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Women, smoking and myocardial infarction
Malmö högskola, Faculty of Health and Society (HS), Department of Health and Welfare Studies (HV).ORCID iD: 0000-0002-8597-4845
2005 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [sv]

The aim of this thesis has been to explore factors associated with smoking and smoking cessation in women and the relation between smoking and incidence of myocardial infarction (MI).The time trends in incidence of MI 1986-2002 in the city of Malmö (pop. 250.000) were explored. It showed declining incidences in men and older women, but not in women below 65 years of age. The high prevalence of smokers could possibly explain the absence of decline.In a cohort study of 10 902 middle-age women followed over 14 years, it was concluded that many of the MI events in smokers and ex-smokers can be attributed to other cardiovascular risk factor e.g. hypertension, diabetes and high cholesterol. There was a significant interaction between smoking and hypertension on risk of MI. This illustrates the need of a global risk factor assessment in smokers.Within the city of Malmö there are marked differences between residential areas with regard to the socio-economic circumstances. A cross-sectional study of 17 319 women showed marked differences of the area-specific prevalence of smoking. The prevalence of smoking was related to several unfavourable socio-economic circumstances. The area specific incidence of MI among women was strongly related to the prevalence of smoking, particularly in younger age groups.Fear of weight gain after smoking cessation is an obstacle for many female smokers who consider to quit. A cross-sectional study of 3 931 women showed that smokers on average have lower body weight and lower blood pressure than have non-smokers.During nine years follow-up, the weight increase was 3-4 kg higher in women who quit than it was in those who had never smoked. Smoking cessation was also associated with a moderate increase of both the systolic and diastolic blood pressure and a higher incidence of hypertension.A number of socio-economic and psycho-social circumstances e.g. civil status, educational level, annual income, availability of emotional support, exposure to passive smoking, body weight and self perceived health were in a cross-sectional study associated with women?s ability to quit smoking. It is concluded that by using epidemiological methods it is possible to identify target groups for tobacco preventive measures.

Abstract [en]

Syftet med denna avhandling har varit att försöka avslöja omständigheter och faktorer som hänger samman med att kvinnor fortsätter respektive slutar att röka och att bidra med kunskaper om vilka rökare som är mest sårbara när det gäller risken för att drabbas av hjärtinfarkt.I den officiella sjuk- och dödsorsaksstatistiken framgår det att risken för hjärtinfarkt minskar bland män och kvinnor, både i Sverige och andra industriländer. Eftersom bruket av tobak har minskat skulle man kunna tro att det finns ett samband mellan den sjunkande risken för hjärtinfarkt och samhällets satsningar på att minska tobaksbruket. Under motsvarande tid har risken för lungcancer ökat, inte minst bland yngre kvinnor, och det finns därför anledning att undersöka om den sjunkande risken för hjärtinfarkt gäller för både yngre och äldre kvinnor. I det första delarbetet som handlar om risken för hjärtinfarkt i Malmö från 1986 till 2002 framgår det att infarktrisken successivt gått ner de senaste tjugo åren bland män och äldre kvinnor. Denna positiva trend gäller inte för kvinnor under 65 år, i den gruppen är risken oförändrad. Den mest troliga förklaringen till detta är den höga andelen rökare i den här åldersgruppen.Många studier har dokumenterat rökningens samband med hjärtinfarkt. Dessa studier bygger på en jämförelse av incidensen av hjärtinfarkt, dvs andelen som under en viss tidsperiod insjuknar i hjärtinfarkt, bland rökare och icke-rökare. Rökarna drabbas i större utsträckning än icke-rökarna men många rökare klarar sig. Varför en del rökare är mer sårbara än andra har varit syftet med det andra delarbetet. I detta, som bygger på en uppföljning av de 10 619 kvinnorna som kom till hälsoundersökningen 1977-91 på avdelningen för förebyggande medicin i Malmö, är slutsatsen att många av hjärtinfarkterna bland rökare orsakas av högt blodtryck, höga blodfetter, övervikt och diabetes och att kombinationen av rökning och dessaandra riskfaktorer, främst högt blodtryck leder till en extra riskökning.Risken för hjärtinfarkt varierar i Malmö mycket mellan olika bostadsområden. För att kunna arbeta med förebyggande insatser behövs det mer information om vad detta kan bero på. Delarbete tre, som bygger på de 17 319 kvinnorna som deltar i den sk Kost&Cancer studien i Malmö, har haft som syfte att studera i vilken utsträckning dessa skillnader i hjärtinfarkt beror på rökning och vilken utsträckning bruket av tobak i ett bostadsområde samvarierar med områdets socioekonomiska omständigheter. Slutsatsen är att bruket av tobak, framförallt bland yngre kvinnor, starkt hänger samman med områdets socioekonomiska karaktär, i områden med sämst förutsättningar röker man mest och här har man också flest fall av hjärtinfarkt. Den här typen av studier är av värde för att kunna rikta samhällets preventiva insatser.Risken för biverkningar i samband med medicinsk och kirurgisk behandling diskuteras ofta. Det är däremot ovanligt att man kommenterar detta i samband med förebyggande insatser. I det fjärde delarbetet handlar det om och hur vikt och blodtryck förändras i samband med att man slutar röka. I studien ingår 3 931 kvinnor som deltog i hälsoundersökningen på avdelningen för förebyggande medicin och som i genomsnitt 9 år senare ställde upp som deltagare i Kost&Cancer studien. Trehundra åttio åtta av de ursprungligen 1550 rökarna hade då slutat röka. Rökarn, som från början vägde 2-2.5 kg mindre än icke-rökarna, gick i genomsnitt upp 3.2 kg, de som slutade 7.6 och icke-rökarna 3.7 kg. Att sluta röka var förenat med en måttliga ökning av både det systoliska och diastoliska blodtrycket och det var fler av dem som slutade röka som vid uppföljningen hade högt blodtryck.Det femte delarbetet handlar om former för uppföljning och utvärdering av de många olika förebyggande insatser som görs på det tobakspreventiva området. Rökvanornas utveckling följs och kommenteras i de undersökningar som görs av Folkhälsoinstitutet. Men vem det är som trots dessa preventiva insatser fortsätter att röka och vem som slutar har rönt liten uppmärksamhet. Detta har varit syftet med delarbete fem, som igen bygger på de drygt 17 000 kvinnor från Malmös olika bostadsområden som deltar i den sk Kost&Cancer studien. Slutsatsen är att de som slutade röka oftare var gifta kvinnor med lång utbildning, stressfri arbetsmiljö och bra ekonomi, kvinnor som i mindre utsträckning exponeras för passiv rökning och som tycker att de mår bra. Och omvänt gäller att i grupper med sämst socioekonomiska och psykosociala omständigheter och i grupper som exponeras för passiv rökning där fortsatte kvinnorna att röka.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Studentlitteratur AB, 2005. , p. 47
Series
Doctoral dissertation series Lund University, Faculty of Medicine, ISSN 1652-8220
Keywords [en]
Women, Smoking, Myocardial infarction, Trends, Prevention, risk, Smoking, Smoking cessation, Blood pressure
National Category
Medical and Health Sciences
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-7358Local ID: 2727ISBN: 91-628-6402-5 (print)OAI: oai:DiVA.org:mau-7358DiVA, id: diva2:1404273
Available from: 2020-02-28 Created: 2020-02-28 Last updated: 2022-06-27Bibliographically approved
List of papers
1. Are trends in incidence of and mortality from myocardial infarction similar in men and women?
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Are trends in incidence of and mortality from myocardial infarction similar in men and women?
Show others...
2005 (English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Medical and Health Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-39118 (URN)
Available from: 2021-01-13 Created: 2021-01-13 Last updated: 2021-04-22Bibliographically approved
2. Tobacco and myocardial infarction in middle-aged women: a study of factors modifying the risk.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Tobacco and myocardial infarction in middle-aged women: a study of factors modifying the risk.
2004 (English)In: Journal of Internal Medicine, ISSN 0954-6820, E-ISSN 1365-2796, Vol. 256, no 2, p. 111-8Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

BACKGROUND: Although myocardial infarction (MI) is strongly related to smoking, few have studied why some smokers are more vulnerable than others. This study explored how the risk of MI in current and former smokers is modified by other cardiovascular risk factors.

METHODS: Incidence of MI (fatal and nonfatal) amongst 10619 women, 48.3 +/- 8.2 years old, were studied in relation to smoking, hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, diabetes, marital status and occupational level over a mean follow-up of 14 years.

RESULTS: Of the 3738 smokers, one-third had at least one major biological risk factor besides smoking; 228 women had MI during follow-up. Smoking and hypertension showed a synergistic effect on incidence of MI. The adjusted relative risks (RR) were 12.2 (95% CI: 7.5-19.8) for smokers with hypertension, 5.3 (CI:3.3-8.1) for smokers with normal blood pressure and 2.4 (CI:1.4-4.3) for never-smokers with hypertension (reference: normotensive never-smokers). The corresponding RRs for diabetic smokers and diabetic never-smokers were 19.0 (CI: 10.2-35.4) and 8.8 (CI: 4.4-17.4), respectively (reference: nondiabetic never-smokers). In terms of attributable risks, hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia and diabetes accounted for 12.9, 11.5 and 7.2%, respectively, of MI in female smokers. Low socio-economic level and being unmarried accounted for 19.6 and 1.6%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS: Although smoking is a major risk factor for MI, the risk varies widely between women with similar tobacco consumption. The results illustrate the need of a global risk factor assessment in female smokers and suggest that female smokers should be targets both for intensified risk factor management and programmes to stop smoking.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
John Wiley & Sons, 2004
National Category
Medical and Health Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-39117 (URN)10.1111/j.1365-2796.2004.01346.x (DOI)15257723 (PubMedID)
Available from: 2021-01-13 Created: 2021-01-13 Last updated: 2021-01-13Bibliographically approved
3. Female smoking, socio-economic environment and incidence of myocardial infarction in an urban population - marked differences between residential areas
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Female smoking, socio-economic environment and incidence of myocardial infarction in an urban population - marked differences between residential areas
2005 (English)Manuscript (preprint) (Other academic)
National Category
Medical and Health Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-39119 (URN)
Available from: 2021-01-13 Created: 2021-01-13 Last updated: 2021-04-22Bibliographically approved
4. Changes in blood pressure and body weight following smoking cessation in women.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Changes in blood pressure and body weight following smoking cessation in women.
2004 (English)In: Journal of Internal Medicine, ISSN 0954-6820, E-ISSN 1365-2796, Vol. 255, no 2, p. 266-72Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

OBJECTIVE: Few have studied the long-term effects of smoking and smoking cessation on weight gain and blood pressure increase and compared with the age-related increases experienced by most adults. This study compared the development of weight and blood pressure in female never smokers, continuing smokers and smokers who quit smoking.

DESIGN: Weight, systolic (SBP) and diastolic (DBP) blood pressure and smoking habits were assessed at baseline and re-assessed after a mean follow-up of 9.0 +/- 5.8 years.

SETTING: Population-based cohort.

SUBJECTS: A total of 2381 female never smokers and 1550 female smokers. At the re-examination, 388 of the smokers had quit smoking.

RESULTS: Mean weight gain was 7.6 +/- 6.1, 3.2 +/- 5.8 and 3.7 +/- 5.2 kg, respectively, in quitters, continuing smokers and never smokers (P < 0.001). In women without blood pressure treatment, mean SBP increase was 20.9 +/- 16.8, 19.1 +/- 15.8 and 16.1 +/- 16.3 mmHg, respectively, in these groups (P < 0.001). Mean DBP increase was 6.2 +/- 8.7, 5.7 +/- 9.3 and 3.1 +/- 8.0 mmHg, respectively (P < 0.001). After adjustments for potential confounders, the increased weight gain in quitters remained highly significant. The differences in SBP and DBP increase were attenuated after adjustments, but remained significant. Incidence of hypertension (> or = 160/95 mmHg or treatment) was significantly higher in quitters [adjusted odds ratio (OR): 1.8; CI: 1.4-2.5] when compared with continuing smokers (OR: 1.3; CI: 1.07-1.6) and never smokers (reference).

CONCLUSION: Over a long follow-up, weight gain was approximately 3-4 kg higher in quitters when compared with continuing smokers or never smokers. Although the differences in blood pressure increase were moderate, smoking cessation was associated with an increased incidence of hypertension.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
John Wiley & Sons, 2004
National Category
Medical and Health Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-39122 (URN)10.1046/j.1365-2796.2003.01293.x (DOI)14746564 (PubMedID)
Available from: 2021-01-13 Created: 2021-01-13 Last updated: 2021-01-13Bibliographically approved
5. Who are the "quitters"? a cross-sectional study of circumstances associated with women giving up smoking.
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Who are the "quitters"? a cross-sectional study of circumstances associated with women giving up smoking.
Show others...
2005 (English)In: Scandinavian Journal of Public Health, ISSN 1403-4948, E-ISSN 1651-1905, Vol. 33, no 3, p. 175-82Article in journal (Refereed) Published
Abstract [en]

BACKGROUND: Smoking is an important preventable risk factor for cardiovascular disease, cancer, and many other diseases. Even though tobacco consumption is declining in Sweden, it is not declining in all groups. This study explored socioeconomic and psychosocial circumstances hindering or facilitating smoking cessation in three birth cohorts of women from the general population.

METHODS: Between 1991 and 1996 a comprehensive questionnaire was administered to 17,319 women, 45-73 years old, from the Malmö Diet and Cancer cohort. Smoking habits were compared in relation to socioeconomic and psychosocial circumstances in three birth cohorts.

RESULTS: Of these women, 44% were never smokers, 28% were ex-smokers, and 28% were smokers (regular or occasional). When compared with smokers, ex-smokers were more often married, had a higher socioeconomic position, a longer education, more smoke-free surroundings, better emotional support, higher BMI, and better self-perceived health. Ex-smokers reported less work-related stress and less shift work. A history of cardiovascular disease was not associated with smoking cessation. The socioeconomic differences between current and former smokers were higher for young women as compared with older birth cohorts.

CONCLUSIONS: Continuing smokers and quitters differ with regard to socioeconomic and psychosocial circumstances and factors related to working life and environmental tobacco exposure. By determining who the quitters are through continued follow-up, useful insights can be gained to develop strategies to achieve successful cessation of smoking.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Sage Publications, 2005
National Category
Medical and Health Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-39123 (URN)10.1080/14034940410019244 (DOI)16040457 (PubMedID)
Available from: 2021-01-13 Created: 2021-01-13 Last updated: 2021-01-13Bibliographically approved

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