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Carvone Contact Allergy in Southern Sweden: A 21-year Retrospective Study.
Malmö University, Faculty of Odontology (OD).ORCID iD: 0000-0003-3984-0210
Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Sweden.
Malmö University, Faculty of Odontology (OD).ORCID iD: 0000-0003-1049-6567
Department of Occupational and Environmental Dermatology, Lund University, Skåne University Hospital, Sweden.
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2018 (English)In: Acta Dermato-Venereologica, ISSN 0001-5555, E-ISSN 1651-2057, Vol. 98, no 10, p. 938-942Article in journal (Refereed)
Abstract [en]

Carvone (l-carvone), a mint flavour in spearmint oil, is considered a mild skin sensitizer. Carvone-sensitization may be linked to oral/perioral signs and oral lichen planus, but studies are sparse. The prevalence of patch test reactions to carvone and relevant findings from the positive group were investigated. Records for patch-tested patients at the Malmö clinic, for the period 1996 to 2016, were studied. Carvone-positive and carvone-negative patients were compared regarding patch test data from baseline series and dental series. Dental series-tested carvone-positive patients were also compared with a matched group. A total of 147 out of 4,221 referred patients had a positive patch test to carvone. Sensitized patients had higher mean age and were primarily women; 73% had oral signs and 57% had oral lichen. Concomitant patch test reactions to gold, nickel and mercury were common. In the matched group-comparison carvone-positive patients had a higher frequency of oral lichen, but no difference was found in sensitization to gold and mercury.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
European Society of Dermatology and Psychiatry (ESDaP) , 2018. Vol. 98, no 10, p. 938-942
Keywords [en]
l-carvone, spearmint, patch test, allergens, contact allergy, oral lichen planus, oral lichenoid lesions
National Category
Medical and Health Sciences
Identifiers
URN: urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-15301DOI: 10.2340/00015555-3009ISI: 000447740400004PubMedID: 30085320Scopus ID: 2-s2.0-85056285172Local ID: 26732OAI: oai:DiVA.org:mau-15301DiVA, id: diva2:1418822
Available from: 2020-03-30 Created: 2020-03-30 Last updated: 2024-06-17Bibliographically approved
In thesis
1. Oral contact allergy to carvone: with a focus on oral lichen
Open this publication in new window or tab >>Oral contact allergy to carvone: with a focus on oral lichen
2018 (English)Doctoral thesis, comprehensive summary (Other academic)
Abstract [sv]

Avhandlingen undersöker karvon (l-karvon), ett mintsmakandearomämne, och hur kontaktallergi mot karvon yttrar sig. Karvonfinns framför allt i grönmynta/spearmint, men aromämnet kan ävenframställas ur limonen, ett citrondoftande parfymämne. Karvonär ett svagt kontaktallergen och allergiförekomsten är bara någraprocent i lapptestade populationer. Kontaktallergi mot karvon har ienstaka studier visat sig vara vanligare hos individer med lichenoidamunslemhinneförändringar som oral lichen planus. Avsikten medavhandlingen har varit att studera detta samband vidare.I studie I analyserades mängden karvon i 66 tandkrämer inköptai Sverige. Även innehållsförteckningarna studerades. Lagstiftningenoch innehållsmärkningen av karvon diskuterades. Karvonmängdeni tandkräm varierar stort, 0,35–0,00005 %, men återfinns i allatandkrämer med någon form av smak, även fruktsmak. De uppmättamängderna är under det tillåtna gränsvärdet för att inte kunna gekontaktallergi men några av tandkrämerna innehåller tillräckligtmycket karvon för att ge en reaktion hos redan kontaktallergiskaindivider.I studie II studerades journal- och databasdata från alla patienteri södra Sverige som testats positivt för kontaktallergi mot karvonmellan 1996-2016. Gruppdata jämfördes med andra lapptestadegrupper som inte var karvonallergiska, bl.a. en matchad grupp(ålder, kön, tidpunkt för test och liknande besvär). Karvonallergiskapatienter hade hög medelålder och var ofta kvinnor. De hade oftabesvär från munhålan och över hälften hade orala lichenoidaförändringar. I den matchade jämförelsen hade karvonallergiskapatienter betydligt mer orala lichenoida förändringar jämfört medpatienter utan karvonallergi.I studie III undersöktes hur allergi mot karvon i tandkräm yttrarsig. Karvonallergiska försökspersoner fick använda tandkrämmed 1 % karvon under en månads tid. Även försökspersonermed orala lichenoida förändringar och individer utan allergi ellermunslemhinneförändringar deltog. Slemhinnorna och läpparnaundersöktes vid tre tillfällen under det månadslånga användartestet.Förutom den kliniska bedömningen svarade försökspersonerna påen livskvalitetsenkät (S-OHIP-49) före och efter användartestet.Karvonallergiska individer exponerade för karvon i tandkrämreagerade med antingen eksem runt munnen eller med förvärradeorala lichenoida förändringar. Även livskvaliteten försämrades hosdessa individer.I studie IV undersöktes vävnadsprover från kind tagna påförsökspersonerna i studie III. Inflammationen och olika markörer förinflammationsceller undersöktes. Det gick inte att finna någon störreskillnad i inflammationsgrad eller i förekomst av inflammationscellermellan individer med karvonallergi och individer med oral lichenplanus förutom avseende förekomst av Langerhans celler, vilka varvanligare i vävnader från individer med oral lichen planus. Denlichenoida reaktionen som ses i de undersökta grupperna tolkasdärför som ett reaktionsmönster vilket kan ha olika orsaksursprung.För de flesta individer är karvon ett ofarligt smakämne trotslivslång exponering från tandkräm och andra mintsmakandeprodukter. Individer med orala lichenoida förändringar tycks dockha en ökad risk för karvonallergi och allergin förvärrar dessutomsymptomen från munslemhinnan. Karvonallergi kan både klinisktoch på vävnadsnivå likna oral lichen planus vilket normalt sett intekopplas samman med kontaktallergi. Karvonallergiska individerriskerar därför att inte bli diagnostiserade för sin allergi. Kliniker somhandhar patienter med oral lichen planus bör därför uppmärksammasom denna form av allergi.

Abstract [en]

This thesis examines carvone (l-carvone), a mint flavour, andcontact allergy to carvone with a focus on oral lichen. Carvone isa constituent of spearmint oil and is used to flavour toothpaste andfood. Like many flavours and fragrances, carvone may cause contactallergy, but the prevalence is low, between 1.6 and 2.8%. Affectedpatients often have perioral or oral signs. A couple of studies haveshown that patients with oral lichen planus or oral lichenoid lesionsoften have contact allergy to carvone but it is not known if theselichenoid lesions are a manifestation of contact allergy or part of theauto-immune disease, oral lichen planus.In paper I, the amount of carvone was measured in 66 toothpastesand the ingredient lists were studied. Carvone was detected in alltoothpastes with flavour, even fruit flavoured toothpaste, in up to0.35%. The measured concentrations were all within the safe use levelestimated to not induce contact allergy, but carvone concentrationsover 0.1% are high enough to elicit a reaction in already allergicindividuals. The regulation of carvone as a constituent in toothpastewas discussed.Registry data (age, sex, referring information and patch testsresults) on patients with a positive patch test reaction to carvonewas studied in paper II. Data was retrieved from 1996 to 2016 andwas compared with other patch tested groups not allergic to carvone.A matched comparison was also made between carvone-positive andcarvone-negative patients tested with the same test series. Patientswith contact allergy to carvone had a high mean age and were oftenwomen. According to the referrals, they often had oral signs and 57% had oral lichenoid lesions. In the matched comparison, oral(lichenoid) lesions were more common in carvone-positive patients.A provocation test (or use test) with carvone in toothpaste wasperformed in contact allergic subjects in paper III. Subjects with apositive patch test to carvone used toothpaste with 1 % carvoneduring a month. Subject with oral lichen and healthy controls alsoparticipated in the study. The oral mucosa and the perioral area wereexamined three times during the test. The subjects’ oral health-relatedquality of life was also assessed with a questionnaire (S-OHIP-49)before and after the use test. Carvone allergic patients exposedto toothpaste with carvone reacted with perioral eczema and/orincreased oral lichenoid lesions. They also had reduced quality of liferatings after the use test. It is concluded that the clinical appearance ofcontact allergy to flavour ingredients may mimic oral lichen planus.In paper IV, mucosal tissue samples from the subjects in paperIII were investigated with. The inflammatory pattern and immuneexpression were analysed in allergic subjects and subject with orallichen planus. No major differences were found between the groups;only Langerhans cells were more prevalent in oral lichen planus.For most of us, carvone is a harmless flavour despite the life-longexposure from toothpaste. However, for individuals with oral lichenthere is an increased risk to acquire contact allergy to carvone. Patientswith oral lichen and contact allergy to carvone may get aggravatedsymptoms when exposed to carvone. Contact allergic reactions tocarvone may imitate the clinical features of oral lichen planus andaffected patients are potentially left undiagnosed with contact allergyto carvone. Clinicians treating patients with OLP should be madeaware of this contact allergen and other soluble allergens.

Place, publisher, year, edition, pages
Malmö university. Faculty of Odontology, 2018. p. 76
Series
Doctoral Dissertation in Odontology
National Category
Medical and Health Sciences
Identifiers
urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-7728 (URN)10.24834/978-91-7104-966-7 (DOI)26008 (Local ID)978-91-7104-966-7 (ISBN)978-91-7104-965-0 (ISBN)26008 (Archive number)26008 (OAI)
Note

Paper III as manuscript in theses.

Available from: 2020-02-28 Created: 2020-02-28 Last updated: 2023-06-21Bibliographically approved

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Kroona, LivAhlgren, CamillaWarfvinge, Gunnar

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