This study challenges the prevailing collaboration norms within academia, which predominantly adhere to meritocratic principles favoring masculine and individualistic values. These principles often result in a productivity paradigm centered on publications and high research performance. We contend that such collaboration norms perpetuate exclusionary practices, limiting the participation of women and individuals who do not neatly conform to the criteria of high productivity. Drawing inspiration from Long and colleagues' work in 2020, and guided by relational care ethics, we developed the notion that collaboration as a feminist strategy represents a transformative process of reflexive becoming and co-learning, emphasizing connectedness and generativity through care. Our findings highlight that through the lens of care, we transcended differing viewpoints, transitioning from self-centeredness to an other-oriented approach characterized by empathy, mutual understanding, and acceptance. Emotions emerged as embodied forms of knowledge, enriching the process of co-learning and co-becoming. Based on this, we propose a new constellation of Feminist Caring Collaboration in the academy, emphasizing the inclusivity of diverse participants and their varied skills and competencies, with full consideration of individuals' needs and future growth opportunities. Furthermore, we advocate for a broader acknowledgment of emotions such as satisfaction, joy, friendship, and pleasure in the knowledge production process, recognizing their significance in individuals' fulfillment in work and various life circumstances.

Professors Robert A. Baron and Michael Frese are the joint recipients of the 2024 Global Award for Entrepreneurship Research. Their research contributions have helped establish the disciplinary foundation necessary to explore entrepreneurship from theoretical and applied psychological perspectives. From a theoretical psychological perspective, Professor Baron has repeatedly introduced a disciplinary scaffolding from cognitive psychology, social psychology, and judgment and decision-making psychology to develop the field's socio-cognitive perspective. He has examined entrepreneurship's basic "why" questions: (1) Why do some persons but not others choose to become entrepreneurs? (2) Why do some persons but not others recognize opportunities for new products or services that can be profitably exploited? (3) Why are some entrepreneurs so much more successful than others? From an applied psychological perspective, Professor Frese has examined entrepreneurship as the epitome of a proactive approach to work, advocating the benefits of personal initiative and the need for a self-regulatory approach to performance among both small business owners and employees in transition economies. Continually taking stock of what is known about the psychology of entrepreneurship through reviews and meta-analysis, he and his students have advanced an evidence-based approach to entrepreneurial training and performance in challenging contexts. Together, Professors Baron and Frese have served as ambassadors for the field of entrepreneurship, welcoming an entire generation of micro scholars to explore the entrepreneurial process and the psychology of the entrepreneurs who enact it.

A striving for research excellence and the implementation of third mission activities in the form of technology transfer have become standard practices at modern higher education institutions. The recent call for universities to include social innovation in their third mission and the apparent lack of involvement of universities in this area indicate that social innovation is not yet perceived as a legitimate activity by the academic community. We examine why this is the case and disentangle the legitimation journey of social innovation in research-intensive environments.

Professor Per Davidsson is the recipient of the 2023 Global Award for Entrepreneurship Research. Throughout an extraordinarily productive career, he has made invaluable contributions in building the field of entrepreneurship. His early studies on entrepreneurship and culture and his studies on the growth of small businesses played an important role in the emergence and development of entrepreneurship as a scholarly field of research. He has also, continuously, made more conceptual contributions by critically probing the development of the field, and engaged in writing foundational books that have been used extensively in higher education institutes. By probing and challenging traditional assumptions throughout his career, he has contributed to the refinement and renewal of the field.

In this article, we introduce the special issue on entrepreneurship and embeddedness. We do so by providing a brief overview of existing research on the topic focused on three important conversations related to process, context and theoretical foundations. The overview highlights essential contributions from extant research and suggests that expansion and advancement in the research conversation can be accomplished by focusing on dynamic and multilayered conceptualizations of embeddedness and by broadening the theoretical foundations of our research. We also present and position the papers in the special issue within the conversations on process, context and theoretical foundations in entrepreneurship research on embeddedness. 

We conduct a comprehensive review of embeddedness in entrepreneurship research. Although the term “embeddedness” is frequently used in this field of study, less is known about the ways in which it is operationalized and applied. Using criterion sampling, we analyse 198 articles in order to investigate how embeddedness is conceptualized and what role it plays in the extant entrepreneurship literature. We categorize our findings based on different phases of the entrepreneurial process (early, mature and exit) and outline the dominant focus and the main conceptualization of embeddedness for each phase. We highlight important learnings for each of the three phases and identify potential areas for conceptual development. Across the phases, we find that embeddedness and context are often used interchangeably. We thus call for construct clarity in the field. In the existing literature, entrepreneurs are generally portrayed as reactive to embeddedness, resulting in a loss of entrepreneurial agency. To remedy this, we introduce the term agencement, which takes into account the relationship between the entrepreneurship and embeddedness. Further, entrepreneurs are found to be embedded in multiple contexts at the same time, and embeddedness can be understood at different levels and to different degrees. To address this complexity, it is relevant to focus on the embedding process itself, acknowledging that it takes place in social interactions including cultural, cognitive, and emotional aspects between contexts and across levels. While the extant literature supports the notion that embeddedness is important for understanding entrepreneurship and entrepreneurs, it does not necessarily support our understanding of how embeddedness takes form or why it takes certain forms. We therefore include a call for future research to turn to process and practice theories. 

As the literature on entrepreneurship education grows, the issue of equality in entrepreneurship education has been raised; i.e., whether students are educated to become entrepreneurs equally. This article provides a critical and thought-provoking analysis of a portfolio of practices that, on the surface, appear to be successful in training entrepreneurs. To this purpose, we initiate a debate on what entrepreneurship education programmes tend to omit. We provide an argument within entrepreneurship scholarship that takes into consideration the diversity and complexity of gender in entrepreneurship. We present an insightful example of what we do in our university classrooms whilst calling for a more encompassing perspective of gender within present-day teaching practice. We acknowledge that academic entrepreneurship education is gendered (Ahl, 2006) and we show how hegemonic masculine-framed foundations of entrepreneurship influence the vocabulary of teaching and learning in Sweden. The paper provides insights into how both teachers and students unluckily, fail to identify the masculinisation of entrepreneurship education.

Purpose The purpose of this study is to generate an empirically informed theoretical framework which can be used to analyze the relationship between gender and innovation in the context of a municipality. The authors present and analyze three illustrative tales from a feminist perspective. The authors thus offer a more balanced approach to the conceptualization of gendered ascriptions with respect to the possible outcomes of innovation work in a public context. Design/methodology/approach An ethnographic account which employed "shadowing" as a method of observation. Findings The article presents a debate on how the social construction of gender and innovation can be placed in the context of a municipal reality. Our analysis reveals how the complexities of a gendered work life within a municipality can create paradoxes. A constructionism approach was used in the identification of hidden and unspoken paradoxes that exist in public spheres. Research limitations/implications The authors used empirical tales from a very specific context, namely a Swedish municipality. The central implication of this study is the recognition of innovation as being masculine-gendered within the feminine context. This implication thereby deepens our understanding of gender paradoxes in the public sector. Practical implications This study provides insights to practitioners who intend to work with innovation in a public organization. Social implications The social implications of this study is that when a male-gendered concept like innovation is implemented in a female-gendered context, like a municipality, it is of importance to contextualize the concept. Originality/value The empirical value of examples of a gendered work landscape at a Swedish municipality.

The focus of this article is to examine a specific case of a failing regional innovation system (RIs). Our study focuses on a specific project that was conducted in a triple helix constellation where public actors occupy the centre of the triple helix constellation. By examining and interpreting this single case, we aim to illustrate the consequences that result from uncertainty over who the triple helix constellation is accountable to as well as the consequences that has for the overall assessment of the outcome of the triple helix. We show how the overall initiative constituted a failure, but when one considers the activities that were organized and implemented by the RIS, then it is problematic to define it as a failure. This leads us to the conclusion that we should evaluate RIS from different perspectives and on different levels, and we need to consider the time dimension in our evaluation.

ما الذي يشكل فشلاً ؟ دراسة حالة عن كيفية ضمان المساءلة في مبادرات المراوح لثلاثةالثلاثة

الملخص

يهدف هذا المقال إلى دراسة حالة معينة من حالات فشل نظام الابتكار الإقليمي. ترتكز دراستنا على مشروع محدد أُجري في مجمع من مجمعات المراوح الثلاثة حيث تحتل الجهات العمومية الفاعلة موقعا مركزيا في هذا المجمع. نهدف من خلال دراسة وتفسير هذه الحالة إلى توضيح نتائج عدم تحديد من هي الجهة المسؤولة أمامها مجمع المراوح الثلاثة وما الذي أسهم في التقييم العام لنتائج هذا التعاون. نبين كيف فشلت المبادرة الشاملة، ولكن عندما ندرس الأنشطة التي نظمتها ونفذتها RIS، فإن تعريفها بأنه فشل ينطوي على إشكالية. وهذا يقودنا إلى الاستنتاج بأنه ينبغي علينا تقييم RIS من زوايا ومستويات مختلفة ، وبأننا بحاجة إلى الأخذ بعين الاعتبار البعد الزمني في تقييمنا‫.‬

الكلمات المفتاحية

المراوح الثلاثة؛ القابلية للاختصاص؛ المشاكل

什么构成失败？ 关于如何确保三螺旋行动中问责制的案例研究

摘要

本文聚焦于一个失败的区域创新体系的案例，重点分析一个实施三螺旋模式的具体项目，这里公共部门占据三螺旋的核心。 通过研究和解读这一案例，我们旨在说明关于谁对三螺旋模式负责和负责什么这个两问题的不确定性对总体评估三螺旋部门间合作的影响。我们揭示了这个项目的总体举措就是失败的，但当评价中考量的是区域创新系统组织和实施的活动，则认定该案例失败是有问题的。这引出我们的结论，即我们应该从不同角度和层面来评价区域创新体系，也需要在评估中考虑时间维度。

关键词

三螺旋, 问责, 棘手问题, 公共部门

Qu’est-ce qu’un échec ? Une étude de cas des responsabilités dans des initiatives de Triple Hélice

Résumé

L’objectif de cet article est d’examiner un cas spécifique de système d’innovation régional défaillant. Nous examinons un projet spécifique qui a été mené dans une constellation de Triple Hélice au centre de laquelle se trouvent des acteurs publics. En analysant et en interprétant ce cas, nous visons à illustrer les conséquences que l’incertitude sur la responsabilité des acteurs et des actes dans la constellation de Triple Hélice a sur l’évaluation globale du résultat de cette collaboration. Nous montrons comment l’initiative a globalement échoué ; cependant, quand on considère les activités qui ont été organisées et mises en œuvre par les RIS, il n’est plus possible d’en arriver au même résultat. Nous en concluons qu’il faut évaluer les RIS sous différents angles et à différents niveaux, et tenir compte de la dimension temporelle dans notre évaluation.

Mots clés

Triple Hélice – Responsabilités – Problèmes pervers – Secteur public

O que constitui fracasso? Um estudo de caso de como garantir a responsabilidade em iniciativas de hélice tripla

Resumo

O foco deste artigo é examinar um caso específico de um sistema de inovação regional em falha. Nosso exame se concentra em um projeto específico que foi conduzido em uma constelação de hélice tripla, onde atores públicos ocupam o centro da constelação de hélice tripla. Ao examinar e interpretar este único caso, pretendemos ilustrar as consequências que a incerteza de quem a constelação de hélice tripla é responsável e para o que tem para a avaliação geral do resultado desta colaboração. Mostramos como a iniciativa geral constituiu um fracasso, mas quando se consideram as atividades que foram organizadas e implementadas pelo RIS, é problemático defini-la como um fracasso. Isso nos leva à conclusão de que devemos avaliar os RIS de diferentes perspectivas e em diferentes níveis, e precisamos considerar a dimensão do tempo em nossa avaliação.

Palavras-chave

Helice Tripla – prestação de contas – problemas perversos – setor público

В чем причины ошибок? Практические вопросы обеспечения контроля и учета в стратегиях тройной спирали

Аннотация

В фокусе данной статьи находится практический пример неудачной реализации региональной инновационной системы. Наше исследование рассматривает отдельный проект, реализованный в соответствии с принципами трехспиральной модели инноваций, в котором общественный сектор занимал центральное положение в спирали. Изучая и анализируя данный пример, мы постарались проиллюстрировать последствия неопределенности в вопросах отчетности и оценки эффективности взаимодействия в рамках тройной спирали. Фактически, мы показали негативный итог запуска данной инициативы, однако, учитывая ее региональный характер, сложно назвать его ошибкой. Это позволило нам сделать вывод о том, что мы должны оценивать региональные инновационные системы с разных точек (потенциал роста и уровень экономического развития), а также необходимость учета в подобной оценке временного фактора.

Ключевые слова

тройная спираль – прослеживаемость – злободневные проблемы – публичный сектор

¿Qué constituye un fracaso? Un caso de estudio sobre cómo asegurar la rendición de cuentas en iniciativas de triple hélice

Resumen

El enfoque de este artículo es examinar un caso específico de un sistema de innovación regional fallido. Nuestro examen se centra en un proyecto específico que se llevó a cabo en una constelación de triple hélice donde los actores públicos ocupan el centro de la constelación de triple hélice. Al examinar e interpretar este caso, nuestro objetivo es ilustrar las consecuencias que tiene la incertidumbre de ante quién es responsable la constelación de la triple hélice y de qué tiene para la evaluación general del resultado de esta colaboración. Mostramos cómo la iniciativa en general constituyó un fracaso, pero cuando se consideran las actividades que fueron organizadas e implementadas por el RIS, entonces es problemático definirlo como un fracaso. Esto nos lleva a la conclusión de que debemos evaluar las RIS desde diferentes perspectivas y en diferentes niveles, y debemos considerar la dimensión del tiempo en nuestra evaluación.

Palabras clave

Triple Hélice – Rendición de Cuentas – Problemas Perversos – Sector Público