public Dental Health Service
National Category
Dentistry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-6460 (URN)10.1922/CDH_2292Ordell05 (DOI)000276266500009 ()20088223 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-74049148791 (Scopus ID)9430 (Local ID)9430 (Archive number)9430 (OAI)
Available from: 2020-02-28 Created: 2020-02-28 Last updated: 2024-02-05Bibliographically approved
3. Management structures and beliefs in a professional organisation: An example from Swedish Public Dental Health Services
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Management structures and beliefs in a professional organisation: An example from Swedish Public Dental Health Services
2010 (English)In: Swedish Dental Journal, ISSN 0347-9994, Vol. 34, no 3, p. 167-176Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Work as a dentist is stressful and demanding. In the Public Dental Health Service (PDHS) the heads of clinics' have a great influence on the work environment. In turn the heads have to adapt to the overarching policies on management in each County, which create the environment for the clinics. The aims of this paper were to describe the management structure of the PDHS as described by their Chief Dental Officers (CDOs), and to test hypotheses that the management systems had "a logical administrative structure". A postal questionnaire was mailed to all 21 CDOs,who all responded. Context analysis and bivariate correlations were used. The PDHS employed on average 60% of all dentists in a county. The numbers of clinics for general dentistry in Sweden was 698, and for specialist care 144. The heads of clinics were dentists in 92%. Four hypotheses were tested. 1. separate political board did not lead to closer governance of the PDHS. 2. There was more emphasis on measurable than on qualitative objectives and followup. 3. There was only partial correlation between a larger county and a more formalized management. 4. There was no correlation between size of county and beliefs on advantages of scale. There was a widespread belief in advantages with larger clinics both from administrative, and rather surprisingly, from clinical aspects. Two of the four hypotheses could not be corroborated which indicates that the management structures were more formed by county specific principles. The four hypotheses on administrative behaviour were only partially corroborated. The implications for delivery of care to sparsely populated areas need to be monitored in view of the beliefs in larger clinics. The limits for decisions by management and for professional discretion must be monitored closely considering their effects on work environment and on the quality of care the professionals are able to deliver.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Swedish dental association, 2010
National Category
Dentistry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-7095 (URN)000283707900006 ()21121416 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-78149279588 (Scopus ID)11158 (Local ID)11158 (Archive number)11158 (OAI)
Available from: 2020-02-28 Created: 2020-02-28 Last updated: 2024-08-01Bibliographically approved
4. Organization and overall job satisfaction among publicly employed, salaried dentists in Sweden and Denmark
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Organization and overall job satisfaction among publicly employed, salaried dentists in Sweden and Denmark
Show others...
2013 (English)In: Acta Odontologica Scandinavica, ISSN 0001-6357, E-ISSN 1502-3850, Vol. 71, no 6, p. 1443-1452Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

Abstract Background. In Sweden and Denmark, clinical dentistry is changing and public dentistry is in transition towards more market orientation. Dentists' overall job satisfaction is important for how public dentistry can fulfil the new expectations from patients, the public and politicians. Objectives. The aim of this study was to investigate what organizational factors were important for publicly employed salaried dentists' overall job satisfaction. Methods. A random sample of active, general dental practitioners (private and publicly employed) was selected in Denmark and in Sweden, and they received a postal questionnaire. The number of questionnaires was 1835 and the response rate was 68% (n = 1226). This study analysed only the publicly employed dentists. The sampling frame for the Swedish dentists was 431, response rate 68.9% (n = 297) and for the Danish ones 194, response rate 81.9% (n = 159). Multivariate regression was used with overall job satisfaction as a dependent variable. Results. Common organizational variables were important. The used model explained between 32% (Sweden) and 39% (Denmark) of the variance in overall job satisfaction. The only significant individual factor was less job satisfaction for Swedish dentists born outside Sweden. An organizational climate characterized by a focus on professional values was associated with job satisfaction in both countries. Among the Swedish dentists, number of colleagues and degree of influence were also important and among the Danish ones sufficient time for patients. Conclusions. Organizational factors had an impact on salaried publicly employed dentists' overall job satisfaction in both countries. The findings may have implications for other Human Service Organizations with employed professionals.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Informa Healthcare, 2013
Keywords
dentists, public dentistry, organization, international comparison, psycho-social work environment
National Category
Dentistry
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-15615 (URN)10.3109/00016357.2013.767933 (DOI)000326678700014 ()23972204 (PubMedID)2-s2.0-84887237797 (Scopus ID)16011 (Local ID)16011 (Archive number)16011 (OAI)
Available from: 2020-03-30 Created: 2020-03-30 Last updated: 2024-02-05Bibliographically approved

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